1
|
Wang J, Liu Z, Li W, Yu J, Zhang D. Knockdown of GBP1 inhibits BCG-induced apoptosis in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells via p38/JNK pathway. Infect Genet Evol 2022; 97:105158. [PMID: 34826624 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage apoptosis induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) plays a significant role in mediating the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. There is growing evidence that guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are associated with different pathological processes such as microbial infection. However, it remains unclear whether GBPs can regulate the apoptosis of macrophages induced by Mtb. In this study, we investigated the potential effect of GBP1 on RAW 264.7 cell apoptosis during Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection. The results demonstrated that BCG could induce macrophage apoptosis and GBP1 upregulation. In addition, we explored the role of GBP1 in regulating BCG-induced RAW 264.7 cell apoptosis using small interfering RNAs targeting GBP1. The results showed that knockdown of GBP1 could attenuate BCG-induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, we found that GBP1 knockdown decreased the levels of cleaved-Caspase 3 and cleaved-PARP-1, while decreased those of cleaved-Caspase 9, BAX, Cytochrome C and APAF1. These findings imply that GBP1 knockdown can prevent BCG-induced apoptosis through an endogenous apoptosis pathway. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential of macrophages was significantly increased after BCG infection, and GBP1 knockdown could alleviate this phenomenon. Furthermore, downregulation of GBP1 also attenuated BCG-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species in macrophages. Mechanistically, GBP1 suppressed the phosphorylation of the target molecules in p38/JNK pathway, thus regulating the apoptosis of BGC-infected macrophages. Collectively, these findings reveal a significant role of GBP1 in mediating cell apoptosis in macrophages infected with BCG, and the molecular mechanism underlying its suppressive effect on BCG-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Zhanyou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Wu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China.
| | - Jialin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Dongtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Conservation and Utilization of Special Biological Resources in the Western China, China; School of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Heikkinen T, Bragge T, Kuosmanen J, Parkkari T, Gustafsson S, Kwan M, Beltran J, Ghavami A, Subramaniam S, Shahani N, Ramírez-Jarquín UN, Park L, Muñoz-Sanjuán I, Marchionini DM. Global Rhes knockout in the Q175 Huntington's disease mouse model. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258486. [PMID: 34648564 PMCID: PMC8516231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) results from an expansion mutation in the polyglutamine tract in huntingtin. Although huntingtin is ubiquitously expressed in the body, the striatum suffers the most severe pathology. Rhes is a Ras-related small GTP-binding protein highly expressed in the striatum that has been reported to modulate mTOR and sumoylation of mutant huntingtin to alter HD mouse model pathogenesis. Reports have varied on whether Rhes reduction is desirable for HD. Here we characterize multiple behavioral and molecular endpoints in the Q175 HD mouse model with genetic Rhes knockout (KO). Genetic RhesKO in the Q175 female mouse resulted in both subtle attenuation of Q175 phenotypic features, and detrimental effects on other kinematic features. The Q175 females exhibited measurable pathogenic deficits, as measured by MRI, MRS and DARPP32, however, RhesKO had no effect on these readouts. Additionally, RhesKO in Q175 mixed gender mice deficits did not affect mTOR signaling, autophagy or mutant huntingtin levels. We conclude that global RhesKO does not substantially ameliorate or exacerbate HD mouse phenotypes in Q175 mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timo Bragge
- Charles River Discovery Services, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Mei Kwan
- Psychogenics, Paramus, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Jose Beltran
- Psychogenics, Paramus, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Afshin Ghavami
- Psychogenics, Paramus, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Srinivasa Subramaniam
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Neelam Shahani
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Larry Park
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Deanna M. Marchionini
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Serra M, Pinna A, Costa G, Usiello A, Pasqualetti M, Avallone L, Morelli M, Napolitano F. Involvement of the Protein Ras Homolog Enriched in the Striatum, Rhes, in Dopaminergic Neurons' Degeneration: Link to Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105326. [PMID: 34070217 PMCID: PMC8158741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhes is one of the most interesting genes regulated by thyroid hormones that, through the inhibition of the striatal cAMP/PKA pathway, acts as a modulator of dopamine neurotransmission. Rhes mRNA is expressed at high levels in the dorsal striatum, with a medial-to-lateral expression gradient reflecting that of both dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors. Rhes transcript is also present in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, olfactory tubercle and bulb, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area of the rodent brain. In line with Rhes-dependent regulation of dopaminergic transmission, data showed that lack of Rhes enhanced cocaine- and amphetamine-induced motor stimulation in mice. Previous studies showed that pharmacological depletion of dopamine significantly reduces Rhes mRNA levels in rodents, non-human primates and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, suggesting a link between dopaminergic innervation and physiological Rhes mRNA expression. Rhes protein binds to and activates striatal mTORC1, and modulates L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in PD rodent models. Finally, Rhes is involved in the survival of mouse midbrain dopaminergic neurons of SNc, thus pointing towards a Rhes-dependent modulation of autophagy and mitophagy processes, and encouraging further investigations about mechanisms underlying dysfunctions of the nigrostriatal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Serra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Neuroscience Institute—Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandro Usiello
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy;
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Pasqualetti
- Unit of Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy;
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.S.); (G.C.); (M.M.)
