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Kondakov A, Berdalin A, Beregov M, Lelyuk V. Emerging Nuclear Medicine Imaging of Atherosclerotic Plaque Formation. J Imaging 2022; 8:jimaging8100261. [PMID: 36286355 PMCID: PMC9605050 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic widespread cardiovascular disease and a major predisposing factor for cardiovascular events, among which there are myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Atherosclerotic plaque formation is a process that involves different mechanisms, of which inflammation is the most common. Plenty of radiopharmaceuticals were developed to elucidate the process of plaque formation at different stages, some of which were highly specific for atherosclerotic plaque. This review summarizes the current nuclear medicine imaging landscape of preclinical and small-scale clinical studies of these specific RPs, which are not as widespread as labeled FDG, sodium fluoride, and choline. These include oxidation-specific epitope imaging, macrophage, and other cell receptors visualization, neoangiogenesis, and macrophage death imaging. It is shown that specific radiopharmaceuticals have strength in pathophysiologically sound imaging of the atherosclerotic plaques at different stages, but this also may induce problems with the signal registration for low-volume plaques in the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kondakov
- Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Department, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, 117513 Moscow, Russia
- Radiology and Radiotherapy Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Berdalin
- Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Department, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, 117513 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +7-926-276-88-32
| | - Mikhail Beregov
- Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Department, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, 117513 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Lelyuk
- Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Department, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, 117513 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Laube M, Frizler M, Wodtke R, Neuber C, Belter B, Kniess T, Bachmann M, Gütschow M, Pietzsch J, Löser R. Synthesis and preliminary radiopharmacological characterisation of an 11 C-labelled azadipeptide nitrile as potential PET tracer for imaging of cysteine cathepsins. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:448-459. [PMID: 30912586 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An O-methyltyrosine-containing azadipeptide nitrile was synthesised and investigated for its inhibitory activity towards cathepsins L, S, K, and B. Labelling with carbon-11 was accomplished by reaction of the corresponding phenolic precursor with [11 C]methyl iodide starting from cyclotron-produced [11 C]methane. Radiopharmacological evaluation of the resulting radiotracer in a mouse xenograft model derived from a mammary tumour cell line by small animal PET imaging indicates tumour targeting with complex pharmacokinetics. Radiotracer uptake in the tumour region was considerably lower under treatment with the nonradioactive reference compound and the epoxide-based irreversible cysteine cathepsin inhibitor E64. The in vivo behaviour observed for this radiotracer largely confirms that of the corresponding 18 F-fluoroethylated analogue and suggests the limited suitability of azadipeptide nitriles for the imaging of tumour-associated cysteine cathepsins despite target-mediated uptake is evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Laube
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maxim Frizler
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christin Neuber
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Kniess
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Bachmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Gütschow
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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3
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Löser R, Bader M, Kuchar M, Wodtke R, Lenk J, Wodtke J, Kuhne K, Bergmann R, Haase-Kohn C, Urbanová M, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J. Synthesis, 18F-labelling and radiopharmacological characterisation of the C-terminal 30mer of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin as a potential claudin-targeting peptide. Amino Acids 2018; 51:219-244. [PMID: 30264172 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell surface receptor claudin-4 (Cld-4) is upregulated in various tumours and represents an important emerging target for both diagnosis and treatment of solid tumours of epithelial origin. The C-terminal fragment of the Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin cCPE290-319 appears as a suitable ligand for targeting Cld-4. The synthesis of this 30mer peptide was attempted via several approaches, which has revealed sequential SPPS using three pseudoproline dipeptide building blocks to be the most efficient one. Labelling with fluorine-18 was achieved on solid phase using N-succinimidyl 4-[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) and 4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl chloride as 18F-acylating agents, which was the most advantageous when [18F]SFB was reacted with the resin-bound 30mer containing an N-terminal 6-aminohexanoic spacer. Binding to Cld-4 was demonstrated via surface plasmon resonance using a protein construct containing both extracellular loops of Cld-4. In addition, cell binding experiments were performed for 18F-labelled cCPE290-319 with the Cld-4 expressing tumour cell lines HT-29 and A431 that were complemented by fluorescence microscopy studies using the corresponding fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated peptide. The 30mer peptide proved to be sufficiently stable in blood plasma. Studying the in vivo behaviour of 18F-labelled cCPE290-319 in healthy mice and rats by dynamic PET imaging and radiometabolite analyses has revealed that the peptide is subject to substantial liver uptake and rapid metabolic degradation in vivo, which limits its suitability as imaging probe for tumour-associated Cld-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reik Löser
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Miriam Bader
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela Kuchar
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Lenk
