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Zaltron E, Vianello F, Ruzza A, Palazzo A, Brillo V, Celotti I, Scavezzon M, Rossin F, Leanza L, Severin F. The Role of Transglutaminase 2 in Cancer: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2797. [PMID: 38474044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is the most ubiquitously expressed and well characterized member of the transglutaminase family. It is a ubiquitous multifunctional enzyme implicated in the regulation of several cellular pathways that support the survival, death, and general homeostasis of eukaryotic cells. Due to its multiple localizations both inside and outside the cell, TG2 participates in the regulation of many crucial intracellular signaling cascades in a tissue- and cell-specific manner, making this enzyme an important player in disease development and progression. Moreover, TG2 is capable of modulating the tumor microenvironment, a process of dynamic tissue remodeling and biomechanical events, resulting in changes which influence tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis. Even if generally related to the Ca2+-dependent post-translational modification of proteins, a number of different biological functions have been ascribed to TG2, like those of a peptide isomerase, protein kinase, guanine nucleotide binder, and cytosolic-nuclear translocator. With respect to cancer, TG2's role is controversial and highly debated; it has been described both as an anti- and pro-apoptotic factor and is linked to all the processes of tumorigenesis. However, numerous pieces of evidence support a tissue-specific role of TG2 so that it can assume both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessia Ruzza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberta Palazzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ilaria Celotti
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Severin
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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2
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Panes-Fernandez J, Godoy PA, Gavilan J, Ramírez-Molina O, Burgos CF, Marileo A, Flores-Núñez O, Castro PA, Moraga-Cid G, Yévenes GE, Muñoz-Montesino C, Fuentealba J. TG2 promotes amyloid beta aggregates: Impact on ER-mitochondria crosstalk, calcium homeostasis and synaptic function in Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114596. [PMID: 36989728 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive impairment that increasingly affects the elderly. AD's main features have been related to cellular and molecular events, including the aberrant aggregation of the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), Ca2+ dyshomeostasis, and increased mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitous enzyme whose primary role is the Ca2+-dependent proteins transamidation, including the Aβ peptide. TG2 activity has been closely related to cellular damage and death. We detected increased TG2 levels in neuronal cells treated with Aβ oligomers (AβOs) and hippocampal slices from J20 mice using cellular and molecular approaches. In this work, we characterized the capacity of TG2 to interact and promote Aβ toxic aggregates (AβTG2). AβTG2 induced an acute increase in intracellular Ca2+, miniature currents, and hiperexcitability, consistent with an increased mitochondrial Ca2+ overload, IP3R-VDAC tethering, and mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts (MERCs). AβTG2 also decreased neuronal viability and excitatory postsynaptic currents, reinforcing the idea of synaptic failure associated with MAMs dysregulation mediated by TG2. Z-DON treatment, TG2 inhibitor, reduced calcium overload, mitochondrial membrane potential loss, and synaptic failure, indicating an involvement of TG2 in a toxic cycle which increases Aβ aggregation, Ca2+ overload, and MAMs upregulation. These data provide novel information regarding the role TG2 plays in synaptic function and contribute additional evidence to support the further development of TG2 inhibitors as a disease-modifying strategy for AD.
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Yang Z, Zhang X, Zhuo F, Liu T, Luo Q, Zheng Y, Li L, Yang H, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Liu D, Tu P, Zeng K. Allosteric Activation of Transglutaminase 2 via Inducing an "Open" Conformation for Osteoblast Differentiation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206533. [PMID: 37088726 PMCID: PMC10288273 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts play an important role in the regulation of bone homeostasis throughout life. Thus, the damage of osteoblasts can lead to serious skeletal diseases, highlighting the urgent need for novel pharmacological targets. This study introduces chemical genetics strategy by using small molecule forskolin (FSK) as a probe to explore the druggable targets for osteoporosis. Here, this work reveals that transglutaminase 2 (TGM2) served as a major cellular target of FSK to obviously induce osteoblast differentiation. Then, this work identifies a previously undisclosed allosteric site in the catalytic core of TGM2. In particular, FSK formed multiple hydrogen bonds in a saddle-like domain to induce an "open" conformation of the β-sandwich domain in TGM2, thereby promoting the substrate protein crosslinks by incorporating polyamine. Furthermore, this work finds that TGM2 interacted with several mitochondrial homeostasis-associated proteins to improve mitochondrial dynamics and ATP production for osteoblast differentiation. Finally, this work observes that FSK effectively ameliorated osteoporosis in the ovariectomy mice model. Taken together, these findings show a previously undescribed pharmacological allosteric site on TGM2 for osteoporosis treatment, and also provide an available chemical tool for interrogating TGM2 biology and developing bone anabolic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Xiao‐Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Fang‐Fang Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Ting‐Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Qian‐Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Yong‐Zhe Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Heng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Yi‐Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Yan‐Hang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Dan Liu
- Proteomics LaboratoryMedical and Healthy Analytical CenterPeking University Health Science CenterBeijing100191China
| | - Peng‐Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
| | - Ke‐Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing100191China
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4
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Tsekoura G, Agathangelidis A, Kontandreopoulou CN, Taliouraki A, Mporonikola G, Stavropoulou M, Diamantopoulos PT, Viniou NA, Aleporou V, Papassideri I, Kollia P. Deregulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Implications for Disease Development and Progression. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:4135-4150. [PMID: 37232732 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45050263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDSs) consist of a group of blood malignancies with a complex biological background. In this context, we investigated the role of autophagy and apoptosis in the pathogenesis and progression of MDSs. (2) Methods: To address this issue, we performed a systematic expression analysis on a total of 84 genes in patients with different types of MDSs (low/high risk of malignancy) versus healthy individuals. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate significantly upregulated or downregulated genes in a separate cohort of MDS patients and healthy controls. (3) Results: MDS patients were characterized by lower expression levels for a large series of genes involved in both processes compared to healthy individuals. Of importance, deregulation was more pronounced in patients with higher-risk MDS. Results from the qRT-PCR experiments displayed a high level of concordance with the PCR array, strengthening the relevance of our findings. (4) Conclusions: Our results indicate a clear effect of autophagy and apoptosis on MDS development, which becomes more pronounced as the disease progresses. The results from the present study are expected to assist in our understanding of the biological background of MDSs as well as in the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Tsekoura
- Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Agathangelidis
- Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina-Nefeli Kontandreopoulou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Angeliki Taliouraki
- Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Mporonikola
- Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Stavropoulou
- Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis T Diamantopoulos
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nora-Athina Viniou
- Hematology Unit, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Aleporou
- Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Issidora Papassideri
- Division of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagoula Kollia
- Division of Genetics & Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
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5
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Transglutaminase 2 and Ferroptosis: a new liaison? Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:88. [PMID: 36894531 PMCID: PMC9998634 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
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Rossin F, Ciccosanti F, D'Eletto M, Occhigrossi L, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. Type 2 transglutaminase in the nucleus: the new epigenetic face of a cytoplasmic enzyme. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:52. [PMID: 36695883 PMCID: PMC9874183 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
One of the major mysteries in science is how it is possible to pack the cellular chromatin with a total length of over 1 m, into a small sphere with a diameter of 5 mm "the nucleus", and even more difficult to envisage how to make it functional. Although we know that compaction is achieved through the histones, however, the DNA needs to be accessible to the transcription machinery and this is allowed thanks to a variety of very complex epigenetic mechanisms. Either DNA (methylation) or post-translational modifications of histone proteins (acetylation, methylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation) play a crucial role in chromatin remodelling and consequently on gene expression. Recently the serotonylation and dopaminylation of the histone 3, catalyzed by the Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2), has been reported. These novel post-translational modifications catalyzed by a predominantly cytoplasmic enzyme opens a new avenue for future investigations on the enzyme function itself and for the possibility that other biological amines, substrate of TG2, can influence the genome regulation under peculiar cellular conditions. In this review we analyzed the nuclear TG2's biology by discussing both its post-translational modification of various transcription factors and the implications of its epigenetic new face. Finally, we will focus on the potential impact of these events in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Ciccosanti
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Occhigrossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via Della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Epidemiology, Preclinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.
