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Yuan Q, Shi X, Ma H, Yao Y, Zhang B, Zhao L. Recent progress in marine chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate hybrid chains as potential functional foods and therapeutic agents. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129969. [PMID: 38325688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), and CS/DS hybrid chains are natural complex glycosaminoglycans with high structural diversity and widely distributed in marine organisms, such as fish, shrimp, starfish, and sea cucumber. Numerous CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains with various structures and activities have been obtained from marine animals and have received extensive attention. However, only a few of these hybrid chains have been well-characterized and commercially developed. This review presents information on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, biological activities, potential action mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships of marine CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives in the research of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains. This review may provide a useful reference for the further investigation, development, and application of CS, DS, and CS/DS hybrid chains in the fields of functional foods and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Yuan
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China.
| | - Xiang Shi
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Haiqiong Ma
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China
| | - Yue Yao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China
| | - Baoshun Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, PR China
| | - Longyan Zhao
- Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200, PR China.
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2
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Zappe A, Miller RL, Struwe WB, Pagel K. State-of-the-art glycosaminoglycan characterization. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:1040-1071. [PMID: 34608657 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous acidic polysaccharides involved in a range of biological functions. They have a significant influence on the regulation of cellular processes and the development of various diseases and infections. To fully understand the functional roles that GAGs play in mammalian systems, including disease processes, it is essential to understand their structural features. Despite having a linear structure and a repetitive disaccharide backbone, their structural analysis is challenging and requires elaborate preparative and analytical techniques. In particular, the extent to which GAGs are sulfated, as well as variation in sulfate position across the entire oligosaccharide or on individual monosaccharides, represents a major obstacle. Here, we summarize the current state-of-the-art methodologies used for GAG sample preparation and analysis, discussing in detail liquid chromatograpy and mass spectrometry-based approaches, including advanced ion activation methods, ion mobility separations and infrared action spectroscopy of mass-selected species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Zappe
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Miller
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Copenhagen Centre for Glycomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kevin Pagel
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Ramarajan MG, Saraswat M, Budhraja R, Garapati K, Raymond K, Pandey A. Mass spectrometric analysis of chondroitin sulfate-linked peptides. JOURNAL OF PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2022; 13:187-203. [PMID: 36213313 PMCID: PMC9526814 DOI: 10.1007/s42485-022-00092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are extracellular matrix components composed of linear glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains attached to a core protein. CSPGs play a vital role in neurodevelopment, signal transduction, cellular proliferation and differentiation and tumor metastasis through interaction with growth factors and signaling proteins. These pleiotropic functions of proteoglycans are regulated spatiotemporally by the GAG chains attached to the core protein. There are over 70 chondroitin sulfate-linked proteoglycans reported in cells, cerebrospinal fluid and urine. A core glycan linker of 3-6 monosaccharides attached to specific serine residues can be extended by 20-200 disaccharide repeating units making intact CSPGs very large and impractical to analyze. The current paradigm of CSPG analysis involves digesting the GAG chains by chondroitinase enzymes and analyzing either the protein part, the disaccharide repeats, or both by mass spectrometry. This method, however, provides no information about the site of attachment or the composition of linker oligosaccharides and the degree of sulfation and/or phosphorylation. Further, the analysis by mass spectrometry and subsequent identification of novel CSPGs is hampered by technical challenges in their isolation, less optimal ionization and data analysis. Unknown identity of the linker oligosaccharide also makes it more difficult to identify the glycan composition using database searching approaches. Following chondroitinase digestion of long GAG chains linked to tryptic peptides, we identified intact GAG-linked peptides in clinically relevant samples including plasma, urine and dermal fibroblasts. These intact glycopeptides including their core linker glycans were identified by mass spectrometry using optimized stepped higher energy collision dissociation and electron-transfer/higher energy collision dissociation combined with hybrid database search/de novo glycan composition search. We identified 25 CSPGs including three novel CSPGs that have not been described earlier. Our findings demonstrate the utility of combining enrichment strategies and optimized high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis including alternative fragmentation methods for the characterization of CSPGs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42485-022-00092-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madan Gopal Ramarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029 India
| | - Mayank Saraswat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
| | - Rohit Budhraja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Kishore Garapati
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104 Karnataka India
- Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road, Bangalore, 560 029 India
| | - Kimiyo Raymond
- Biochemical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First ST SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
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Zamfir AD. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Total Analysis of Chondroitin/Dermatan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2531:163-184. [PMID: 35941485 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2493-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are heavily glycosylated proteins, covalently linked to one or more glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, abundantly expressed in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Among GAGs, chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) play an essential role at the ECM level; however, the composition of the hybrid CS/DS as well as the distribution of the sulfate groups along the chain were also shown to influence biological activities in brain. The elevated structural diversity of CS/DS motifs, in which sulfation may occur at GalNAc and/or IdoA/GlcA in various combinations, requires the development of specific high performance analytical methods for reliable elucidation. Due to its sensitivity, reproducibility, and efficiency, capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for separation of CS/DS oligosaccharides coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) for their structure determination contributed an essential progress to this field.In the present chapter, two powerful methods based on CZE for separation and ESI-MS for identification and structural analysis of CS/DS are presented. The first part is devoted to offline CZE-ESI-MS based on fraction collection, screening by negative ion mode nanoESI, and fragmentation analysis in tandem MS using collision-induced dissociation (CID) at low ion acceleration energies. In the second part of the chapter, a strategy for online CZE-ESI-MS in normal polarity and negative mode ESI followed by tandem MS in real-time data-dependent acquisition mode for CS/DS separation, screening, and fragmentation is described in detail. The latter method entails the in-laboratory manufacturing of a simple yet sturdy interface for the online CZE coupling to ESI-MS and the optimization of the coupled system for total analysis of regularly sulfated and irregularly, i.e., under- and oversulfated CS/DS domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Zamfir
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania.