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna Wodtke
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Konstantin Kuhne
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cathleen Haase-Kohn
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marie Urbanová
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Bautzner Landstraße 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, School of Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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4
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Nakano A, Kawashima H, Miyake Y, Zeniya T, Yamamoto A, Koshino K, Temma T, Fukuda T, Fujita Y, Kakino A, Kanaya S, Sawamura T, Iida H. 123I-Labeled oxLDL Is Widely Distributed Throughout the Whole Body in Mice. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017; 52:144-153. [PMID: 29662563 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-017-0497-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays a key role in endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and atherogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess blood clearance and in vivo kinetics of radiolabeled oxLDL in mice. Methods We synthesized 123I-oxLDL by the iodine monochloride method, and performed an uptake study in CHO cells transfected with lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). In addition, we evaluated the consistency between the 123I-oxLDL autoradiogram and the fluorescence image of DiI-oxLDL after intravenous injection for both spleen and liver. Whole-body dynamic planar images were acquired 10 min post injection of 123I-oxLDL to generate regional time-activity curves (TACs) of the liver, heart, lungs, kidney, head, and abdomen. Regional radioactivity for those excised tissues as well as the bladder, stomach, gut, and thyroid were assessed using a gamma counter, yielding percent injected dose (%ID) and dose uptake ratio (DUR). The presence of 123I-oxLDL in serum was assessed by radio-HPLC. Results The cellular uptakes of 123I-oxLDL were identical to those of DiI-oxLDL, and autoradiograms and fluorescence images also exhibited consistent distributions. TACs after injection of 123I-oxLDL demonstrated extremely fast kinetics. The radioactivity uptake at 10 min post-injection was highest in the liver (40.8 ± 2.4% ID). Notably, radioactivity uptake was equivalent throughout the rest of the body (39.4 ± 2.7% ID). HPLC analysis revealed no remaining 123I-oxLDL or its metabolites in the blood. Conclusion 123I-OxLDL was widely distributed not only in the liver, but also throughout the whole body, providing insight into the pathophysiological effects of oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atushi Nakano
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,2Department of Vascular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Kawashima
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,3Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 1 Misasagi-shichono-cho, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Miyake
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Tsutomu Zeniya
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,4Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akihide Yamamoto
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Koshino
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan
| | - Takashi Temma
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,5Department of Biofunctional Analysis, Osaka University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4-20-1 Nasahara, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fukuda
- Department Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovacular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fujita
- 7Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Akemi Kakino
- 7Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Kanaya
- Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Techonology, Takayama, Nara, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawamura
- 7Department of Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Iida
- 1Department of Investigative Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, 565-8565 Japan.,Department Radiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovacular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishiro-dai, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Computational Systems Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Techonology, Takayama, Nara, Japan
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5
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Pietzsch J, Laube M, Bechmann N, Pietzsch FJ, Kniess T. Protective effects of 2,3-diaryl-substituted indole-based cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on oxidative modification of human low density lipoproteins in vitro. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2017; 61:615-32. [PMID: 25547413 DOI: 10.3233/ch-141923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that 2,3-diaryl-substituted indole-based cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors (2,3-diaryl-indole coxibs) do not only appear as potent anti-inflammatory agents but also show the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). This led to the hypothesis that 2,3-diaryl-indole coxibs also may act as potent inhibitors of oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which is considered a key factor in atherogenesis. The aim of this study was to explore i) the reactivity of a series of new synthesized 2,3-diaryl-indoles with several well characterized LDL oxidation systems and ii) subsequent effects on an inflammatory/atherogenic microenvironment. The results demonstrate that under the present experimental conditions 2,3-diaryl-indoles showed potent ROS scavenging activity and were able to markedly inhibit LDL oxidation. Subsequently, this led to a substantial decrease of modified LDL uptake by scavenger receptors in THP-1 macrophages in vitro and in rats in vivo. Moreover, modified LDL-mediated monocyte/neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells, macrophage NFκB activation, as well as macrophage and endothelial cell cytokine release was diminished in vitro. The reduction of modified LDL-induced atherogenic effects by antioxidant 2,3-diaryl-indole coxibs may widen the therapeutic window of COX-2 targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Markus Laube