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7
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Cao Q, Tartaglia G, Alexander M, Park PH, Poojan S, Farshchian M, Fuentes I, Chen M, McGrath JA, Palisson F, Salas-Alanis J, South AP. A role for Collagen VII in matrix protein secretion. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:226-244. [PMID: 35779741 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lack of type VII collagen (C7) disrupts cellular proteostasis yet the mechanism remains undescribed. By studying the relationship between C7 and the extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins thrombospondin-1 (TSP1), type XII collagen (C12) and tissue transglutaminase (TGM2) in primary human dermal fibroblasts from multiple donors with or without the genetic disease recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) (n=31), we demonstrate that secretion of each of these proteins is increased in the presence of C7. In dermal fibroblasts isolated from patients with RDEB, where C7 is absent or defective, association with the COPII outer coat protein SEC31 and ultimately secretion of each of these ECM-associated proteins is reduced and intracellular levels are increased. In RDEB fibroblasts, overall collagen secretion (as determined by the levels of hydroxyproline in the media) is unchanged while traffic from the ER to Golgi of TSP1, C12 and TGM2 occurs in a type I collagen (C1) dependent manner. In normal fibroblasts association of TSP1, C12 and TGM2 with the ER exit site transmembrane protein Transport ANd Golgi Organization-1 (TANGO1) as determined by proximity ligation assays, requires C7. In the absence of wild-type C7, or when ECM-associated proteins are overexpressed, C1 proximity and intracellular levels increase resulting in elevated cellular stress responses and elevated TGFβ signaling. Collectively, these data demonstrate a role for C7 in loading COPII vesicle cargo and provides a mechanism for disrupted proteostasis, elevated cellular stress and increased TGFβ signaling in patients with RDEB. Furthermore, our data point to a threshold of cargo loading that can be exceeded with increased protein levels leading to pathological outcomes in otherwise normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cao
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Grace Tartaglia
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Pyung Hung Park
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shiv Poojan
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mehdi Farshchian
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Ignacia Fuentes
- DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John A McGrath
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London (Guy's Campus), UK
| | - Francis Palisson
- DEBRA Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrew P South
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; The Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA; Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.
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8
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Zhu J, Shao Y, Chen K, Zhang W, Li C. A transglutaminase 2-like gene from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus mediates coelomocytes autophagy. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:602-612. [PMID: 34742899 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGases) are widely known to play critical roles in innate immunity, in particular, TGase2, which involves in autophagy process to help degrade protein aggregates under stressful conditions in mammals. Nevertheless, the function of the TGase2 counterpart whether involves in invertebrate autophagy is largely unknown. In this study, a novel TGase2-like homologous gene from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (named as AjTGase2-like) was cloned using RACE technology and its biological functions were also investigated. The AjTGase2-like gene encoded a peptide of 750 amino acids with the representative domains of Transglut_N domain, TGc domain, and two Transglut_C domains, which exhibited highly conservative with vertebrate TGase2. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis both supported that AjTGase2-like belonged to a new member of TGase2 subfamily. AjTGase2-like was pervasively expressed in all examined tissues, with the largest transcription in muscle, followed by respiratory trees, and intestine. After immersion infection with Vibrio splendidus, the mRNA and protein levels of AjTGase2-like were both significantly induced and reached the highest levels at 24 h, indicating AjTGase2-like plays a key role in immune response. Further functional analysis showed that the ubiquitinated protein level was significantly increased by 1.65-fold (p < 0.01) after silencing of AjTGase2-like, and the protein levels of AjLC3-II/I and AjBeclin1 were both obviously decreased by 0.49-fold (p < 0.01) and 0.64-fold (p < 0.01) at the same time, while the authophagy receptor of Ajp62 was signally up-regulated by 1.40-fold (p < 0.01) under same condition. Moreover, the immunofluorescence signals of AjLC3 and Ajp62 were consistent with their protein levels, suggesting knockdown of AjTGase2-like causes a blockage in autophagy. More importantly, the AjLC3 positive signal was not increased after adding with chloroquine in the case of AjTGase2-like interference, indicating AjTGase2-like might play pivotal role in the early step of autophagosome formation. Besides, our results showed that the fluorescence signal of AjTGase2-like was largely co-localized with Ajp62 around the cytoplasm in vivo, and rAjp62 could directly combine with rAjTGase2-like in vitro, indicating AjTGase2-like interacts with Ajp62 during autophagy. Overall, our findings supported that AjTGase2-like served as a positive regulator in sea cucumber authophay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Yina Shao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
| | - Kaiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chenghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China.