- "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Arad, Romania.
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Ehlers Danlos Syndrome with Glycosaminoglycan Abnormalities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1348:235-249. [PMID: 34807422 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-80614-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous group of connective tissue disorders that typically present with skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and tissue fragility. The major cause of EDS appears to be impaired biosynthesis and enzymatic modification of collagen. In this chapter, we discuss two types of EDS that are associated with proteoglycan abnormalities: spondylodysplastic EDS and musculocontractural EDS. Spondylodysplastic EDS is caused by pathogenic variants in B4GALT7 or B3GALT6, both of which encode key enzymes that initiate glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Musculocontractural EDS is caused by mutations in CHST14 or DSE, both of which encode enzymes responsible for the post-translational biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate. The clinical and molecular characteristics of both types of EDS are described in this chapter.
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Song Y, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ. Analysis of the Glycosaminoglycan Chains of Proteoglycans. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:121-135. [PMID: 32623943 PMCID: PMC7841699 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are heterogeneous, negatively charged, macromolecules that are found in animal tissues. Based on the form of component sugar, GAGs have been categorized into four different families: heparin/heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronan. GAGs engage in biological pathway regulation through their interaction with protein ligands. Detailed structural information on GAG chains is required to further understanding of GAG-ligand interactions. However, polysaccharide sequencing has lagged behind protein and DNA sequencing due to the non-template-driven biosynthesis of glycans. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the analysis of GAG chains, specifically focusing on techniques related to mass spectroscopy (MS), including separation techniques coupled to MS, tandem MS, and bioinformatics software for MS spectrum interpretation. Progress in the use of other structural analysis tools, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and hyphenated techniques, is included to provide a comprehensive perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuefan Song
- National R & D Branch Center for Seaweed Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, P.R. China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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Khan SA, Mason RW, Kobayashi H, Yamaguchi S, Tomatsu S. Advances in glycosaminoglycan detection. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:101-109. [PMID: 32247585 PMCID: PMC7198342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are negatively charged long linear (highly sulfated) polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units that are expressed on the surfaces of all nucleated cells. The expression of GAGs is required for embryogenesis, regulation of cell growth and proliferation, maintenance of tissue hydration, and interactions of the cells via receptors. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are caused by deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes that result in the accumulation of GAGs in multiple tissues leading to organ dysfunction. Therefore, GAGs are important biomarkers for MPS. Without any treatment, patients with severe forms of MPS die within the first two decades of life. SCOPE OF REVIEW Accurate measurement of GAGs is important to understand the diagnosis and pathogenesis of MPS and to monitor therapeutic efficacy before, during, and after treatment of the disease. This review covers various qualitative and quantitative methods for measurement of GAGs, including dye specific, thin layer chromatography (TLC), capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), gas chromatography, ELISA, and automated high-throughput mass spectrometry. Major conclusion: There are several methods for GAG detection however, specific GAG detection in the various biological systems requires rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective methods such as LC-MS/MS. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review will describe different methods for GAG detection and analysis, including their advantages and limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat A Khan
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Toledo AG, Pihl J, Spliid CB, Persson A, Nilsson J, Pereira MA, Gustavsson T, Choudhary S, Oo HZ, Black PC, Daugaard M, Esko JD, Larson G, Salanti A, Clausen TM. An affinity chromatography and glycoproteomics workflow to profile the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that interact with malarial VAR2CSA in the placenta and in cancer. Glycobiology 2020; 30:989-1002. [PMID: 32337544 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is the placental receptor for the VAR2CSA malaria protein, expressed at the surface of infected erythrocytes during Plasmodium falciparum infection. Infected cells adhere to syncytiotrophoblasts or get trapped within the intervillous space by binding to a determinant in a 4-O-sulfated CS chains. However, the exact structure of these glycan sequences remains unclear. VAR2CSA-reactive CS is also expressed by tumor cells, making it an attractive target for cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. The identities of the proteoglycans carrying these modifications in placental and cancer tissues remain poorly characterized. This information is clinically relevant since presentation of the glycan chains may be mediated by novel core proteins or by a limited subset of established proteoglycans. To address this question, VAR2CSA-binding proteoglycans were affinity-purified from the human placenta, tumor tissues and cancer cells and analyzed through a specialized glycoproteomics workflow. We show that VAR2CSA-reactive CS chains associate with a heterogenous group of proteoglycans, including novel core proteins. Additionally, this work demonstrates how affinity purification in combination with glycoproteomics analysis can facilitate the characterization of CSPGs with distinct CS epitopes. A similar workflow can be applied to investigate the interaction of CSPGs with other CS binding lectins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gómez Toledo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jessica Pihl