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicole Bechmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Franz-Jacob Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Centre for Translational Bone, Joint, and Soft Tissue Research, Dresden, Germany
| | - Torsten Kniess
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department Radiopharmaceutical and Chemical Biology, Dresden, Germany
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Preclinical models of atherosclerosis. The future of Hybrid PET/MR technology for the early detection of vulnerable plaque. Expert Rev Mol Med 2016; 18:e6. [PMID: 27056676 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2016.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in developed countries. The aetiology is currently multifactorial, thus making them very difficult to prevent. Preclinical models of atherothrombotic diseases, including vulnerable plaque-associated complications, are now providing significant insights into pathologies like atherosclerosis, and in combination with the most recent advances in new non-invasive imaging technologies, they have become essential tools to evaluate new therapeutic strategies, with which can forecast and prevent plaque rupture. Positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography imaging is currently used for plaque visualisation in clinical and pre-clinical cardiovascular research, albeit with significant limitations. However, the combination of PET and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technologies is still the best option available today, as combined PET/MRI scans provide simultaneous data acquisition together with high quality anatomical information, sensitivity and lower radiation exposure for the patient. The coming years may represent a new era for the implementation of PET/MRI in clinical practice, but first, clinically efficient attenuation correction algorithms and research towards multimodal reagents and safety issues should be validated at the preclinical level.
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Vaidyanathan G, McDougald D, Choi J, Koumarianou E, Weitzel D, Osada T, Lyerly HK, Zalutsky MR. Preclinical Evaluation of 18F-Labeled Anti-HER2 Nanobody Conjugates for Imaging HER2 Receptor Expression by Immuno-PET. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:967-73. [PMID: 26912425 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.171306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The human growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in breast as well as other types of cancer. Immuno-PET, a noninvasive imaging procedure that could assess HER2 status in both primary and metastatic lesions simultaneously, could be a valuable tool for optimizing application of HER2-targeted therapies in individual patients. Herein, we have evaluated the tumor-targeting potential of the 5F7 anti-HER2 Nanobody (single-domain antibody fragment; ∼13 kDa) after (18)F labeling by 2 methods. METHODS The 5F7 Nanobody was labeled with (18)F using the novel residualizing label N-succinimidyl 3-((4-(4-(18)F-fluorobutyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl)-5-(guanidinomethyl)benzoate ((18)F-SFBTMGMB; (18)F-RL-I) and also via the most commonly used (18)F protein-labeling prosthetic agent N-succinimidyl 3-(18)F-fluorobenzoate ((18)F-SFB). For comparison, 5F7 Nanobody was also labeled using the residualizing radioiodination agent N-succinimidyl 4-guanidinomethyl-3-(125)I-iodobenzoate ((125)I-SGMIB). Paired-label ((18)F/(125)I) internalization assays and biodistribution studies were performed on HER2-expressing BT474M1 breast carcinoma cells and in mice with BT474M1 subcutaneous xenografts, respectively. Small-animal PET/CT imaging of 5F7 Nanobody labeled using (18)F-RL-I also was performed. RESULTS Internalization assays indicated that intracellularly retained radioactivity for (18)F-RL-I-5F7 was similar to that for coincubated (125)I-SGMIB-5F7, whereas that for (18)F-SFB-5F7 was lower than coincubated (125)I-SGMIB-5F7 and decreased with time. BT474M1 tumor uptake of (18)F-RL-I-5F7 was 28.97 ± 3.88 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue (%ID/g) at 1 h and 36.28 ± 14.10 %ID/g at 2 h, reduced by more than 90% on blocking with trastuzumab, indicating HER2 specificity of uptake, and was also 26%-28% higher (P < 0.05) than that of (18)F-SFB-5F7. At 2 h, the tumor-to-blood ratio for (18)F-RL-I-5F7 (47.4 ± 13.1) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than for (18)F-SFB-5F7 (25.4 ± 10.3); however, kidney uptake was 28-36-fold higher for (18)F-RL-I-5F7. CONCLUSION (18)F-RL-I-5F7 is a promising tracer for evaluating HER2 status by immuno-PET; however, in settings in which renal background is problematic, strategies for reducing its kidney uptake may be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darryl McDougald
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jaeyeon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Douglas Weitzel
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Takuya Osada
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - H Kim Lyerly
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Michael R Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Orbay H, Hong H, Zhang Y, Cai W. Positron emission tomography imaging of atherosclerosis. Theranostics 2013; 3:894-902. [PMID: 24312158 PMCID: PMC3841339 DOI: 10.7150/thno.5506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular events are the leading causes of death in the industrialized world. Atherosclerosis develops insidiously and the initial manifestation is usually sudden cardiac death, stroke, or myocardial infarction. Molecular imaging is a valuable tool to identify the disease at an early stage before fatal manifestations occur. Among the various molecular imaging techniques, this review mainly focuses on positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of atherosclerosis. The targets and pathways that have been investigated to date for PET imaging of atherosclerosis include: glycolysis, cell membrane metabolism (phosphatidylcholine synthesis), integrin αvβ3, low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors (LDLr), natriuretic peptide clearance receptors (NPCRs), fatty acid synthesis, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), macrophages, platelets, etc. Many PET tracers have been investigated clinically for imaging of atherosclerosis. Early diagnosis of atherosclerotic lesions by PET imaging can help to prevent the premature death caused by atherosclerosis, and smooth translation of promising PET tracers into the clinic is critical to the benefit of patients.