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9
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Occhigrossi L, D’Eletto M, Barlev N, Rossin F. The Multifaceted Role of HSF1 in Pathophysiology: Focus on Its Interplay with TG2. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126366. [PMID: 34198675 PMCID: PMC8232231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular environment needs to be strongly regulated and the maintenance of protein homeostasis is crucial for cell function and survival. HSF1 is the main regulator of the heat shock response (HSR), the master pathway required to maintain proteostasis, as involved in the expression of the heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSF1 plays numerous physiological functions; however, the main role concerns the modulation of HSPs synthesis in response to stress. Alterations in HSF1 function impact protein homeostasis and are strongly linked to diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders, metabolic diseases, and different types of cancers. In this context, type 2 Transglutaminase (TG2), a ubiquitous enzyme activated during stress condition has been shown to promote HSF1 activation. HSF1-TG2 axis regulates the HSR and its function is evolutionary conserved and implicated in pathological conditions. In this review, we discuss the role of HSF1 in the maintenance of proteostasis with regard to the HSF1-TG2 axis and we dissect the stress response pathways implicated in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Occhigrossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.O.); (M.D.)
| | - Manuela D’Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.O.); (M.D.)
| | - Nickolai Barlev
- Institute of Cytology, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Federica Rossin
- Institute of Cytology, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Neuronal and Endothelial Transglutaminase-2 Expression during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis. Neuroscience 2020; 461:140-154. [PMID: 33253822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transglutiminase-2 (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) using global knockout mice and TG2 selective inhibitors. Previous studies have identified the expression of TG2 in subsets of macrophages-microglia and astrocytes after EAE. The aims of the current investigation were to examine neuronal expression of TG2 in rodent models of chronic-relapsing and non-relapsing EAE and through co-staining with intracellular and cell death markers, provide insight into the putative role of TG2 in neuronal pathology during disease progression. Here we report that under normal physiological conditions there is a low basal expression of TG2 in the nucleus of neurons, however following EAE or MS, robust induction of cytoplasmic TG2 occurs in most neurons surrounding perivascular lesion sites. Importantly, TG2-positive neurons also labeled for phosphorylated Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase-3. In white and gray matter lesions, high levels of TG2 were also found within the vasculature and endothelial cells as well as in tissue migrating pericytes or fibroblasts, though rarely did TG2 colocalize with cells identified with glial cell markers (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia). TG2 induction occurred concurrently with the upregulation of the blood vessel permeability factor and angiogenic molecule Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Extracellular TG2 was found to juxtapose with fibronectin, within and surrounding blood vessels. Though molecular and pharmacological studies have implicated TG2 in the induction and severity of EAE, the cell autonomous functions of this multifunctional enzyme during disease progression remains to be elucidated.
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11
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Maffei B, Laverrière M, Wu Y, Triboulet S, Perrinet S, Duchateau M, Matondo M, Hollis RL, Gourley C, Rupp J, Keillor JW, Subtil A. Infection-driven activation of transglutaminase 2 boosts glucose uptake and hexosamine biosynthesis in epithelial cells. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102166. [PMID: 32134139 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme with transamidating activity. We report here that both expression and activity of TG2 are enhanced in mammalian epithelial cells infected with the obligate intracellular bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of TG2 impairs bacterial development. We show that TG2 increases glucose import by up-regulating the transcription of the glucose transporter genes GLUT-1 and GLUT-3. Furthermore, TG2 activation drives one specific glucose-dependent pathway in the host, i.e., hexosamine biosynthesis. Mechanistically, we identify the glucosamine:fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFPT) among the substrates of TG2. GFPT modification by TG2 increases its enzymatic activity, resulting in higher levels of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthesis and protein O-GlcNAcylation. The correlation between TG2 transamidating activity and O-GlcNAcylation is disrupted in infected cells because host hexosamine biosynthesis is being exploited by the bacteria, in particular to assist their division. In conclusion, our work establishes TG2 as a key player in controlling glucose-derived metabolic pathways in mammalian cells, themselves hijacked by C. trachomatis to sustain their own metabolic needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Maffei
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Collège Doctoral, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Marc Laverrière
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yongzheng Wu
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Triboulet
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Perrinet
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Duchateau
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, USR 2000 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Plateforme Protéomique, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, USR 2000 CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Robert L Hollis
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Charlie Gourley
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeffrey W Keillor
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Agathe Subtil
- Unité de Biologie cellulaire de l'infection microbienne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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12
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D'Eletto M, Rossin F, Fedorova O, Farrace MG, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type 2 in the regulation of proteostasis. Biol Chem 2019; 400:125-140. [PMID: 29908126 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a fundamental aspect of cell physiology that is essential for the survival of organisms under a variety of environmental and/or intracellular stress conditions. Acute and/or persistent stress exceeding the capacity of the intracellular homeostatic systems results in protein aggregation and/or damaged organelles that leads to pathological cellular states often resulting in cell death. These events are continuously suppressed by a complex macromolecular machinery that uses different intracellular pathways to maintain the proteome integrity in the various subcellular compartments ensuring a healthy cellular life span. Recent findings have highlighted the role of the multifunctional enzyme type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) as a key player in the regulation of intracellular pathways, such as autophagy/mitophagy, exosomes formation and chaperones function, which form the basis of proteostasis regulation under conditions of cellular stress. Here, we review the role of TG2 in these stress response pathways and how its various enzymatic activities might contributes to the proteostasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Grazia Farrace
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', I-00149 Rome, Italy
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13
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Manai F, Azzalin A, Morandi M, Riccardi V, Zanoletti L, Dei Giudici M, Gabriele F, Martinelli C, Bozzola M, Comincini S. Trehalose Modulates Autophagy Process to Counteract Gliadin Cytotoxicity in an In Vitro Celiac Disease Model. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040348. [PMID: 31013754 PMCID: PMC6523171 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that is triggered by the ingestion of gliadin peptides, the alcohol-soluble fraction of wheat gluten. These peptides, which play a key role in the immune response that underlies CD, spontaneously form aggregates and exert a direct toxic action on cells due to the increase in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Furthermore, peptic-tryptic digested gliadin peptides (PT-gliadin) lead to an impairment in the autophagy pathway in an in vitro model based on Caco-2 cells. Considering these premises, in this study we have analyzed different mTOR-independent inducers, reporting that the disaccharide trehalose, a mTOR-independent autophagy activator, rescued the autophagy flux in Caco-2 cells treated with digested gliadin, as well as improved cell viability. Moreover, trehalose administration to Caco-2 cells in presence of digested gliadin reduced the intracellular levels of these toxic peptides. Altogether, these results showed the beneficial effects of trehalose in a CD in vitro model as well as underlining autophagy as a molecular pathway whose modulation might be promising in counteracting PT-gliadin cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Manai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alberto Azzalin
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Martina Morandi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Veronica Riccardi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Lisa Zanoletti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marco Dei Giudici
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Fabio Gabriele
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Carolina Martinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mauro Bozzola
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Units, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sergio Comincini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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14