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte B Spliid
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrea Persson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nilsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marina Ayres Pereira
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Gustavsson
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swati Choudhary
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Htoo Zarni Oo
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Peter C Black
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Mads Daugaard
- Vancouver Prostate Center, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H3Z6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Göran Larson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of SE405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ali Salanti
- Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mandel Clausen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department for Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen and Department of Infectious Disease, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Off-line coupling of capillary isotachophoresis separation to IRMPD spectroscopy for glycosaminoglycans analysis: Application to the chondroitin sulfate disaccharides model solutes. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1617:460782. [PMID: 31858998 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycans analysis is challenging due to their immense structural diversity. Isotachophoresis was investigated as separation method for the purification of isobaric sulfated disaccharides prior to their characterization by Mass Spectrometry (MS) and tunable IR multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD). This proof of feasibility study was applied to the separation and characterization of chondroitin sulfate (CS) disaccharides. ITP separation conditions were optimized. Separation starts using a 2.5 mM chloride ions and 10 mM glycine at pH 3.2 solution as leading electrolyte and a terminating electrolyte composed of formic acid 2.5 mM and glycine 10 mM at pH 3.5. The CS disaccharides sample were prepared in the terminating electrolyte. The length of injection was also investigated in order to create longer plateau-like bands of pure solutes. This strategy was helpful for collecting fraction at such microseparation scale. Indeed, capillary ITP affords the injection of few tens of nanoliter of sample. Fractionation of the CS disaccharides mixture in isolated ITP bands and collection of solutes were successfully done using a HPC coated fused silica capillary of 1m-length and 75 µm of internal diameter. Collected fractions in a final of volume 10 µL were analyzed by CZE, tandem MS and IRMPD spectroscopy. The purity of each fraction is higher than 90% and is well-adapted to IRMPD characterization.
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Compagnon I, Schindler B, Renois-Predelus G, Daniel R. Lasers and ion mobility: new additions to the glycosaminoglycanomics toolkit. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:171-180. [PMID: 30005299 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans are biopolymers present in mammalian cells or in the extracellular matrix. To address their structure, the nature of the hexuronic acids and the position of sulfate groups must be determined. Tandem mass spectrometry using collision induced dissociation or electron-based fragmentation techniques, is a well-established approach for the identification of glycans but suffers from the frequent lack of diagnostic fragments in the case of glycosaminoglycans. This review presents alternative fragmentation techniques, namely photofragmentation in the IR and the UV ranges. Alternative approaches based on the direct analysis of the molecular structure, including ion mobility spectrometry and ion spectroscopies are reviewed. The potential of future multidimensional workflows for glycosaminoglycanomics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Compagnon
- Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Boulevard St Michel, Paris F-75005, France; Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Baptiste Schindler
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gina Renois-Predelus
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025 Evry, France
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Poyer S, Lopin-Bon C, Jacquinet JC, Salpin JY, Daniel R. Isomer separation and effect of the degree of polymerization on the gas-phase structure of chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides analyzed by ion mobility and tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:2003-2010. [PMID: 28901031 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans are bioactive sulfated polysaccharides comprising repeating units of uronic acid and N-acetyl galactose sulfated at various positions. The optimal length and sulfation pattern of the CS bioactive sequences remain elusive so that structure-activity relationships cannot be easily established. Development of efficient analytical methods allowing the differentiation of the various sulfation patterns of CS sequences is therefore of particular importance to correlate their biological functions to the sulfation pattern. METHODS Discrimination of different oligomers (dp2 to dp6) of synthetic chondroitin sulfate isomers was evaluated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in the negative-ion mode from deprotonated and alkali adduct species. In addition, ion mobility mass spectrometry (IMS-MS) was used to study the influence of both the degree of polymerization and sulfate group location on the gas-phase conformation of CS oligomers. RESULTS ESI-MS/MS spectra of chondroitin sulfate isomers show characteristic product ions exclusively from alkali adduct species (Li, Na, K and Cs). Whatever the alkali adducts studied, MS/MS of chondroitin oligosaccharides sulfated at position 6 yields a specific product ion at m/z 139 while CS oligosaccharides sulfated at position 4 show a specific product ion at m/z 154. Being observed for the different CS oligomers di-, tetra- and hexasaccharides, these fragment ions are considered as diagnostic ions for chondroitin 6-O-sulfate and chondroitin 4-O-sulfate, respectively. IMS-MS experiments reveal that collision cross-sections (CCS) of CS oligomers with low charge states evolved linearly with degrees of polymerization indicating a similar gas-phase conformation. CONCLUSIONS This study allows the fast and unambiguous differentiation of CS isomers sulfated at position 6 or 4 for both saturated and unsaturated analogues from MS/MS experiments. In addition, the CCS linear evolution of CS oligomers in function of the degree of polymerization indicates that no folding occurs even for hexasaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Poyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025, Evry, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Yves Salpin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025, Evry, France
