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Athanasiou N, Bogdanis GC, Mastorakos G. Endocrine responses of the stress system to different types of exercise. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:251-266. [PMID: 36242699 PMCID: PMC10023776 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09758-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity is an important part of human lifestyle although a large percentage of the population remains sedentary. Exercise represents a stress paradigm in which many regulatory endocrine systems are involved to achieve homeostasis. These endocrine adaptive responses may be either beneficial or harmful in case they exceed a certain threshold. The aim of this review is to examine the adaptive endocrine responses of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), catecholamines, cytokines, growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) to a single bout or regular exercise of three distinct types of exercise, namely endurance, high-intensity interval (HIIE) and resistance exercise. In summary, a single bout of endurance exercise induces cortisol increase, while regular endurance exercise-induced activation of the HPA axis results to relatively increased basal cortisolemia; single bout or regular exercise induce similar GH peak responses; regular HIIE training lowers basal cortisol concentrations, while catecholamine response is reduced in regular HIIE compared with a single bout of HIIE. HPA axis response to resistance exercise depends on the intensity and volume of the exercise. A single bout of resistance exercise is characterized by mild HPA axis stimulation while regular resistance training in elderly results in attenuated inflammatory response and decreased resting cytokine concentrations. In conclusion, it is important to consider which type of exercise and what threshold is suitable for different target groups of exercising people. This approach intends to suggest types of exercise appropriate for different target groups in health and disease and subsequently to introduce them as medical prescription models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Athanasiou
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes mellitus and Metabolism, School of medicine, ARETAIEION hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neofytou Vamva str 10674, Athens, Greece
- grid.414655.70000 0004 4670 4329Dermatology Department, Evangelismos General hospital, Athens, Greece Ipsilantou 45-47, 10676
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17237 Dafne, Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- grid.5216.00000 0001 2155 0800Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes mellitus and Metabolism, School of medicine, ARETAIEION hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Neofytou Vamva str 10674, Athens, Greece
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Churm R, Williams LM, Dunseath G, Prior SL, Bracken RM. The polyphenol epigallocatechin gallate lowers circulating catecholamine concentrations and alters lipid metabolism during graded exercise in man: a randomized cross-over study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1517-1526. [PMID: 36695951 PMCID: PMC10030435 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Physical exercise is shown to mitigate catecholamine metabolites; however, it is unknown if exercise-induced increases in sympatho-adrenal activity or catecholamine metabolites are influenced by ingestion of specific catechins found within green tea. This study explored the impact of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) ingestion on catecholamine metabolism during graded cycle exercise in humans. METHODS Eight males (22.4 ± 3.3 years, BMI:25.7 ± 2.4 kg.m2) performed a randomised, placebo-controlled, single-blind, cross-over trial after consumption (1450 mg) of either EGCG or placebo (PLAC) and performed graded cycling to volitional exhaustion. Venous bloods were taken at rest, 2 h post-ingestion and after every 3-min stage. Blood variables were analysed for catecholamines, catecholamine metanephrines and metabolic variables at rest, 2 h post-ingestion (POST-ING), peak rate of lipid oxidation (FATpeak), lactate threshold (LT) and peak rate of oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Data were analysed using SPSS (Version 26). RESULTS Resting catecholamine and metanephrines were similar between trials. Plasma adrenaline (AD) was lower in ECGC treatment group between trials at FATpeak (P < 0.05), LT (P < 0.001) and VO2peak (P < 0.01). Noradrenaline (NA) was lower under EGCG at POST (P < 0.05), FATpeak (P < 0.05), LT (P < 0.01) and VO2peak (P < 0.05) compared to PLAC. Metanephrines, glucose and lactate increased similarly with exercise intensity in both trials. Lipid oxidation rate was 32% lower in EGCG at FATpeak (EGCG 0.33 ± 0.14 vs. PLAC 0.49 ± 0.11 g.min-1, P < 0.05). Cycle time to exhaustion was similar (NS). CONCLUSION Acute EGCG supplementation reduced circulating catecholamines but not; metanephrine, glucose or lactates, response to graded exercise. Lower circulating catecholamines may explain a lower lipid oxidation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Churm
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Engineering East, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK.