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Soluri MF, Boccafoschi F, Cotella D, Moro L, Forestieri G, Autiero I, Cavallo L, Oliva R, Griffin M, Wang Z, Santoro C, Sblattero D. Mapping the minimum domain of the fibronectin binding site on transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and its importance in mediating signaling, adhesion, and migration in TG2-expressing cells. FASEB J 2018; 33:2327-2342. [PMID: 30285580 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800054rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the enzyme transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and fibronectin (FN) is involved in the cell-matrix interactions that regulate cell signaling, adhesion, and migration and play central roles in pathologic conditions, particularly fibrosis and cancer. A precise definition of the exact interaction domains on both proteins could provide a tool to design novel molecules with potential therapeutic applications. Although specific residues involved in the interaction within TG2 have been analyzed, little is known regarding the TG2 binding site on FN. This site has been mapped to a large internal 45-kDa protein fragment coincident with the gelatin binding domain (GBD). With the goal of defining the minimal FN interacting domain for TG2, we produced several expression constructs encoding different portions or modules of the GBD and tested their binding and functional properties. The results demonstrate that the I8 module is necessary and sufficient for TG2-binding in vitro, but does not have functional effects on TG2-expressing cells. Modules I7 and I9 increase the strength of the binding and are required for cell adhesion. A 15-kDa fragment encompassing modules I7-9 behaves as the whole 45-kDa GBD and mediates signaling, adhesion, spreading, and migration of TG2+ cells. This study provides new insights into the mechanism for TG2 binding to FN.-Soluri, M. F., Boccafoschi, F., Cotella, D., Moro, L., Forestieri, G., Autiero, I., Cavallo, L., Oliva, R., Griffin, M., Wang, Z., Santoro, C., Sblattero, D. Mapping the minimum domain of the fibronectin binding site on transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and its importance in mediating signaling, adhesion, and migration in TG2-expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Felicia Soluri
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Boccafoschi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Diego Cotella
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Laura Moro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Gabriela Forestieri
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Ida Autiero
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Romina Oliva
- Department of Sciences and Technologies, University Parthenope of Naples, Naples, Italy.,Computer, Electrical, and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Griffin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Claudio Santoro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Autoimmune Diseases (IRCAD), University of Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
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15
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Tosco A, Villella VR, Castaldo A, Kroemer G, Maiuri L, Raia V. Repurposing therapies for the personalised treatment of cystic fibrosis. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1483231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Tosco
- Regional Cystic Fibrosis Center, Pediatric Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria R. Villella
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alice Castaldo
- Regional Cystic Fibrosis Center, Pediatric Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe11 labellisée Ligue Nationale Contrele Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, HôpitalEuropéen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Luigi Maiuri
- European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Raia
- Regional Cystic Fibrosis Center, Pediatric Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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16
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Rossin F, Villella VR, D'Eletto M, Farrace MG, Esposito S, Ferrari E, Monzani R, Occhigrossi L, Pagliarini V, Sette C, Cozza G, Barlev NA, Falasca L, Fimia GM, Kroemer G, Raia V, Maiuri L, Piacentini M. TG2 regulates the heat-shock response by the post-translational modification of HSF1. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:embr.201745067. [PMID: 29752334 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1) is the master transcription factor that regulates the response to proteotoxic stress by controlling the transcription of many stress-responsive genes including the heat-shock proteins. Here, we show a novel molecular mechanism controlling the activation of HSF1. We demonstrate that transglutaminase type 2 (TG2), dependent on its protein disulphide isomerase activity, triggers the trimerization and activation of HSF1 regulating adaptation to stress and proteostasis impairment. In particular, we find that TG2 loss of function correlates with a defect in the nuclear translocation of HSF1 and in its DNA-binding ability to the HSP70 promoter. We show that the inhibition of TG2 restores the unbalance in HSF1-HSP70 pathway in cystic fibrosis (CF), a human disorder characterized by deregulation of proteostasis. The absence of TG2 leads to an increase of about 40% in CFTR function in a new experimental CF mouse model lacking TG2. Altogether, these results indicate that TG2 plays a key role in the regulation of cellular proteostasis under stressful cellular conditions through the modulation of the heat-shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Rachela Villella
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | | | - Speranza Esposito
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ferrari
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Romina Monzani
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Occhigrossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
| | - Vittoria Pagliarini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Sette
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.,Laboratory of Neuroembryology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cozza
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Nikolai A Barlev
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Laura Falasca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy.,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1138, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valeria Raia
- Regional Cystic Fibrosis Center, Pediatric Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Maiuri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, European Institute for Research in Cystic Fibrosis, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,SCDU of Pediatrics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy .,National Institute for Infectious Diseases IRCCS 'L. Spallanzani', Rome, Italy
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17
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Quinn BR, Yunes-Medina L, Johnson GVW. Transglutaminase 2: Friend or foe? The discordant role in neurons and astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1150-1158. [PMID: 29570839 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Members of the transglutaminase family catalyze the formation of isopeptide bonds between a polypeptide-bound glutamine and a low molecular weight amine (e.g., spermidine) or the ɛ-amino group of a polypeptide-bound lysine. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2), a prominent member of this family, is unique because in addition to being a transamidating enzyme, it exhibits numerous other activities. As a result, TG2 plays a role in many physiological processes, and its function is highly cell type specific and relies upon a number of factors, including conformation, cellular compartment location, and local concentrations of Ca2+ and guanine nucleotides. TG2 is the most abundant transglutaminase in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays a pivotal role in the CNS injury response. How TG2 affects the cell in response to an insult is strikingly different in astrocytes and neurons. In neurons, TG2 supports survival. Overexpression of TG2 in primary neurons protects against oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell death and in vivo results in a reduction in infarct volume subsequent to a stroke. Knockdown of TG2 in primary neurons results in a loss of viability. In contrast, deletion of TG2 from astrocytes results in increased survival following OGD and improved ability to protect neurons from injury. Here, a brief overview of TG2 is provided, followed by a discussion of the role of TG2 in transcriptional regulation, cellular dynamics, and cell death. The differing roles TG2 plays in neurons and astrocytes are highlighted and compared to how TG2 functions in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breandan R Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Laura Yunes-Medina
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Gail V W Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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18
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Assessing the Catalytic Activity of Transglutaminases in the Context of Autophagic Responses. Methods Enzymol 2016; 587:511-520. [PMID: 28253975 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The human transglutaminases (TGases) are a widely distributed and peculiar group of enzymes that catalyze the posttranslational modification of proteins by the formation of isopeptide bonds. Tissue or type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) represents the most ubiquitous isoform belonging to TGases family. The vast array of biochemical functions catalyzed by TG2 distinguishes it from the other members of the TGase family. In the presence of high calcium levels TG2 catalyzes a vast array of protein posttranslational modifications, including protein-protein cross-linking, incorporation of primary amines into proteins, as well as glutamine deamination. In the last few years, it has become evident that TG2 is involved in the final maturation of autolysosomes. The TG2 regulation of autophagy occurs by its transamidating activity and its inhibition results in the intracellular increase of ubiquitinated protein aggregates. In this chapter, we describe the methods used in our laboratories to assess the catalytic activity of TG2 in the autophagic process.