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Neuroscience Institute—Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Cagliari, Italy;
| | - Francesco Napolitano
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Ceinge Biotecnologie Avanzate, 80145 Naples, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80137 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rai P, Janardhan KS, Meacham J, Madenspacher JH, Lin WC, Karmaus PWF, Martinez J, Li QZ, Yan M, Zeng J, Grinstaff MW, Shirihai OS, Taylor GA, Fessler MB. IRGM1 links mitochondrial quality control to autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:312-321. [PMID: 33510463 PMCID: PMC7906953 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial abnormalities have been noted in lupus, but the causes and consequences remain obscure. Autophagy-related genes ATG5, ATG7 and IRGM have been previously implicated in autoimmune disease. We reasoned that failure to clear defective mitochondria via mitophagy might be a foundational driver in autoimmunity by licensing mitochondrial DNA-dependent induction of type I interferon. Here, we show that mice lacking the GTPase IRGM1 (IRGM homolog) exhibited a type I interferonopathy with autoimmune features. Irgm1 deletion impaired the execution of mitophagy with cell-specific consequences. In fibroblasts, mitochondrial DNA soiling of the cytosol induced cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING)-dependent type I interferon, whereas in macrophages, lysosomal Toll-like receptor 7 was activated. In vivo, Irgm1-/- tissues exhibited mosaic dependency upon nucleic acid receptors. Whereas salivary and lacrimal gland autoimmune pathology was abolished and lung pathology was attenuated by cGAS and STING deletion, pancreatic pathology remained unchanged. These findings reveal fundamental connections between mitochondrial quality control and tissue-selective autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rai
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Kyathanahalli S Janardhan
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Julie Meacham
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Wan-Chi Lin
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Peer W F Karmaus
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Mei Yan
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Microarray Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taylor GA, Huang HI, Fee BE, Youssef N, Jewell ML, Cantillana V, Schoenborn AA, Rogala AR, Buckley AF, Feng CG, Vallance BA, Gulati AS, Hammer GE. Irgm1-deficiency leads to myeloid dysfunction in colon lamina propria and susceptibility to the intestinal pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008553. [PMID: 32453761 PMCID: PMC7274479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
IRGM and its mouse orthologue Irgm1 are dynamin-like proteins that regulate vesicular remodeling, intracellular microbial killing, and pathogen immunity. IRGM dysfunction is linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and while it is thought that defective intracellular killing of microbes underscores IBD susceptibility, studies have yet to address how IRGM/Irgm1 regulates immunity to microbes relevant to intestinal inflammation. Here we find that loss of Irgm1 confers marked susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium, a noninvasive intestinal pathogen that models inflammatory responses to intestinal bacteria. Irgm1-deficient mice fail to control C. rodentium outgrowth in the intestine, leading to systemic pathogen spread and host mortality. Surprisingly, susceptibility due to loss of Irgm1 function was not linked to defective intracellular killing of C. rodentium or exaggerated inflammation, but was instead linked to failure to remodel specific colon lamina propria (C-LP) myeloid cells that expand in response to C. rodentium infection and are essential for C. rodentium immunity. Defective immune remodeling was most striking in C-LP monocytes, which were successfully recruited to the infected C-LP, but subsequently underwent apoptosis. Apoptotic susceptibility was induced by C. rodentium infection and was specific to this setting of pathogen infection, and was not apparent in other settings of intestinal inflammation. These studies reveal a novel role for Irgm1 in host defense and suggest that deficiencies in survival and remodeling of C-LP myeloid cells that control inflammatory intestinal bacteria may underpin IBD pathogenesis linked to IRGM dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Taylor
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GAT); (GEH)
| | - Hsin-I Huang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brian E. Fee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nourhan Youssef
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark L. Jewell
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Viviana Cantillana
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexi A. Schoenborn
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Allison R. Rogala
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anne F. Buckley
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carl G. Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ajay S. Gulati