| | - Liam M Williams
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Engineering East, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Gareth Dunseath
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
| | - Sarah L Prior
- Medical School, Swansea University, Grove Building, Swansea, UK
| | - Richard M Bracken
- Applied Sports Technology Exercise and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), College of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Engineering East, Bay Campus, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, UK
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Reljic D, Lampe D, Wolf F, Zopf Y, Herrmann HJ, Fischer J. Prevalence and predictors of dropout from high-intensity interval training in sedentary individuals: A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1288-1304. [PMID: 31050061 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective method to improve fitness and various health markers. However, the tolerability and acceptability of HIIT among sedentary individuals is currently controversially discussed. Therefore, our objective was to investigate the prevalence and predictors of dropout among sedentary individuals in HIIT-based exercise interventions. MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched systematically for relevant articles until 06/2018. Studies included were required to (a) be written in English, (b) include sedentary healthy adults, (c) use some form of HIIT without any complementary intervention, (d) last ≥4 weeks, (e) report detailed description of the applied HIIT protocol, and (f) report data that allow calculation of a dropout rate. Fifty-five studies reporting results from 67 HIIT interventions with 1318 participants met the eligibility criteria. The trim and fill adjusted pooled dropout rate across all interventions was 17.6% (95% confidence interval 14.2-21.5%). Dropout rates were significantly lower in cycling-based interventions compared with studies using running/walking as exercise modality (P < 0.001). Longer session time (β = 0.02, P < 0.05), higher time effort/week (β = 0.005, P < 0.05), and overall time effort/intervention (β = 0.0003, P < 0.05) predicted greater dropout. Exercise intensity was not related to dropout. Our data suggest that HIIT-based interventions are tolerable and acceptable for previously sedentary individuals, exhibiting generally lower dropout rates than commonly reported for traditional exercise programs. Given the association between HIIT volume and dropouts, future studies should further focus on identifying the minimally effective dose of practical HIIT for improving health status. Such efforts would be important to increase implementation and public health impact of HIIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Reljic
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - David Lampe
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Wolf
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yurdagül Zopf
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans Joachim Herrmann
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Hector-Center for Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joachim Fischer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Heart rate variability and plasma nephrines in the evaluation of heat acclimatisation status. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 118:165-174. [PMID: 29127509 PMCID: PMC5754393 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Heat adaptation (HA) is critical to performance and health in a hot environment. Transition from short-term heat acclimatisation (STHA) to long-term heat acclimatisation (LTHA) is characterised by decreased autonomic disturbance and increased protection from thermal injury. A standard heat tolerance test (HTT) is recommended for validating exercise performance status, but any role in distinguishing STHA from LTHA is unreported. The aims of this study were to (1) define performance status by serial HTT during structured natural HA, (2) evaluate surrogate markers of autonomic activation, including heart rate variability (HRV), in relation to HA status. Methods Participants (n = 13) were assessed by HTT (60-min block-stepping, 50% VO2peak) during STHA (Day 2, 6 and 9) and LTHA (Day 23). Core temperature (Tc) and heart rate (HR) were measured every 5 min. Sampling for HRV indices (RMSSD, LF:HF) and sympathoadrenal blood measures (cortisol, nephrines) was undertaken before and after (POST) each HTT. Results Significant (P < 0.05) interactions existed for Tc, logLF:HF, cortisol and nephrines (two-way ANOVA; HTT by Day). Relative to LTHA, POST results differed significantly for Tc (Day 2, 6 and 9), HR (Day 2), logRMSSD (Day 2 and Day 6), logLF:HF (Day 2 and Day 6), cortisol (Day 2) and nephrines (Day 2 and Day 9). POST differences in HRV (Day 6 vs. 23) were + 9.9% (logRMSSD) and − 18.6% (logLF:HF). Conclusions Early reductions in HR and cortisol characterised STHA, whereas LTHA showed diminished excitability by Tc, HRV and nephrine measures. Measurement of HRV may have potential to aid real-time assessment of readiness for activity in the heat. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00421-017-3758-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Woods DR, O'Hara JP, Boos CJ, Hodkinson PD, Tsakirides C, Hill NE, Jose D, Hawkins A, Phillipson K, Hazlerigg A, Arjomandkhah N, Gallagher L, Holdsworth D, Cooke M, Green NDC, Mellor A. Markers of physiological stress during exercise under conditions of normoxia, normobaric hypoxia, hypobaric hypoxia, and genuine high altitude. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:893-900. [PMID: 28299447 PMCID: PMC5388721 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3573-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate whether there is a differential response at rest and following exercise to conditions of genuine high altitude (GHA), normobaric hypoxia (NH), hypobaric hypoxia (HH), and normobaric normoxia (NN). Method Markers of sympathoadrenal and adrenocortical function [plasma normetanephrine (PNORMET), metanephrine (PMET), cortisol], myocardial injury [highly sensitive cardiac troponin T (hscTnT)], and function [N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)] were evaluated at rest and with exercise under NN, at 3375 m in the Alps (GHA) and at equivalent simulated altitude under NH and HH. Participants cycled for 2 h [15-min warm-up, 105 min at 55% Wmax (maximal workload)] with venous blood samples taken prior (T0), immediately following (T120) and 2-h post-exercise (T240). Results Exercise in the three hypoxic environments produced a similar pattern of response with the only difference between environments being in relation to PNORMET. Exercise in NN only induced a rise in PNORMET and PMET. Conclusion Biochemical markers that reflect sympathoadrenal, adrenocortical, and myocardial responses to physiological stress demonstrate significant differences in the response to exercise under conditions of normoxia versus hypoxia, while NH and HH appear to induce broadly similar responses to GHA and may, therefore, be reasonable surrogates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Richard Woods
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK. .,Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK. .,University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. .,Northumbria and Newcastle NHS Trusts, Wansbeck General and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK.