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19
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Diaz-Hidalgo L, Altuntas S, Rossin F, D'Eletto M, Marsella C, Farrace MG, Falasca L, Antonioli M, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type 2-dependent selective recruitment of proteins into exosomes under stressful cellular conditions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2084-92. [PMID: 27169926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies are revealing a role of exosomes in intercellular communication, and growing evidence indicates an important function for these vesicles in the progression and pathogenesis of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the biogenesis process of exosomes is still unclear. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme with different subcellular localizations. Particularly, under stressful conditions, the enzyme has been also detected in the extracellular matrix, but the mechanism(s) by which TG2 is released outside the cells requires further investigation. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to determine whether exosomes might be a vehicle for TG2 to reach the extracellular space, and whether TG2 could be involved in exosomes biogenesis. To address this issue, we isolated and characterized exosomes derived from cells either expressing or not TG2, under stressful conditions (i.e. proteasome impairment or expressing a mutated form of huntingtin (mHtt) containing 84 polyglutamine repeats). Our results show that TG2 is present in the exosomes only upon proteasome blockade, a condition in which TG2 interacts with TSG101 and ALIX, two key proteins involved in exosome biogenesis. Interestingly, we found that TG2 favours the assembly of a protein complex including mHtt, ALIX, TSG101 and BAG3, a co-chaperone involved in the clearance of mHtt. The formation of this complex is paralleled by the selective recruitment of mHtt and BAG3 in the exosomes derived from TG2 proficient cells only. Overall, our data indicate that TG2 is an important player in the biogenesis of exosomes controlling the selectivity of their cargo under stressful cellular conditions. In addition, these vesicles represent the way by which cells can release TG2 into the extracellular space under proteostasis impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Altuntas
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Marsella
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Falasca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
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20
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Altuntas S, Rossin F, Marsella C, D'Eletto M, Hidalgo LD, Farrace MG, Campanella M, Antonioli M, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. The transglutaminase type 2 and pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 interplay in autophagy regulation. Oncotarget 2015; 6:44941-54. [PMID: 26702927 PMCID: PMC4792602 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-degradative physiological process by which the cell removes worn-out or damaged components. Constant at basal level it may become highly active in response to cellular stress. The type 2 transglutaminase (TG2), which accumulates under stressful cell conditions, plays an important role in the regulation of autophagy and cells lacking this enzyme display impaired autophagy/mitophagy and a consequent shift their metabolism to glycolysis. To further define the molecular partners of TG2 involved in these cellular processes, we analysed the TG2 interactome under normal and starved conditions discovering that TG2 interacts with various proteins belonging to different functional categories. Herein we show that TG2 interacts with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis which is responsible for maintaining a glycolytic phenotype in malignant cells and displays non metabolic functions, including transcriptional co-activation and protein kinase activity. Interestingly, the ablation of PKM2 led to the decrease of intracellular TG2's transamidating activity paralleled by an increase of its tyrosine phosphorylation. Along with this, a significant decrease of ULK1 and Beclin1 was also recorded, thus suggesting a block in the upstream regulation of autophagosome formation. These data suggest that the PKM2/TG2 interplay plays an important role in the regulation of autophagy in particular under cellular stressful conditions such as those displayed by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Altuntas
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Marsella
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College London and UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, London, UK
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, Rome, Italy
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21
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Nirmala M, Prakash G, Viswanathamurthi P, Malecki JG. An attractive route to transamidation catalysis: Facile synthesis of new o-aryloxide-N-heterocyclic carbene ruthenium(II) complexes containing trans triphenylphosphine donors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Lin JCY, Chiang BY, Chou CC, Chen TC, Chen YJ, Chen YJ, Lin CH. Glutathionylspermidine in the modification of protein SH groups: the enzymology and its application to study protein glutathionylation. Molecules 2015; 20:1452-74. [PMID: 25599150 PMCID: PMC6272389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine is very susceptible to reactive oxygen species. In response; posttranslational thiol modifications such as reversible disulfide bond formation have arisen as protective mechanisms against undesired in vivo cysteine oxidation. In Gram-negative bacteria a major defense mechanism against cysteine overoxidation is the formation of mixed protein disulfides with low molecular weight thiols such as glutathione and glutathionylspermidine. In this review we discuss some of the mechanistic aspects of glutathionylspermidine in prokaryotes and extend its potential use to eukaryotes in proteomics and biochemical applications through an example with tissue transglutaminase and its S-glutathionylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ching-Yao Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Bing-Yu Chiang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Chi Chou
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Chieh Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road Section 2, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
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Inhibition of transglutaminase exacerbates polyglutamine-induced neurotoxicity by increasing the aggregation of mutant ataxin-3 in an SCA3 Drosophila model. Neurotox Res 2014; 27:259-67. [PMID: 25501875 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9506-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) comprise a family of Ca(2+)-dependent enzymes that catalyze protein cross-linking, which include nine family members in humans but only a single homolog in Drosophila with three conserved domains. Drosophila Tg plays important roles in cuticle morphogenesis, hemolymph clotting, and innate immunity. Mammalian tissue TG (TG2) is involved in polyglutamine diseases (polyQ diseases), and TG6 has been identified as a causative gene of a novel spinocerebellar ataxia, SCA35. Using a well-established SCA3 fly model, we found that RNA interference-mediated suppression of Tg aggravated polyQ-induced neurodegenerative phenotypes. The administration of cystamine, a known effective Tg inhibitor, enhanced ommatidial degeneration in SCA3 flies. We also demonstrated that the aggregates of pathogenic ataxin-3 increased greatly, when the Tg activity was repressed. These findings indicate that Tg is crucial for polyQ-induced neurotoxicity because Tg ablation resulted in more severe neurodegeneration due to the elevated accumulation of insoluble ataxin-3 complexes in the SCA3 Drosophila model.