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gianna E. Hammer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GAT); (GEH)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sênos Demarco R, Jones DL. Mitochondrial fission regulates germ cell differentiation by suppressing ROS-mediated activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Signaling in the Drosophila larval testis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19695. [PMID: 31873089 PMCID: PMC6927965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55728-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles that have recently emerged as hubs for several metabolic and signaling pathways in the cell. Mitochondrial morphology is regulated by constant fusion and fission events to maintain a functional mitochondrial network and to remodel the mitochondrial network in response to external stimuli. Although the role of mitochondria in later stages of spermatogenesis has been investigated in depth, the role of mitochondrial dynamics in regulating early germ cell behavior is relatively less-well understood. We previously demonstrated that mitochondrial fusion is required for germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance in the Drosophila testis. Here, we show that mitochondrial fission is also important for regulating the maintenance of early germ cells in larval testes. Inhibition of Drp1 in early germ cells resulted in the loss of GSCs and spermatogonia due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the EGFR pathway in adjacent somatic cyst cells. EGFR activation contributed to premature germ cell differentiation. Our data provide insights into how mitochondrial dynamics can impact germ cell maintenance and differentiation via distinct mechanisms throughout development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Sênos Demarco
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - D Leanne Jones
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dang T, Jang SH, Back SH, Park JW, Han IS. DRG2 Deficiency Causes Impaired Microtubule Dynamics in HeLa Cells. Mol Cells 2018; 41:1045-1051. [PMID: 30453731 PMCID: PMC6315320 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The developmentally regulated GTP binding protein 2 (DRG2) is involved in the control of cell growth and differentiation. Here, we demonstrate that DRG2 regulates microtubule dynamics in HeLa cells. Analysis of live imaging of the plus-ends of microtubules with EB1-EGFP showed that DRG2 deficiency (shDRG2) significantly reduced the growth rate of HeLa cells. Depletion of DRG2 increased 'slow and long-lived' subpopulations, but decreased 'fast and short-lived' subpopulations of microtubules. Microtubule polymerization inhibitor exhibited a reduced response in shDRG2 cells. Using immunoprecipitation, we show that DRG2 interacts with tau, which regulates microtubule polymerization. Collectively, these data demonstrate that DRG2 may aid in affecting microtubule dynamics in HeLa cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thao Dang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| | - Soo Hwa Jang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Back
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| | - In-Seob Han
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610,
Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sengupta S, Mondal A, Dutta D, Parrack P. HflX protein protects Escherichia coli from manganese stress. J Biosci 2018; 43:1001-1013. [PMID: 30541959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ribosome-binding GTPase HflX is required for manganese homeostasis in E. coli. While under normal conditions ΔhflX cells behave like wild type E. coli with respect to growth pattern and morphology, deletion of hflX makes E. coli cells extremely sensitive to manganese, characterized by arrested cell growth and filamentation. Here we demonstrate that upon complementation by hflX, manganese stress is relieved. In phenotypic studies done in a manganese-rich environment, ΔhflX cells were highly sensitive to antibiotics that bind the penicillin binding protein 3 (PBP3), suggesting that the manganese stress led to impaired peptidoglycan biosynthesis. An irregular distribution of dark bands of constriction along filaments, delocalization of the dark bands from midcell towards poles and subpoles, lack of septum formation and arrested cell division were observed in ΔhflX cells under manganese stress. However, chromosome replication and segregation of nucleoids were unaffected under these conditions, as observed from confocal microscopy imaging and FACS studies. We conclude that absence of HflX leads to manganese accumulation in E. coli cells, affecting cell septum formation, probably by modulating the activity of the cell division protein PBP3 (FtsI), a major component of the divisome apparatus. We propose that HflX acts as a gatekeeper, regulating the influx of manganese into the cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeepan Sengupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P-1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee CC, Hsieh TS. Wuho/WDR4 deficiency inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis via DNA damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cell Signal 2018; 47:16-26. [PMID: 29574139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Wuho known as WDR4 encodes a highly conserved WD40-repeat protein, which has known homologues of WDR4 in human and mouse. Wuho-FEN1 interaction may have a critical role in the growth and development, and in the maintenance of genome stability. However, how Wuho gene deletion contributes to cell growth inhibition and apoptosis is still unknown. We utilized CAGGCre-ER transgenic mice have a tamoxifen-inducible cre-mediated recombination cassette to prepare primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with Wuho deficiency. We have demonstrated that Wuho deficiency would induces γH2AX protein level elevation, heterochromatin relaxation and DNA damage down-stream sequences, including p53 activation, caspase-mediated apoptotic pathway, and p21-mediated G2/M cell cycle arrest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chiu Lee