| | - Régis Daniel
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Univ Evry, Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environnement, F-91025, Evry, France
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12
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Belvedere R, Bizzarro V, Parente L, Petrella F, Petrella A. Effects of Prisma® Skin dermal regeneration device containing glycosaminoglycans on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 12:168-183. [PMID: 28795878 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2017.1340137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prisma® Skin is a new pharmaceutical device developed by Mediolanum Farmaceutici S.p.a. It includes alginates, hyaluronic acid and mainly mesoglycan. The latter is a natural glycosaminoglycan preparation containing chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and heparin and it is used in the treatment of vascular disease. Glycosaminoglycans may contribute to the re-epithelialization in the skin wound healing, as components of the extracellular matrix. Here we describe, for the first time, the effects of Prisma® Skin in in vitro cultures of adult epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. Once confirmed the lack of cytotoxicity by mesoglycan and Prisma® Skin, we have shown the increase of S and G2 phases of fibroblasts cell cycle distribution. We further report the strong induction of cell migration rate and invasion capability on both cell lines, two key processes of wound repair. In support of these results, we found significant cytoskeletal reorganization, following the treatments with mesoglycan and Prisma® Skin, as confirmed by the formation of F-actin stress fibers. Additionally, together with a significant reduction of E-cadherin, keratinocytes showed an increase of CD44 expression and the translocation of ezrin to the plasma membrane, suggesting the involvement of CD44/ERM (ezrin-radixin-moesin) pathway in the induction of the analyzed processes. Furthermore, as showed by immunofluorescence assay, fibroblasts treated with mesoglycan and Prisma® Skin exhibited the increase of Fibroblast Activated Protein α and a remarkable change in shape and orientation, two common features of reactive stromal fibroblasts. In all experiments Prisma® Skin was slightly more potent than mesoglycan. In conclusion, based on these findings we suggest that Prisma® Skin may be able to accelerate the healing process in venous skin ulcers, principally enhancing re-epithelialization and granulation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Belvedere
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano, Salerno , Italy
| | - Valentina Bizzarro
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano, Salerno , Italy
| | - Luca Parente
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano, Salerno , Italy
| | - Francesco Petrella
- b Primary Care - Wound Care Service , Health Local Agency Naples 3 South , Portici, Napoli , Italy
| | - Antonello Petrella
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Salerno , Fisciano, Salerno , Italy
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13
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2011-2012. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2017; 36:255-422. [PMID: 26270629 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review is the seventh update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2012. General aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, and fragmentation are covered in the first part of the review and applications to various structural types constitute the remainder. The main groups of compound are oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. Also discussed are medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:255-422, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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14
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Schindler B, Renois-Predelus G, Bagdadi N, Melizi S, Barnes L, Chambert S, Allouche AR, Compagnon I. MS/IR, a new MS-based hyphenated method for analysis of hexuronic acid epimers in glycosaminoglycans. Glycoconj J 2016; 34:421-425. [PMID: 27924423 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-016-9741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report an original MS-based hyphenated method for the elucidation of the epimerization in GAG fragments. It consists of measuring simultaneously the MS/MS spectrum and the gas phase IR spectrum to gain direct structural information. This is possible using a customized MS instrument, modified to allow injection of a tunable IR laser inside of the instrument for in situ spectroscopy of trapped ions. The proof of principle of this approach is performed in the case of a hyaluronic acid tetrasaccharide standard. In addition, we provide the reference IR fingerprint of glucuronic and Iduronic monosaccharide standards. Remarkably, we show that the gas phase IR fingerprint of reference hexuronic acid monosaccharides proves to be transposable to oligosaccharides. Therefore, the method presented here is predictive and allows structural elucidation of unknown GAG fragments, even in the absence of referenced standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Schindler
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gina Renois-Predelus
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nassiba Bagdadi
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sihem Melizi
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Loïc Barnes
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphane Chambert
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 avenue Albert Einstein, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdul-Rahman Allouche
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Compagnon
- Institut Lumière Matière, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France. .,Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 103 Blvd St Michel, 75005, Paris, France.