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Rossin F, D’Eletto M, Farrace MG, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type 2: A multifunctional protein chaperone? Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e968506. [PMID: 27308365 PMCID: PMC4905205 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.968506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy selectively degrades dysfunctional mitochondria by a process known as mitophagy. The purpose of the study published in Cell Death and Differentiation was to investigate the involvement of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in the turnover and degradation of damaged mitochondria and its effects on cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology; University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D’Eletto
- Department of Biology; University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology; University of Rome “Tor Vergata,” Rome, Italy
- National Institute for infectious Disease Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” Rome, Italy
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25
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Altuntas S, D'Eletto M, Rossin F, Hidalgo LD, Farrace MG, Falasca L, Piredda L, Cocco S, Mastroberardino PG, Piacentini M, Campanella M. Type 2 Transglutaminase, mitochondria and Huntington's disease: menage a trois. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt A:97-104. [PMID: 25262960 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria produce the bulk of cellular energy and work as decisional "hubs" for cellular responses by integrating different input signals. The determinant in the physiopathology of mammals, they attract major attention, nowadays, for their contribution to brain degeneration. How they can withstand or succumb to insults leading to neuronal death is an object of great attention increasing the need for a better understanding of the interplay between inner and outer mitochondrial pathways residing in the cytosol. Of the latter, those dictating protein metabolism and therefore influencing the quality function and control of the organelle are of our most immediate interest and here we describe the Transglutaminase type 2 (TG2) contribution to mitochondrial function, dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Besides reviewing the latest evidences we share also the novel ones on the IF1 pathway depicting a molecular conduit governing mitochondrial turnover and homeostasis relevant to envisaging preventive and therapeutic strategies to respectively predict and counteract deficiencies associated with deregulated mitochondrial function in neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Altuntas
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Laura Diaz Hidalgo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | | | - Laura Falasca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'L. Spallanzani', Rome 00149, Italy
| | - Lucia Piredda
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Stefania Cocco
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'L. Spallanzani', Rome 00149, Italy.
| | - Michelangelo Campanella
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome 00133, Italy; European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation, Rome 00143, Italy; Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), London, NW1 0TU, UK.
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26
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Piacentini M, D'Eletto M, Farrace MG, Rodolfo C, Del Nonno F, Ippolito G, Falasca L. Characterization of distinct sub-cellular location of transglutaminase type II: changes in intracellular distribution in physiological and pathological states. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:793-805. [PMID: 25209703 PMCID: PMC4233112 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase type II (TG2) is a pleiotropic enzyme that exhibits various activities unrelated to its originally identified functions. Apart from post-translational modifications of proteins (peculiar to the transglutaminase family enzymes), TG2 is involved in diverse biological functions, including cell death, signaling, cytoskeleton rearrangements, displaying enzymatic activities, G-protein and non-enzymatic biological functions. It is involved in a variety of human diseases such as celiac disease, diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory disorders and cancer. Regulatory mechanisms might exist through which cells control multifunctional protein expression as a function of their sub-cellular localization. The definition of the tissue and cellular distribution of such proteins is important for the determination of their function(s). We investigate the sub-cellular localization of TG2 by confocal and immunoelectron microscopy techniques in order to gain an understanding of its properties. The culture conditions of human sarcoma cells (2fTGH cells), human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293TG) and human neuroblastoma cells (SK-n-BE(2)) are modulated to induce various stimuli. Human tissue samples of myocardium and gut mucosa (diseased and healthy) are also analyzed. Immuno-gold labeling indicates that TG2 is localized in the nucleus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum under physiological conditions but that this is not a stable association, since different locations or different amounts of TG2 can be observed depending on stress stimuli or the state of activity of the cell. We describe a possible unrecognized location of TG2. Our findings thus provide useful insights regarding the functions and regulation of this pleiotropic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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27
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Transglutaminase 2 ablation leads to mitophagy impairment associated with a metabolic shift towards aerobic glycolysis. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:408-18. [PMID: 25060553 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy selectively degrades dysfunctional mitochondria by a process known as mitophagy. Here we demonstrate the involvement of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in the turnover and degradation of damaged mitochondria. In TG2-ablated cells we observed the presence of a large number of fragmented mitochondria that display decreased membrane potential, downregulation of IF1 along with increased Drp1 and PINK1 levels, two key proteins regulating the mitochondrial fission. Of note, we demonstrate that in healthy mitochondria, TG2 interacts with the dynamic proteins Drp1 and Fis1; interestingly, their interaction is largely reduced upon induction of the fission process by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine (CCCP). In keeping with these findings, mitochondria lacking TG2 are more susceptible to CCCP treatment. As a consequence of accumulation of damaged mitochondria, cells lacking TG2 increased their aerobic glycolysis and became sensitive to the glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). In contrast, TG2-proficient cells are more resistant to 2-DG-induced apoptosis as the caspase 3 is inactivated through the enzyme's crosslinking activity. The data presented in this study show that TG2 plays a key role in cellular dynamics and consequently influences the energetic metabolism.
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28
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Sóñora C, Calo G, Fraccaroli L, Pérez-Leirós C, Hernández A, Ramhorst R. Tissue Transglutaminase on Trophoblast Cells as a Possible Target of Autoantibodies Contributing to Pregnancy Complications in Celiac Patients. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 72:485-95. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Sóñora
- Immunology Laboratory; School of Sciences/School of Chemistry; Montevideo Uruguay
- EUTM-School of Medicine UDELAR; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Guillermina Calo
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory; School of Sciences; University of Buenos Aires and National Research Council (IQUIBICEN-CONICET); Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Laura Fraccaroli
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory; School of Sciences; University of Buenos Aires and National Research Council (IQUIBICEN-CONICET); Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Claudia Pérez-Leirós
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory; School of Sciences; University of Buenos Aires and National Research Council (IQUIBICEN-CONICET); Buenos Aires; Argentina
| | - Ana Hernández
- Immunology Laboratory; School of Sciences/School of Chemistry; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Rosanna Ramhorst
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory; School of Sciences; University of Buenos Aires and National Research Council (IQUIBICEN-CONICET); Buenos Aires; Argentina
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29