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9
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Wolf S, Haase-Kohn C, Lenk J, Hoppmann S, Bergmann R, Steinbach J, Pietzsch J. Expression, purification and fluorine-18 radiolabeling of recombinant S100A4: a potential probe for molecular imaging of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts in vivo? Amino Acids 2010; 41:809-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0822-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Mirtschink P, Stehr SN, Walther M, Pietzsch J, Bergmann R, Pietzsch HJ, Weichsel J, Pexa A, Dieterich P, Wunderlich G, Binas B, Kropp J, Deussen A. Validation of 99mTc-labeled “4+1” fatty acids for myocardial metabolism and flow imaging. Nucl Med Biol 2009; 36:833-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Santo Faulin TDE, de Sena KCM, Rodrigues Telles AE, de Mattos Grosso D, Bernardi Faulin EJ, Parra Abdalla DS. Validation of a novel ELISA for measurement of electronegative low-density lipoprotein. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 46:1769-75. [PMID: 19055454 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2008.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. LDL(-) is present in blood plasma of healthy subjects and at higher concentrations in diseases with high cardiovascular risk, such as familial hypercholesterolemia or diabetes. METHODS We developed and validated a sandwich ELISA for LDL(-) in human plasma using two monoclonal antibodies against LDL(-) that do not bind to native LDL, extensively copper-oxidized LDL or malondialdehyde-modified LDL. The characteristics of assay performance, such as limits of detection and quantification, accuracy, inter- and intra-assay precision were evaluated. The linearity, interferences and stability tests were also performed. RESULTS The calibration range of the assay is 0.625-20.0 mU/L at 1:2000 sample dilution. ELISA validation showed intra- and inter-assay precision and recovery within the required limits for immunoassays. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.423 mU/L and 0.517 mU/L LDL(-), respectively. The intra- and inter-assay coefficient of variation ranged from 9.5% to 11.5% and from 11.3% to 18.9%, respectively. Recovery of LDL(-) ranged from 92.8% to 105.1%. CONCLUSIONS This ELISA represents a very practical tool for measuring LDL(-) in human blood for widespread research and clinical sample use.