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15
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Zamfir AD. Applications of capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in glycosaminoglycan analysis. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:973-86. [PMID: 26701317 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) represent a class of heavily glycosylated proteins distributed in the extracellular matrix, connective tissues, and on the surface of many cell types where, as functional molecules, regulate important biological processes. Structurally, PGs consist of a core protein linked to glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, which basically determine the properties and activities of PGs. In view of the structural complexity of GAGs and the existing correlation between this structure and PG functions, systematic efforts are invested into development of analytical methods for GAG characterization. Although less popular and of higher technical difficulty than liquid-based chromatographic methods, CE coupled with ESI MS contributed lately an important progress to glycosaminoglycomics field. In this review article, the most significant CE ESI MS and MS/MS applications in GAG research are highlighted and critically assessed. The advantages and the limitations of each concept as well as the possible further methodological refinements are also concisely discussed. Finally, the review presents the perspectives of CE ESI MS in GAG analysis along with the objectives, which still need to be reached in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Zamfir
- Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Arad, Romania.,National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania
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16
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Capitan F, Robu AC, Schiopu C, Ilie C, Chait BT, Przybylski M, Zamfir AD. β-Lactoglobulin detected in human milk forms noncovalent complexes with maltooligosaccharides as revealed by chip-nanoelectrospray high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Amino Acids 2015; 47:2399-407. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Robu AC, Popescu L, Munteanu CVA, Seidler DG, Zamfir AD. Orbitrap mass spectrometry characterization of hybrid chondroitin/dermatan sulfate hexasaccharide domains expressed in brain. Anal Biochem 2015; 485:122-31. [PMID: 26123275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate (CS/DS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) modulate neurotrophic effects and glial cell maturation during brain development. Previous reports revealed that GAG composition could be responsible for CS/DS activities in brain. In this work, for the structural characterization of DS- and CS-rich domains in hybrid GAG chains extracted from neural tissue, we have developed an advanced approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) using nanoelectrospray ionization Orbitrap in the negative ion mode. Our high-resolution MS and multistage MS approach was developed and applied to hexasaccharides obtained from 4- and 14-week-old mouse brains by GAG digestion with chondroitin B and in parallel with AC I lyase. The expression of DS- and CS-rich domains in the two tissues was assessed comparatively. The analyses indicated an age-related structural variability of the CS/DS motifs. The older brain was found to contain more structures and a higher sulfation of DS-rich regions, whereas the younger brain was found to be characterized by a higher sulfation of CS-rich regions. By multistage MS using collision-induced dissociation, we also demonstrated the incidence in mouse brain of an atypical [4,5-Δ-GlcAGalNAc(IdoAGalNAc)2], presenting a bisulfated CS disaccharide formed by 3-O-sulfate-4,5-Δ-GlcA and 6-O-sulfate-GalNAc moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Robu
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, RO-300224 Timisoara, Romania; Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, RO-300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Laurentiu Popescu
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, RO-300224 Timisoara, Romania; Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, RO-300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristian V A Munteanu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, RO-060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela G Seidler
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, D-49149 Münster, Germany
| | - Alina D Zamfir
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, RO-300224 Timisoara, Romania; Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, RO-310130 Arad, Romania.
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18
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Otsuka Y, Minamisawa T. Evaluation of intermolecular association of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides using nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:669-678. [PMID: 26353989 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the non-covalent interactions between glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides using nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS). It is the first time that interactions between oligosaccharides have been observed using MS. The importance of interactions between GAGs has recently attracted much interest because they are related to biological functions. For instance, hyaluronic acid (HA) is known to associate with chondroitin sulfates (CSs), although the details of the interaction remain unclear. In general, non-covalent interactions between glycans are too weak to detect by general means. In this work, we applied nanoESI-MS with high sensitivity, which is widely used to observe non-covalent interactions, to investigate the interaction between HA and CSs. HA and CS oligosaccharides are used to discuss the results in a simplified manner. Our approach is aimed at interpreting the behavior of GAG polysaccharides from the information obtained using the oligosaccharides. HA and CS tetrasaccharides were demonstrated to associate to form heterodimer ions that were easily detected using nanoESI-MS. We also determined the stoichiometry of the interaction and calculated the K(d) values of the interactions between HA and CS tetrasaccharides. How these structures affect the strength and stability of the non-covalent complexes is discussed. Further study of the interactions between HA and CS oligosaccharides will clarify the biological meaning of the coexistence of HA and CS in body fluids and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Otsuka
- Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corporation, 1253, Tateno 3-chome, Higashiyamato-shi, Tokyo, 207-0021, Japan.
| | - Toshikazu Minamisawa
- Central Research Laboratories, Seikagaku Corporation, 1253, Tateno 3-chome, Higashiyamato-shi, Tokyo, 207-0021, Japan.