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Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibody inhibits apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages in pregnant NOD mice. J Reprod Immunol 2014; 103:59-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Küttner V, Mack C, Gretzmeier C, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Dengjel J. Loss of collagen VII is associated with reduced transglutaminase 2 abundance and activity. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2381-2389. [PMID: 24732400 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Absence of collagen VII leads to widespread cellular and tissue phenotypes. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. To gain insights into cellular responses to loss of collagen VII, we undertook a quantitative disease proteomics approach. By using recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), a skin blistering disease caused by collagen VII deficiency, as a genetic model, collagen VII-dependent differences in cellular protein abundances and protein-protein interactions were analyzed. Absence of collagen VII led to alterations of intracellular protein compositions and to perturbations in cell adhesion, protein trafficking, and the turnover pathway autophagy. A potential linker of the different cellular phenotypes is transglutaminase 2 (TGM2), a multifunctional enzyme important for protein cross-linking. TGM2 was identified as a stable interaction partner of collagen VII. In RDEB, both abundance and activity of TGM2 were reduced, accounting not only for diminished adhesion and perturbed autophagy but also for reduced cross-linking of the extracellular matrix and for decreased epidermal-dermal integrity in RDEB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Küttner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Mack
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Gretzmeier
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Dengjel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; ZBSA Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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31
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Witsch TJ, Niess G, Sakkas E, Likhoshvay T, Becker S, Herold S, Mayer K, Vadász I, Roberts JD, Seeger W, Morty RE. Transglutaminase 2: a new player in bronchopulmonary dysplasia? Eur Respir J 2014; 44:109-21. [PMID: 24603819 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00075713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant remodelling of the extracellular matrix in the developing lung may underlie arrested alveolarisation associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Transglutaminases are regulators of extracellular matrix remodelling. Therefore, the expression and activity of transglutaminases were assessed in lungs from human neonates with BPD and in a rodent model of BPD. Transglutaminase expression and localisation were assessed by RT-PCR, immunoblotting, activity assay and immunohistochemical analyses of human and mouse lung tissues. Transglutaminase regulation by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β was investigated in lung cells by luciferase-based reporter assay and RT-PCR. TGF-β signalling was neutralised in vivo in an animal model of BPD, to determine whether TGF-β mediated the hyperoxia-induced changes in transglutaminase expression. Transglutaminase 2 expression was upregulated in the lungs of preterm infants with BPD and in the lungs of hyperoxia-exposed mouse pups, where lung development was arrested. Transglutaminase 2 localised to the developing alveolar septa. TGF-β was identified as a regulator of transglutaminase 2 expression in human and mouse lung epithelial cells. In vivo neutralisation of TGF-β signalling partially restored normal lung structure and normalised lung transglutaminase 2 mRNA expression. Our data point to a role for perturbed transglutaminase 2 activity in the arrested alveolarisation associated with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo J Witsch
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen
| | - Gero Niess
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Elpidoforos Sakkas
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Tatyana Likhoshvay
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Simone Becker
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen
| | - Konstantin Mayer
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen
| | - István Vadász
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen
| | - Jesse D Roberts
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Werner Seeger
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rory E Morty
- Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen Dept of Lung Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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32
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Rao SN, Mohan DC, Adimurthy S. l-Proline: An Efficient Catalyst for Transamidation of Carboxamides with Amines. Org Lett 2013; 15:1496-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ol4002625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadu Nageswara Rao
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Darapaneni Chandra Mohan
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India
| | - Subbarayappa Adimurthy
- CSIR-Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, G. B. Marg, Bhavnagar-364 002, Gujarat, India
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33
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Stavreva DA, George AA, Klausmeyer P, Varticovski L, Sack D, Voss TC, Schiltz RL, Blazer VS, Iwanowicz LR, Hager GL. Prevalent glucocorticoid and androgen activity in US water sources. Sci Rep 2012; 2:937. [PMID: 23226835 PMCID: PMC3515810 DOI: 10.1038/srep00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Contamination of the environment with endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is a major health concern. The presence of estrogenic compounds in water and their deleterious effect are well documented. However, detection and monitoring of other classes of EDCs is limited. Here we utilize a high-throughput live cell assay based on sub-cellular relocalization of GFP-tagged glucocorticoid and androgen receptors (GFP-GR and GFP-AR), in combination with gene transcription analysis, to screen for glucocorticoid and androgen activity in water samples. We report previously unrecognized glucocorticoid activity in 27%, and androgen activity in 35% of tested water sources from 14 states in the US. Steroids of both classes impact body development, metabolism, and interfere with reproductive, endocrine, and immune systems. This prevalent contamination could negatively affect wildlife and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Stavreva
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - Anuja A. George
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
- Current address: Department of Pharmacology UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Paul Klausmeyer
- Natural Products Support Group SAIC-Frederick, Inc Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - Daniel Sack
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - Ty C. Voss
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - R. Louis Schiltz
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
| | - Vicki S. Blazer
- USGS-BRD Leetown Science Center 11649 Leetown Road Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- USGS-BRD Leetown Science Center 11649 Leetown Road Kearneysville, WV 25430
| | - Gordon L. Hager
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression Building 41, B602 41 Library Dr. National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055
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34
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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 35 (SCA35)-associated transglutaminase 6 mutants sensitize cells to apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012. [PMID: 23206699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 35 (SCA35) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder. In our previous study, using exome sequencing and linkage analysis, two missense mutations of the transglutaminase 6 (TGM6) gene were identified as causative for SCA35. TGM6 encodes transglutaminase 6 (TG6), a member of the transglutaminase family of enzymes that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amine group and the γ-carboxamide group of protein- or peptide-bound glutamine. However, the precise role of TG6 in contributing to SCA35 remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the subcellular distribution, expression and in vitro activity of two missense mutations of TG6 (D327G, L517W) and found that both mutants exhibited decreased transglutaminase activity and stability. Furthermore, overexpressing the TG6 mutants sensitized cells to staurosporine-induced apoptosis by increasing the activity of caspases. We propose that the pro-apoptotic role of these mutants might underlie the pathogenesis of SCA35.