| | - John Paul O'Hara
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Christopher John Boos
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Department of Cardiology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK.,Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
| | | | - Costas Tsakirides
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Neil Edward Hill
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK.,Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Darren Jose
- Pathology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK
| | - Amanda Hawkins
- Pathology, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK
| | - Kelly Phillipson
- Department of Biochemistry, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Liam Gallagher
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Mark Cooke
- Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Adrian Mellor
- Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.,Research Institute, for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, TS4 3BW, UK
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Sellami M, Abderrahman AB, Casazza GA, Kebsi W, Lemoine-Morel S, Bouguerra L, Zouhal H. Effect of age and combined sprint and strength training on plasma catecholamine responses to a Wingate-test. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:969-82. [PMID: 24500570 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to study the effects of aging and combined training (sprint and strength) on catecholamine responses [adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA)]. METHODS Thirty-two male subjects voluntarily participated in this study. They were randomly divided into four groups: A young trained group (age 21.4 ± 1.2 years, YT, n = 8), a young control group (age 21.9 ± 1.9 years, YC, n = 8), a middle-aged trained group (age 40.8 ± 2.8 years, AT, n = 8) and a middle-aged control group (age 40.4 ± 2.0 years, AC, n = 8). YT and AT participated in a high intensity sprint and strength training program (HISST) for 13 weeks. All the participants realized the Wingate-test before (P1) and after (P2) HISST. Plasma A and NA concentrations were determined at rest (A 0, NA0) and at the end of exercise (A max, NAmax). RESULTS At P1, a significant difference (p < 0.05) in terms of age was observed for NA0 and A 0 between YT and AT and between control groups YC and AC. This age effect disappeared after training when compared YT and AT. After HISST, A max increased significantly (p < 0.05) in YT and AT (from 3.08 ± 0.17 to 3.23 ± 0.34 nmol l(-1) in YT and from 3.23 ± 0.52 to 4.59 ± 0.10 nmol l(-1) in AT). However, NAmax increased significantly (p < 0.05) in AT only (from 3.34 ± 0.31 to 3.75 ± 0.60 nmol l(-1)). A max was highly increased in AT compared to YT (4.59 ± 0.10 vs. 3.23 ± 0.34 nmol l(-1)), respectively. CONCLUSION The combined training (sprint and strength) appeared to reduce the age effect of the catecholamine response both at rest and in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Sellami
- Movement, Sport, Health and Sciences laboratory (M2S). UFR-APS, University of Rennes 2/ENS-Rennes, Avenue Charles Tillon, CS 24414, 35044, Rennes Cedex, France
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Abstract
Sprint exercise ability has been critical for survival. The remarkably high-power output levels attained during sprint exercise are achieved through strong activation of anaerobic, and to a lesser extent, aerobic energy supplying metabolic reactions, which generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). Sprint exercise may cause oxidative stress leading to muscle damage, particularly when performed in severe acute hypoxia. However, with training oxidative stress is reduced. Paradoxically, total plasma antioxidant capacity increases during the subsequent 2 h after a short sprint due to the increase in plasma urate concentration. The RONS produced during and immediately after sprint exercise play a capital role in signaling the adaptive response to sprint. Antioxidant supplementation blunts the normal AMPKα and CaMKII phosphorylation in response to sprint exercise. However, under conditions of increased glycolytic energy turnover and muscle acidification, as during sprint exercise in severe acute hypoxia, AMPKα phosphorylation is also blunted. This indicates that an optimal level of RONS-mediated stimulation is required for the normal signaling response to sprint exercise. Although RONS are implicated in fatigue, most studies convey that antioxidants do not enhance sprint performance in humans. Although currently controversial, it has been reported that antioxidant ingestion during training may jeopardize some of the beneficial adaptations to sprint training.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Morales-Alamo
- Department of Physical Education, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Campus Universitario de Tafira s/n , Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Island , Spain
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Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIT) is characterized by intermittent periods of work and rest and may include work bouts lasting seconds to minutes. HIT has typically been applied to older, diseased, and at-risk populations using longer work intervals (2-4 minutes), whereas more recent definitions of HIT include work intervals of 30 to 60 s. Both traditional endurance training (TET) and HIT exert a peripheral affect increasing the capacity of muscle cells to oxidize substrate via signaling cascades that support the activation of transcription factors that orchestrate the coexpression of nuclear and mitochondrial genes, with HIT triggering these benefits following minutes of training. With 1 exception, reports of central adaptations (eg, increased stroke volume) have been based on longer work intervals (eg, 4 minutes). Recent investigations have tied HIT to increased lipolysis and enhanced insulin sensitivity. HIT favors the activation of oxidative as opposed to hypertrophic pathways. Although the length of the work interval may need to be adjusted to fit the needs and capacity of the participant, HIT should be considered as an alternative to TET for older adults with the expectation that it requires less time to execute, yet promotes peripheral and perhaps central adaptations.
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