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Tao-Shih Hsieh
- Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Z, Perez M, Lee ES, Kojima S, Griffin M. The functional relationship between transglutaminase 2 and transforming growth factor β1 in the regulation of angiogenesis and endothelial-mesenchymal transition. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3032. [PMID: 28880274 PMCID: PMC5636968 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The importance of transglutaminase 2 (TG2) in angiogenesis has been highlighted in recent studies, but other roles of this multi-functional enzyme in endothelial cell (EC) function still remains to be fully elucidated. We previously showed that the extracellular TG2 is involved in maintaining tubule formation in ECs by a mechanism involving matrix-bound vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling. Here, by using the ECs and fibroblast co-culture and ECs 3D culture models, we demonstrate a further role for TG2 in both endothelial tubule formation and in tubule loss, which involves its role in the regulation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and Smad signalling. We demonstrate that inhibition of tubule formation by TG2 inhibitors can be restored by add-back of exogenous TGFβ1 at pg/ml levels and show that TG2 -/- mouse ECs are unable to form tubules in 3D culture and display negligible Smad signalling compared to wild-type cells. Loss of tubule formation in the TG2 -/- ECs can be reconstituted by transduction with TG2. We demonstrate that extracellular TG2 also has an important role in TGFβ1-induced transition of ECs into myofibroblast-like cells (endothelial-mesenchymal transition), resulting in loss of EC tubules and tubule formation. Our data also indicate that TG2 may have a role in regulating TGFβ signalling through entrapment of active TGFβ1 into the extracellular matrix. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that TG2 has multi-functional roles in ECs where its ability to fine-tune of TGFβ1 signalling means it can be involved in both endothelial tubule formation and tubule rarefaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mileidys Perez
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eun-Seo Lee
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, Imaging Application Group, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, Center for Life Science Technology, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, Imaging Application Group, Division of Bio-function Dynamics Imaging, Center for Life Science Technology, RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako 351-0198, Japan
| | - Martin Griffin
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Shrestha R, Shrestha R, Qin XY, Kuo TF, Oshima Y, Iwatani S, Teraoka R, Fujii K, Hara M, Li M, Takahashi-Nakaguchi A, Chibana H, Lu J, Cai M, Kajiwara S, Kojima S. Fungus-derived hydroxyl radicals kill hepatic cells by enhancing nuclear transglutaminase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4746. [PMID: 28684792 PMCID: PMC5500562 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04630-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported the importance of induced nuclear transglutaminase (TG) 2 activity, which results in hepatic cell death, in ethanol-induced liver injury. Here, we show that co-incubation of either human hepatic cells or mouse primary hepatocytes derived from wild-type but not TG2-/- mice with pathogenic fungi Candida albicans and C. glabrata, but not baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, induced cell death in host cells by enhancing cellular, particularly nuclear, TG activity. Further pharmacological and genetic approaches demonstrated that this phenomenon was mediated partly by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radicals, as detected by a fluorescent probe and electron spin resonance. A ROS scavenger, N-acetyl cysteine, blocked enhanced TG activity primarily in the nuclei and inhibited cell death. In contrast, deletion of C. glabrata nox-1, which encodes a ROS-generating enzyme, resulted in a strain that failed to induce the same phenomena. A similar induction of hepatic ROS and TG activities was observed in C. albicans-infected mice. An antioxidant corn peptide fraction inhibited these phenomena in hepatic cells. These results address the impact of ROS-generating pathogens in inducing nuclear TG2-related liver injuries, which provides novel therapeutic targets for preventing and curing alcoholic liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rajan Shrestha