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19
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Kailemia MJ, Patel AB, Johnson DT, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Amster IJ. Differentiating chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans using collision-induced dissociation; uronic acid cross-ring diagnostic fragments in a single stage of tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:275-85. [PMID: 26307707 PMCID: PMC4552082 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The stereochemistry of the hexuronic acid residues of the structure of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is a key feature that affects their interactions with proteins and other biological functions. Electron based tandem mass spectrometry methods, in particular electron detachment dissociation (EDD), have been able to distinguish glucuronic acid (GlcA) from iduronic acid (IdoA) residues in some heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides by producing epimer-specific fragments. Similarly, the relative abundance of glycosidic fragment ions produced by collision-induced dissociation (CID) or EDD has been shown to correlate with the type of hexuronic acid present in chondroitin sulfate GAGs. The present work examines the effect of charge state and degree of sodium cationization on the CID fragmentation products that can be used to distinguish GlcA and IdoA containing chondroitin sulfate A and dermatan sulfate chains. The cross-ring fragments (2,4)A(n) and (0,2)X(n) formed within the hexuronic acid residues are highly preferential for chains containing GlcA, distinguishing it from IdoA. The diagnostic capability of the fragments requires the selection of a molecular ion and fragment ions with specific ionization characteristics, namely charge state and number of ionizable protons. The ions with the appropriate characteristics display diagnostic properties for all the chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate chains (degree of polymerization of 4-10) studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anish B Patel
- De partment of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Dane T Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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20
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Structural analysis of isomeric chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides using regioselective 6-O-desulfation method and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 843:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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21
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Inflammatory diseases (such as arthritis) of the extracellular matrix (ECM) are of considerable socioeconomic significance. There is clear evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species released by, for instance, neutrophils contribute to the degradation of the ECM. Here we will focus on the ROS-induced degradation of the glycosaminoglycans, one important component of the ECM. RECENT ADVANCES The recently developed "anti-TNF-α" therapy is primarily directed against neutrophilic granulocytes that are powerful sources of ROS. Therefore, a more detailed look into the mechanisms of the reactions of these ROS is reasonable. CRITICAL ISSUES Since both enzymes and ROS contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, it is very difficult to estimate the contributions of the individual species in a complex biological environment. This particularly applies as many products are not stable but only transient products that decompose in a time-dependent manner. Thus, the development of suitable analytical methods as well as the establishment of useful biomarkers is a challenging aspect. FUTURE DIRECTIONS If the mechanisms of ECM destruction are understood in more detail, then the development of suitable drugs to treat inflammatory diseases will be hopefully much more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Fuchs
- Medical Department, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
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22
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Lang Y, Zhao X, Liu L, Yu G. Applications of mass spectrometry to structural analysis of marine oligosaccharides. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:4005-30. [PMID: 24983643 PMCID: PMC4113812 DOI: 10.3390/md12074005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine oligosaccharides have attracted increasing attention recently in developing potential drugs and biomaterials for their particular physical and chemical properties. However, the composition and sequence analysis of marine oligosaccharides are very challenging for their structural complexity and heterogeneity. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become an important technique for carbohydrate analysis by providing more detailed structural information, including molecular mass, sugar constituent, sequence, inter-residue linkage position and substitution pattern. This paper provides an overview of the structural analysis based on MS approaches in marine oligosaccharides, which are derived from some biologically important marine polysaccharides, including agaran, carrageenan, alginate, sulfated fucan, chitosan, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and GAG-like polysaccharides. Applications of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) are mainly presented and the general applications of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) are also outlined. Some technical challenges in the structural analysis of marine oligosaccharides by MS have also been pointed out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhi Lang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Lili Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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23
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Witt L, Pirkl A, Draude F, Peter-Katalinić J, Dreisewerd K, Mormann M. Water ice is a soft matrix for the structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6439-46. [PMID: 24862464 DOI: 10.1021/ac5008706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are a class of heterogeneous, often highly sulfated glycans that form linear chains consisting of up to 100 monosaccharide building blocks and more. GAGs are ubiquitous constituents of connective tissue, cartilage, and the extracellular matrix, where they have key functions in many important biological processes. For their characterization by mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS, the high molecular weight polymers are usually enzymatically digested to oligomers with a low degree of polymerization (dp), typically disaccharides. However, owing to their lability elimination of sulfate groups upon desorption/ionization is often encountered leading to a loss of information on the analyte. Here, we demonstrate that, in particular, water ice constitutes an extremely mild matrix for the analysis of highly sulfated GAG disaccharides by infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (IR-MALDI) mass spectrometry. Depending on the degree of sulfation, next to the singly charged ionic species doubly- and even triply charged ions are formed. An unambiguous assignment of the sulfation sites becomes possible by subjecting sodium adducts of the GAGs to low-energy collision-induced dissociation tandem MS. These ionic species exhibit a remarkable stability of the sulfate substituents, allowing the formation of fragment ions retaining their sulfation that arise from either cross-ring cleavages or rupture of the glycosidic bonds, thereby allowing an unambiguous assignment of the sulfation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Witt
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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An automated mass spectrometry-based screening method for analysis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:598-603. [PMID: 24928386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are linear polysaccharides, consisting of repeated disaccharide units, attached to core proteins in all multicellular organisms. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) constitute a subgroup of sulfated GAGs for which the degree of sulfation varies between species and tissues. One major goal in GAG characterization is to correlate structure to function. A common approach is to exhaustively degrade the GAG chains and thereafter determine the amount of component disaccharide units. In large-scale studies, there is a need for high-throughput screening methods since existing methods are either very time- or samples consuming. Here, we present a new strategy applying MALDI-TOF MS in positive ion mode for semi-qualitative and quantitative analysis of CS/DS derived disaccharide units. Only a few picomoles of sample are required per analysis and 10 samples can be analyzed in 25 min, which makes this approach an attractive alternative to many established assay methods. The total CS/DS concentration in 19 samples derived from Caenorhabditis elegans and mammalian tissues and cells was determined. The obtained results were well in accordance with concentrations determined by a standard liquid chromatography-based method, demonstrating the applicability of the method for samples from various biological matrices containing CS/DS of different sulfation degrees.