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35
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Kumar A, Kneynsberg A, Tucholski J, Perry G, van Groen T, Detloff PJ, Lesort M. Tissue transglutaminase overexpression does not modify the disease phenotype of the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 2012; 237:78-89. [PMID: 22698685 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder initiated by an abnormally expanded polyglutamine in the huntingtin protein. Determining the contribution of specific factors to the pathogenesis of HD should provide rational targets for therapeutic intervention. One suggested contributor is the type 2 transglutaminase (TG2), a multifunctional calcium dependent enzyme. A role for TG2 in HD has been suggested because a polypeptide-bound glutamine is a rate-limiting factor for a TG2-catalyzed reaction, and TG2 can cross-link mutant huntingtin in vitro. Further, TG2 is up regulated in brain areas affected in HD. The objective of this study was to further examine the contribution of TG2 as a potential modifier of HD pathogenesis and its validity as a therapeutic target in HD. In particular our goal was to determine whether an increase in TG2 level, as documented in human HD brains, modulates the well-characterized phenotype of the R6/2 HD mouse model. To accomplish this objective a genetic cross was performed between R6/2 mice and an established transgenic mouse line that constitutively expresses human TG2 (hTG2) under control of the prion promoter. Constitutive expression of hTG2 did not affect the onset and progression of the behavioral and neuropathological HD phenotype of R6/2 mice. We found no alterations in body weight changes, rotarod performances, grip strength, overall activity, and no significant effect on the neuropathological features of R6/2 mice. Overall the results of this study suggest that an increase in hTG2 expression does not significantly modify the pathology of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
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36
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D'Eletto M, Farrace MG, Rossin F, Strappazzon F, Giacomo GD, Cecconi F, Melino G, Sepe S, Moreno S, Fimia GM, Falasca L, Nardacci R, Piacentini M. Type 2 transglutaminase is involved in the autophagy-dependent clearance of ubiquitinated proteins. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1228-38. [PMID: 22322858 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are equipped with an efficient quality control system to selectively eliminate misfolded and damaged proteins, and organelles. Abnormal polypeptides that escape from proteasome-dependent degradation and aggregate in the cytosol can be transported via microtubules to inclusion bodies called 'aggresomes', where misfolded proteins are confined and degraded by autophagy. Here, we show that Type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) knockout mice display impaired autophagy and accumulate ubiquitinated protein aggregates upon starvation. Furthermore, p62-dependent peroxisome degradation is also impaired in the absence of TG2. We also demonstrate that, under cellular stressful conditions, TG2 physically interacts with p62 and they are localized in cytosolic protein aggregates, which are then recruited into autophagosomes, where TG2 is degraded. Interestingly, the enzyme's crosslinking activity is activated during autophagy and its inhibition leads to the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Taken together, these data indicate that the TG2 transamidating activity has an important role in the assembly of protein aggregates, as well as in the clearance of damaged organelles by macroautophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Italy
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Maioli E, Torricelli C, Valacchi G. Rottlerin and cancer: novel evidence and mechanisms. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:350826. [PMID: 22272173 PMCID: PMC3259573 DOI: 10.1100/2012/350826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Because cancers are caused by deregulation of hundreds of genes, an ideal anticancer agent should target multiple gene products or signaling pathways simultaneously. Recently, extensive research has addressed the chemotherapeutic potential of plant-derived compounds. Among the ever-increasing list of naturally occurring anticancer agents, Rottlerin appears to have great potentiality for being used in chemotherapy because it affects several cell machineries involved in survival, apoptosis, autophagy, and invasion. The underlying mechanisms that have been described are diverse, and the final, cell-specific, Rottlerin outcome appears to result from a combination of signaling pathways at multiple levels. This paper seeks to summarize the multifocal signal modulatory properties of Rottlerin, which merit to be further exploited for successful prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Maioli
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, Aldo Moro Street, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) controls cell survival through PAI-2/serpinB2 and transglutaminase 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E177-86. [PMID: 22203995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119296109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision between survival and death in cells exposed to TNF relies on a highly regulated equilibrium between proapoptotic and antiapoptotic factors. The TNF-activated antiapoptotic response depends on several transcription factors, including NF-κB and its RelA/p65 subunit, that are activated through phosphorylation-mediated degradation of IκB inhibitors, a process controlled by the IκB kinase complex. Genetic studies in mice have identified the IκB kinase-related kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1; also called NAK or T2K) as an additional regulatory molecule that promotes survival downstream of TNF, but the mechanism through which TBK1 exerts its survival function has remained elusive. Here we show that TBK1 triggers an antiapoptotic response by controlling a specific RelA/p65 phosphorylation event. TBK1-induced RelA phosphorylation results in inducible expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2), a member of the serpin family with known antiapoptotic activity. PAI-2 limits caspase-3 activation through stabilization of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), which cross-links and inactivates procaspase-3. Importantly, Tg2(-/-) mice were found to be more susceptible to apoptotic cell death in two models of TNF-dependent acute liver injury. Our results establish PAI-2 and TG2 as downstream mediators in the antiapoptotic response triggered upon TBK1 activation.
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Budillon A, Carbone C, Di Gennaro E. Tissue transglutaminase: a new target to reverse cancer drug resistance. Amino Acids 2011; 44:63-72. [PMID: 22130737 PMCID: PMC3535412 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1167-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer resistance mechanisms, which result from intrinsic genetic alterations of tumor cells or acquired genetic and epigenetic changes, limit the long-lasting benefits of anti-cancer treatments. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) has emerged as a putative gene involved in tumor cell drug resistance and evasion of apoptosis. Although some reports have indicated that TG2 can suppress tumor growth and enhance the growth inhibitory effects of anti-tumor agents, several studies have presented both pro-survival and anti-apoptotic roles for TG2 in malignant cells. Increased TG2 expression has been found in several tumors, where it was considered a potential negative prognostic marker, and it is often associated with advanced stages of disease, metastatic spread and drug resistance. TG2 mediates drug resistance through the activation of survival pathways and the inhibition of apoptosis, but also by regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or autophagy. Because TG2 knockdown or inhibition of TG2 enzymatic activity may reverse drug resistance and sensitize cancer cells to drug-induced apoptosis, many small molecules capable of blocking TG2 have recently been developed. Additional insight into the multifunctional nature of TG2 as well as translational studies concerning the correlation between TG2 expression, function or location and cancer behavior will aid in translating these findings into new therapeutic approaches for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Budillon
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Department of Research, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, National Cancer Institute G. Pascale, Via M. Semmola, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Perez Alea M, Thomas V, Martin G, El Alaoui S. Identification of human salivary transglutaminases. Amino Acids 2011; 44:245-50. [PMID: 22080209 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) expression and enzymatic activities in human saliva were investigated. Specific antibodies showed the co-existence of TG1, TG2, TG3 and TG4. TG2 and TG3 were found in native and multiple proteolytic forms. Our data indicate that TG1 and TG2 isoenzymes are highly active with the major activity attributed to TG1. These findings pave the way for future studies on the physiological role of TG in the oral cavity and the potential impact of their deregulation in TG-associated oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mileidys Perez Alea
- CovalAb, Research Department, 11 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Villeurbanne, Lyon, France.
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Transglutaminase 2: a molecular Swiss army knife. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:406-19. [PMID: 22015769 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is the most widely distributed member of the transglutaminase family with almost all cell types in the body expressing TG2 to varying extents. In addition to being widely expressed, TG2 is an extremely versatile protein exhibiting transamidating, protein disulphide isomerase and guanine and adenine nucleotide binding and hydrolyzing activities. TG2 can also act as a protein scaffold or linker. This unique protein also undergoes extreme conformational changes and exhibits localization diversity. Being mainly a cytosolic protein; it is also found in the nucleus, associated with the cell membrane (inner and outer side) and with the mitochondria, and also in the extracellular matrix. These different activities, conformations and localization need to be carefully considered while assessing the role of TG2 in physiological and pathological processes. For example, it is becoming evident that the role of TG2 in cell death processes is dependent upon the cell type, stimuli, subcellular localization and conformational state of the protein. In this review we discuss in depth the conformational and functional diversity of TG2 in the context of its role in numerous cellular processes. In particular, we have highlighted how differential localization, conformation and activities of TG2 may distinctly mediate cell death processes.
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Depletion of cathepsin D by transglutaminase 2 through protein cross-linking promotes cell survival. Amino Acids 2011; 44:73-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1089-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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