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Kopprasch S, Pietzsch J, Ansurudeen I, Graessler J, Krug AW, Ehrhart-Bornstein M, Bornstein SR. Prediabetic and diabetic in vivo modification of circulating low-density lipoprotein attenuates its stimulatory effect on adrenal aldosterone and cortisol secretion. J Endocrinol 2009; 200:45-52. [PMID: 18835979 DOI: 10.1677/joe-08-0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and abnormal aldosterone and cortisol metabolism have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (DM2) and diabetic vascular disease. Since LDL serves as a major cholesterol source for adrenal steroidogenesis, we investigated whether LDL modification in prediabetic and diabetic subjects influences adrenocortical aldosterone and cortisol release. LDL was isolated from 30 subjects with normal glucose tolerance (NGT-LDL), 30 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT-LDL), and 26 patients with DM2 (DM2-LDL). Oxidation and glycoxidation characteristics of LDL apolipoprotein B100 of each individual was assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Human adrenocortical cells (NCI-H295R) were incubated for 24 h with 100 microg/ml LDL and after removal of supernatants stimulated for a further 24 h with angiotensin II (AngII). In supernatants, aldosterone and cortisol secretion was measured. IGT-LDL and DM2-LDL were substantially more modified than NGT-LDL. Each of the five measured oxidation/glycoxidation markers was significantly positively associated with glycemic control, measured as HbA(1c). LDL from all subjects stimulated both the basal and AngII-induced aldosterone and cortisol release from adrenocortical cells. However, hormone secretion was significantly inversely related to the degree of LDL oxidation/glycoxidation. We conclude that LDL modifications in IGT and DM2 subjects may have significant clinical benefits by counteracting prediabetic and diabetic overactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and enhanced cortisol generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffi Kopprasch
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Pathological Biochemistry, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Zhiyou C, Yong Y, Yonglong W. Atorvastatin attenuates oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1000-1948(08)60006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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CAI ZY, YAN Y, YAN L, Wang FY, Huang H, Wang YL, Zhao Y. Serum level of MMP-2, MMP-9 and Ox-LDL in Alzheimer's disease with hyperlipoidemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1000-1948(08)60017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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15
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Hoppmann S, Haase C, Richter S, Pietzsch J. Expression, purification and fluorine-18 radiolabeling of recombinant S100 proteins--potential probes for molecular imaging of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in vivo. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 57:143-52. [PMID: 18039581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Data concerning the pathophysiological role of the interaction of circulating S100 proteins, a multigenic family of Ca(2+)-modulated proteins, with the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) in cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory processes, and tumorigenesis in vivo are scarce. One reason is the shortage of suitable radiotracer methods. We report a novel methodology using recombinant human S100A1, S100B, and S100A12 as potential probes for molecular imaging of this interaction. Therefore, human S100 proteins were cloned as GST fusion proteins in the bacterial expression vector pGEX-6P-1 and expressed in E. coli strain BL21. Purified recombinant human S100 proteins were radiolabeled with the positron emitter fluorine-18 ((18)F) by conjugation with N-succinimidyl-4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoate ([(18)F]SFB). The radiolabeled recombinant S100 proteins ((18)F-S100) were used in biodistribution experiments and small animal positron emission tomography (PET) studies in rats. The tissue-specific distribution of (18)F-S100 proteins in vivo correlated well with the anatomical localization of RAGE, e.g., in lungs and in the vascular system. These findings indicate circulating S100A1, S100B, and S100A12 proteins to be ligands for RAGE in rats in vivo. The approach allows the use of small animal PET and provides novel probes to delineate functional expression of RAGE under normal and pathophysiological conditions in rodent models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Hoppmann
- Department of Radiopharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Research Center Dresden-Rossendorf, 01314 Dresden, Germany
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16
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Graessler J, Pietzsch J, Westendorf T, Julius U, Bornstein SR, Kopprasch S. Glycoxidised LDL isolated from subjects with impaired glucose tolerance increases CD36 and peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma gene expression in macrophages. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1080-8. [PMID: 17380316 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glycoxidised LDL has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, a major complication of diabetes. Since atherogenesis may occur at an early stage of diabetes, we investigated whether circulating LDL isolated from subjects with IGT (n = 20) showed an increased glycoxidation status and explored the proatherogenic effects of LDL samples on macrophages. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We investigated LDL modifications using GC-MS. Murine macrophages were incubated with LDL samples for 1 h, and then mRNA expression rates of the scavenger receptors CD36 and scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SCARB1, formerly known as SR-BI) and transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma (PPARgamma) were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS The GC-MS experiments revealed that oxidative modifications of proline, arginine, lysine and tyrosine residues in apolipoprotein B100 were three- to fivefold higher in LDL samples from IGT subjects compared with those from NGT subjects (n = 20). Moreover, LDL glycoxidation estimated by both Nepsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and Nepsilon-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) residues was increased more than ninefold in LDL from IGT subjects compared with samples from NGT subjects. Compared with NGT LDL, IGT LDL elicited a significantly higher CD36 (p < 0.05) and PPARG (p < 0.05) gene expression, whereas SCARB1 mRNA expression was not affected. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These data suggest that IGT is associated with increased glycoxidation of circulating LDL, which might contribute to the conversion of macrophages into a proatherogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Graessler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Carl Gustav Carus Medical School, University of Technology, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
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17
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Berndt M, Pietzsch J, Wuest F. Labeling of low-density lipoproteins using the 18F-labeled thiol-reactive reagent N-[6-(4-[18F]fluorobenzylidene)aminooxyhexyl]maleimide. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 34:5-15. [PMID: 17210457 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2005] [Revised: 09/04/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel thiol-group-selective bifunctional 18F-labeling agent N-[6-(4-[18F]fluoro-benzylidene)aminooxyhexyl]maleimide ([18F]FBAM) has been developed. The bifunctional labeling precursor N-(6-aminoxyhexyl)maleimide containing a thiol-reactive maleimide group and a carbonyl-group-reactive aminooxy group was prepared in only three steps in a total chemical yield of 59%. Subsequent radiolabeling with 4-[18F]fluorobenzaldehyde gave the bifunctional 18F-labeling agent [18F]FBAM in a radiochemical yield of 29%. In a typical experiment, 3.88 GBq of [18F]fluoride could be converted into 723 MBq of [18F]FBAM within 69 min. Conjugation of [18F]FBAM with thiol groups was exemplified with the cysteine-containing tripeptide glutathione and with various apolipoproteins of human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions. The latter was evaluated with respect to the uptake of [18F]FBAM-LDL subfractions in human hepatoma cells (HepG2) in vitro. In vivo biodistribution studies in rats revealed high stability for [18F]FBAM-LDL subfractions. Moreover, the metabolic fate of [18F]FBAM-LDL subfractions in vivo was delineated by dynamic positron emission tomography studies using a dedicated small animal tomograph. Data were compared to former studies that used the NH2-reactive 18F-labeling agent N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate. The compound [18F]FBAM can be considered as an excellent prosthetic group for the selective and mild 18F labeling of thiol-group-containing biomolecules suitable for subsequent investigations in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Berndt
- Institute of Radiopharmacy, Research Center Rossendorf, POB 51 01 19, D-01314 Dresden, Germany
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18
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Hultsch C, Hellwig M, Pawelke B, Bergmann R, Rode K, Pietzsch J, Krause R, Henle T. Biodistribution and catabolism of 18F-labeled N-ε-fructoselysine as a model of Amadori products. Nucl Med Biol 2006; 33:865-73. [PMID: 17045166 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Amadori products are formed in the early stage of the so-called Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and amino acids or proteins. Such nonenzymatic glycosylation may occur during the heating or storage of foods, but also under physiological conditions. N-epsilon-fructoselysine is formed via this reaction between the epsilon-amino group of peptide-bound lysine and glucose. Despite the fact that, in certain heated foods, up to 50% of lysyl moieties may be modified to such lysine derivatives, up to now, very little is known about the metabolic fate of alimentary administered Amadori compounds. In the present study, N-succinimidyl-4-[18F]fluorobenzoate was used to modify N-epsilon-fructoselysine at the alpha-amino group of the lysyl moiety. The in vitro stability of the resulting 4-[18F]fluorobenzoylated derivative was tested in different tissue homogenates. Furthermore, the 4-[18F]fluorobenzoylated N-epsilon-fructoselysine was used in positron emission tomography studies, as well as in studies concerning biodistribution and catabolism. The results show that the 4-[18F]fluorobenzoylated N-epsilon-fructoselysine is phosphorylated in vitro, as well as in vivo. This phosphorylation is caused by fructosamine 3-kinases and occurs in vivo, particularly in the kidneys. Despite the action of these enzymes, it was shown that a large part of the intravenously applied radiolabeled N-epsilon-fructoselysine was excreted nearly unchanged in the urine. Therefore, it was concluded that the predominant part of peptide-bound lysine that was fructosylated during food processing is not available for nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Hultsch
- Institute of Radiopharmacy, Research Center Rossendorf, P.O. Box 51 01 19, D-01314 Dresden, Germany.