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25
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Improvement of the digestibility of sulfated hyaluronans by bovine testicular hyaluronidase: a UV spectroscopic and mass spectrometric study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:986594. [PMID: 24971366 PMCID: PMC4058284 DOI: 10.1155/2014/986594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are important, natural polysaccharides which occur in biological (connective) tissues and have various biotechnological and medical applications. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that chemically (over)sulfated GAGs possess promising properties and are useful as implant coatings. Unfortunately, a detailed characterization of these GAGs is challenging: although mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most powerful tools to elucidate the structures of (poly)saccharides, MS is not applicable to high mass polysaccharides, but characteristic oligosaccharides are needed. These oligosaccharides are normally generated by enzymatic digestion. However, chemically modified (particularly sulfated) GAGs are extremely refractive to enzymatic digestion.
This study focuses on the investigation of the digestibility of GAGs with different degrees of sulfation by bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH). It will be shown by using an adapted spectrophotometric assay that all investigated GAGs can be basically digested if the reaction conditions are carefully adjusted. However, the oligosaccharide yield correlates reciprocally with the number of sulfate residues per polymer repeating unit. Finally, matrix-laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) MS will be used to study the released oligosaccharides and their sulfation patterns.
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26
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Volpi N, Galeotti F, Yang B, Linhardt RJ. Analysis of glycosaminoglycan-derived, precolumn, 2-aminoacridone–labeled disaccharides with LC-fluorescence and LC-MS detection. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:541-58. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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Miyake N, Kosho T, Matsumoto N. Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome Associated with Glycosaminoglycan Abnormalities. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 802:145-59. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7893-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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Gesslbauer B, Theuer M, Schweiger D, Adage T, Kungl AJ. New targets for glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycans as novel targets. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 10:77-95. [PMID: 23414361 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biological functions of a variety of proteins are mediated via their interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The structural diversity within the wide GAG landscape provides individual interaction sites for a multitude of proteins involved in several pathophysiological processes. This 'GAG angle' of such proteins as well as their specific GAG ligands give rise to novel therapeutic concepts for drug development. Current glycomic technologies to elucidate the glycan structure-function relationships, methods to investigate the selectivity and specificity of glycan-protein interactions and existing therapeutic approaches to interfere with GAG-protein interactions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gesslbauer
- ProtAffin Biotechnologie AG, Reininghausstrasse 13a, 8020 Graz, Austria
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29
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Flangea C, Petrescu AJ, Seidler DG, Munteanu CVA, Zamfir AD. Identification of an unusually sulfated tetrasaccharide chondroitin/dermatan motif in mouse brain by combining chip-nanoelectrospray multistage MS2-MS4and high resolution MS. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1581-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniela G. Seidler
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry; University of Münster; Münster; Germany
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30
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Flangea C, Mosoarca C, Cozma C, Galusca M, Przybylski M, Zamfir AD. Testing the feasibility of fully automated chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a novel tool for rapid diagnosis of Fabry disease. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:1572-80. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Cozma
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biopolymer Structure Analysis; Department of Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Konstanz; Germany
| | - Mirela Galusca
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences; “Aurel Vlaicu” University of Arad; Arad; Romania
| | - Michael Przybylski
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Biopolymer Structure Analysis; Department of Chemistry; University of Konstanz; Konstanz; Germany
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Zamfir AD, Flangea C, Serb A, Zagrean AM, Rizzi AM, Sisu E. Separation and identification of glycoforms by capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 951:145-169. [PMID: 23296530 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-146-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a resourceful and versatile separation method for the analysis of complex carbohydrate mixtures. In combination with electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry (MS), CE enables fast, sensitive, and efficient separations for the accurate identification of a large variety of glycoform mixture types. In this chapter several reliable off- and on-line CE-based methods for the analysis of glycoforms with ESI MS/MS are presented. The first part of this chapter is dedicated to the application of off-line CE/ESI MS to complex mixtures of O-glycopeptides and mixtures of proteoglycan-derived O-glycans, i.e., glycosaminoglycans such as depolymerized hybrid chains of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). Procedures for off-line fractionation of these heterogeneous mixtures followed by ESI MS screening and sequencing of single glycoforms by collision-induced dissociation (CID) at low energies are also described. Ample sections are further devoted to on-line CE/ESI MS technique and its application to separation and identification of O-glycopeptides and CS/DS oligosaccharides. The concept and construction principles of two different sheathless CE/ESI MS interfaces together with the protocols to be applied for successful on-line analysis of O-glycopeptides and CS/DS oligosaccharides are presented in details in the last part of the chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Zamfir
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, "Aurel Vlaicu" University of Arad, Timisoara, Romania.