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Xian-Yang Qin
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ting-Fang Kuo
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yugo Oshima
- Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shun Iwatani
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Teraoka
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keisuke Fujii
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuko Hara
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mengqian Li
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jun Lu
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Muyi Cai
- China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries, Beijing, China
| | - Susumu Kajiwara
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Soichi Kojima
- Micro-Signaling Regulation Technology Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Wako, Saitama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mousa A, Cui C, Song A, Myneni VD, Sun H, Li JJ, Murshed M, Melino G, Kaartinen MT. Transglutaminases factor XIII-A and TG2 regulate resorption, adipogenesis and plasma fibronectin homeostasis in bone and bone marrow. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:844-854. [PMID: 28387755 PMCID: PMC5423109 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Appropriate bone mass is maintained by bone-forming osteoblast and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineage cells control osteoclastogenesis via expression of RANKL and OPG (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and osteoprotegerin), which promote and inhibit bone resorption, respectively. Protein crosslinking enzymes transglutaminase 2 (TG2) and Factor XIII-A (FXIII-A) have been linked to activity of myeloid and MSC lineage cells; however, in vivo evidence has been lacking to support their function. In this study, we show in mice that TG2 and FXIII-A control monocyte-macrophage cell differentiation into osteoclasts as well as RANKL production in MSCs and in adipocytes. Long bones of mice lacking TG2 and FXIII-A transglutaminases, show compromised biomechanical properties and trabecular bone loss in axial and appendicular skeleton. This was caused by increased osteoclastogenesis, a cellular phenotype that persists in vitro. The increased potential of TG2 and FXIII-A deficient monocytes to form osteoclasts was reversed by chemical inhibition of TG activity, which revealed the presence of TG1 in osteoclasts and assigned different roles for the TGs as regulators of osteoclastogenesis. TG2- and FXIII-A-deficient mice had normal osteoblast activity, but increased bone marrow adipogenesis, MSCs lacking TG2 and FXIII-A showed high adipogenic potential and significantly increased RANKL expression as well as upregulated TG1 expression. Chemical inhibition of TG activity in the null cells further increased adipogenic potential and RANKL production. Altered differentiation of TG2 and FXIII-A null MSCs was associated with plasma fibronectin (FN) assembly defect in cultures and FN retention in serum and marrow in vivo instead of assembly into bone. Our findings provide new functions for TG2, FXIII-A and TG1 in bone cells and identify them as novel regulators of bone mass, plasma FN homeostasis, RANKL production and myeloid and MSC cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Mousa
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cui Cui
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aimei Song
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Vamsee D Myneni
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Huifang Sun
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jin Jin Li
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department Experimental Medicine & Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Leicester LE19HN, UK
| | - Mari T Kaartinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Biomedical Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is highly expressed during chondrocyte maturation and contributes to the formation of a mineralised scaffold by introducing crosslinks between extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. In healthy cartilage, TG2 stabilises integrity of ECM and likely influences cartilage stiffness and mechanistic properties. At the same time, the abnormal accumulation of TG2 in the ECM promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy and cartilage calcification, which might be an important aspect of osteoarthritis (OA) initiation. Although excessive joint loading and injuries are one of the main causes leading to OA development, it is now being recognised that the presence of inflammatory mediators accelerates OA progression. Inflammatory signalling is known to stimulate the extracellular TG2 activity in cartilage and promote TG2-catalysed crosslinking of molecules that promote chondrocyte osteoarthritic differentiation. It is, however, unclear whether TG2 activity aims to resolve or aggravate damages within the arthritic joint. Better understanding of the complex signalling pathways linking inflammation with TG2 activities is needed to identify the role of TG2 in OA and to define possible avenues for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Adamczyk
- Matrix Biology and Tissue Repair Research Unit, Oral and Biomedical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK.