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19
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Bergmann R, Pietzsch J. Small animal positron emission tomography in food sciences. Amino Acids 2005; 29:355-76. [PMID: 16142524 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/13/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a 3-dimensional imaging technique that has undergone tremendous developments during the last decade. Non-invasive tracing of molecular pathways in vivo is the key capability of PET. It has become an important tool in the diagnosis of human diseases as well as in biomedical and pharmaceutical research. In contrast to other imaging modalities, radiotracer concentrations can be determined quantitatively. By application of appropriate tracer kinetic models, the rate constants of numerous different biological processes can be determined. Rapid progress in PET radiochemistry has significantly increased the number of biologically important molecules labelled with PET nuclides to target a broader range of physiologic, metabolic, and molecular pathways. Progress in PET physics and technology strongly contributed to better scanners and image processing. In this context, dedicated high resolution scanners for dynamic PET studies in small laboratory animals are now available. These developments represent the driving force for the expansion of PET methodology into new areas of life sciences including food sciences. Small animal PET has a high potential to depict physiologic processes like absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and interactions of biologically significant substances, including nutrients, 'nutriceuticals', functional food ingredients, and foodborne toxicants. Based on present data, potential applications of small animal PET in food sciences are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bergmann
- Positron Emission Tomography Center, Institute of Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Center Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
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20
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Gester S, Wuest F, Pawelke B, Bergmann R, Pietzsch J. Synthesis and biodistribution of an 18F-labelled resveratrol derivative for small animal positron emission tomography. Amino Acids 2005; 29:415-28. [PMID: 15997411 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2004] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,4',5-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is a naturally occurring phytoalexin and polyphenol existing in grapes and various other plants, and one of the best known 'nutriceuticals'. It shows a multiplicity of beneficial biological effects, particularly, by attenuating atherogenic, inflammatory, and carcinogenic processes. However, despite convincing evidence from experimental and clinical studies, data concerning the role of resveratrol and other members of the large polyphenols family for human health is still a matter of debate. One reason for this is the lack of suitable sensitive and specific methods, which would allow direct assessment of biodistribution, biokinetics, and the metabolic fate of these compounds in vivo. The unique features of positron emission tomography (PET) as a non-invasive in vivo imaging methodology in combination with suitable PET radiotracers have great promise to assess quantitative information on physiological effects of polyphenols in vivo. Herein we describe the radiosynthesis of an (18)F-labelled resveratrol derivative, 3,5-dihydroxy-4'-[(18)F]fluoro-trans-stilbene ([(18)F]-1), using the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction as a novel radiolabelling technique in PET radiochemistry for subsequent functional imaging of polyphenol metabolism in vivo. In a typical "three-step/one-pot" reaction, (18)F-labelled resveratrol derivative [(18)F]-1 could be synthesized within 120-130 min including HPLC separation at a specific radioactivity of about 90 GBq/mumol. The radiochemical yield was about 9% (decay-corrected) related to [(18)F]fluoride and the radiochemical purity exceeded 97%. First radiopharmacological evaluation included measurement of biodistribution ex vivo and positron emission tomography (PET) studies in vivo after intravenous application of [(18)F]-1 in male Wistar rats using a dedicated small animal PET camera with very high spatial resolution. Concordantly with data on bioavailability and metabolism of native resveratrol from the literature, these investigations revealed an extensive uptake and metabolism in the liver and kidney, respectively, of [(18)F]-1. This study represents the first investigation of polyphenols in vivo by means of PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gester
- Positron Emission Tomography Center, Institute of Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Center Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
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21
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Hultsch C, Bergmann R, Pawelke B, Pietzsch J, Wuest F, Johannsen B, Henle T. Biodistribution and catabolism of 18F-labelled isopeptide N(epsilon)-(gamma-glutamyl)-L-lysine. Amino Acids 2005; 29:405-13. [PMID: 15924212 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-005-0204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Isopeptide bonds between the epsilon-amino group of lysine and the gamma-carboxamide group of glutamine are formed during strong heating of pure proteins or, more important, by enzymatic reaction mediated by transglutaminases. Despite the wide use of a microbial transglutaminase in food biotechnology, up to now little is known about the metabolic fate of the isopeptide N(epsilon)-(gamma-glutamyl)-L-lysine. In the present study, N-succinimidyl-4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoate was used to modify N(epsilon)-(gamma-glutamyl)-L-lysine at each of its two alpha-amino groups, resulting in the 4-[(18)F]fluorobenzoylated derivatives, for which biodistribution, catabolism, and elimination were investigated in male Wistar rats. A significant different biochemical behavior of the two labelled isopeptides was observed in terms of in vitro stability, in vivo metabolism as well as biodistribution. The results suggest that the metabolic fate of isopeptides is likely to be dependent on how they are reabsorbed - free or peptide bound.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hultsch
- Positron Emission Tomography Center, Institute of Bioinorganic and Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, Research Center Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.
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