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Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) are among the most structurally complex biomacromolecules in nature. They are present in all animal cells and frequently exert their critical biological functions through interactions with protein ligands and receptors. PGs are comprised of a core protein to which one or multiple, heterogeneous, and polydisperse glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains are attached. Proteins, including the protein core of PGs, are now routinely sequenced either directly using proteomics or indirectly using molecular biology through their encoding DNA. The sequencing of the GAG component of PGs poses a considerably more difficult challenge because of the relatively underdeveloped state of glycomics and because the control of their biosynthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi is poorly understood and not believed to be template driven. Recently, the GAG chain of the simplest PG has been suggested to have a defined sequence based on its top-down Fourier transform mass spectral sequencing. This review examines the advances made over the past decade in the sequencing of GAG chains and the challenges the field face in sequencing complex PGs having critical biological functions in developmental biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA; Fax: +1 518-276-3405; Tel: +1 518-276-3404
| | - Mellisa Ly
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA; Fax: +1 518-276-3405; Tel: +1 518-276-3404
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA; Fax: +1 518-276-3405; Tel: +1 518-276-3404
- Department of Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, 12180, USA
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Langeslay DJ, Beni S, Larive CK. A closer look at the nitrogen next door: 1H-15N NMR methods for glycosaminoglycan structural characterization. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2012; 216:169-174. [PMID: 22364674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, experimental conditions were presented for the detection of the N-sulfoglucosamine (GlcNS) NHSO(3)(-) or sulfamate (1)H and (15)N NMR resonances of the pharmaceutically and biologically important glycosaminoglycan (GAG) heparin in aqueous solution. In the present work, we explore further the applicability of nitrogen-bound proton detection to provide structural information for GAGs. Compared to the detection of (15)N chemical shifts of aminosugars through long-range couplings using the IMPACT-HNMBC pulse sequence, the more sensitive two-dimensional (1)H-(15)N HSQC-TOCSY experiments provided additional structural data. The IMPACT-HNMBC experiment remains a powerful tool as demonstrated by the spectrum measured for the unsubstituted amine of 3-O-sulfoglucosamine (GlcN(3S)), which cannot be observed with the (1)H-(15)N HSQC-TOCSY experiment due to the fast exchange of the amino group protons with solvent. The (1)H-(15)N HSQC-TOCSY NMR spectrum reported for the mixture of model compounds GlcNS and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) demonstrate the broad utility of this approach. Measurements for the synthetic pentasaccharide drug Arixtra® (Fondaparinux sodium) in aqueous solution illustrate the power of this NMR pulse sequence for structural characterization of highly similar N-sulfoglucosamine residues in GAG-derived oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Langeslay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Böhme J, Anderegg U, Nimptsch A, Nimptsch K, Hacker M, Schulz-Siegmund M, Huster D, Schiller J. De novo biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix of skin studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 421:791-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Zamfir AD, Flangea C, Serb A, Sisu E, Zagrean L, Rizzi A, Seidler DG. Brain chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, from cerebral tissue to fine structure: extraction, preparation, and fully automated chip-electrospray mass spectrometric analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 836:145-159. [PMID: 22252633 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-498-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are covalently linked to proteins, building up a wide range of proteoglycans, with a prevalent expression in the extracellular matrix (ECM). In mammalian tissues, these GAG species are often found as hybrid CS/DS chains. Their structural diversity during chain elongation is produced by variability of sulfation in the repeating disaccharide units. In central nervous system, a large proportion of the ECM is composed of proteoglycans; therefore, CS/DS play a significant role in the functional diversity of neurons, brain development, and some brain diseases. A requirement for collecting consistent data on brain proteoglycan glycosylation is the development of adequate protocols for CS/DS extraction and detailed compositional and structure analysis. This chapter will present a strategy, which combines biochemical tools for brain CS/DS extraction, purification, and fractionation, with a modern analytical platform based on chip-nanoelectrospray multistage mass spectrometry (MS) able to provide information on the essential structural elements such as epimerization, chain length, sulfate content, and sulfation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina D Zamfir
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Aurel Vlaicu University of Arad, Arad, Romania
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Flangea C, Sisu E, Seidler DG, Zamfir AD. Analysis of oversulfation in biglycan chondroitin/dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides by chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 420:155-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.08.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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