- Academic Unit of Bone Biology, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Mellanby Centre For Bone Research, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pitolli C, Pietroni V, Marekov L, Terrinoni A, Yamanishi K, Mazzanti C, Melino G, Candi E. Characterization of TG2 and TG1-TG2 double knock-out mouse epidermis. Amino Acids 2016; 49:635-642. [PMID: 27864691 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminases (TGs) are a family of enzymes that catalyse the formation of isopeptide bonds between the γ-carboxamide groups of glutamine residues and the ε-amino groups of lysine residues leading to cross-linking reactions among proteins. Four members, TG1, TG2, TG3, and TG5, of the nine mammalian enzymes are expressed in the skin. TG1, TG3 and TG5 crosslinking properties are fundamental for cornified envelope assembly. In contrast, the role of TG2 in keratinization has never been studied at biochemical level in vivo. In this study, taking advantage of the TG2 knock-out (KO) and TG1 heterozygous mice, we generated and characterized the epidermis of TG1-TG2 double knock-out (DKO) mice. We performed morphological analysis of the epidermis and evaluation of the expression of differentiation markers. In addition, we performed analysis of the amino acid composition from isolated corneocytes. We found a significant change in amino acid composition in TG1KO cornified cell envelopes (CEs) while TG2KO amino acid composition was similar to wild-type CEs. Our results confirm a key role of TG1 in skin differentiation and CE assembly and demonstrate that TG2 is not essential for CE assembly and skin formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Pitolli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Pietroni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Kiyofumi Yamanishi
- Department of Dermatology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 663-8501, Japan
| | | | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Candi
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
- Biochemistry Laboratory, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Diaz-Hidalgo L, Altuntas S, Rossin F, D'Eletto M, Marsella C, Farrace MG, Falasca L, Antonioli M, Fimia GM, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type 2-dependent selective recruitment of proteins into exosomes under stressful cellular conditions. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1863:2084-92. [PMID: 27169926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies are revealing a role of exosomes in intercellular communication, and growing evidence indicates an important function for these vesicles in the progression and pathogenesis of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the biogenesis process of exosomes is still unclear. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a multifunctional enzyme with different subcellular localizations. Particularly, under stressful conditions, the enzyme has been also detected in the extracellular matrix, but the mechanism(s) by which TG2 is released outside the cells requires further investigation. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to determine whether exosomes might be a vehicle for TG2 to reach the extracellular space, and whether TG2 could be involved in exosomes biogenesis. To address this issue, we isolated and characterized exosomes derived from cells either expressing or not TG2, under stressful conditions (i.e. proteasome impairment or expressing a mutated form of huntingtin (mHtt) containing 84 polyglutamine repeats). Our results show that TG2 is present in the exosomes only upon proteasome blockade, a condition in which TG2 interacts with TSG101 and ALIX, two key proteins involved in exosome biogenesis. Interestingly, we found that TG2 favours the assembly of a protein complex including mHtt, ALIX, TSG101 and BAG3, a co-chaperone involved in the clearance of mHtt. The formation of this complex is paralleled by the selective recruitment of mHtt and BAG3 in the exosomes derived from TG2 proficient cells only. Overall, our data indicate that TG2 is an important player in the biogenesis of exosomes controlling the selectivity of their cargo under stressful cellular conditions. In addition, these vesicles represent the way by which cells can release TG2 into the extracellular space under proteostasis impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Altuntas
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Marsella
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Laura Falasca
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Antonioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fimia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy; Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy; National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen XL, Serrano D, Ghobadi F, Mayhue M, Hoebe K, Ilangumaran S, Ramanathan S. TCR and IL-7 Signaling Are Altered in the Absence of Functional GTPase of the Immune Associated Nucleotide Binding Protein 5 (GIMAP5). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151837. [PMID: 27023180 PMCID: PMC4811415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
GTPase of the immune associated nucleotide binding protein (GIMAP) family of proteins are expressed essentially in cells of the hematopoietic system. Mutation in the founding member of this gene family, Gimap5, results in the lymphopenic phenotype in Bio-Breeding diabetes prone rats. In mice, deletion of functional Gimap5 gene affects the survival and renewal of hematopoietic stem cells in addition to the defects observed in T cells. Here we show that T cells from OTII TCR-transgenic Gimap5sph/sph mice do not proliferate in response to its cognate antigen. Furthermore, T cells from Gimap5 mutant rats and mice show decreased phosphorylation of STAT5 following stimulation with IL-7. Our results suggest that functional Gimap5 is required for optimal signaling through TCR and IL-7R in T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Lin Chen
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Serrano
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Farnaz Ghobadi
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Kasper Hoebe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, United States of America
| | - Subburaj Ilangumaran
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche clinique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche clinique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Differentiation of preadipocytes to lipid storing adipocytes involves extracellular signaling pathways, matrix remodeling and cytoskeletal changes. A number of factors have been implicated in maintaining the preadipocyte state and preventing their differentiation to adipocytes. We have previously reported that a multifunctional and protein crosslinking enzyme, transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is present in white adipose tissue. In this study, we have investigated TG2 function during adipocyte differentiation. We show that TG2 deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (Tgm2-/- MEFs) display increased and accelerated lipid accumulation due to increased expression of major adipogenic transcription factors, PPARγ and C/EBPα. Examination of Pref-1/Dlk1, an early negative regulator of adipogenesis, showed that the Pref-1/Dlk1 protein was completely absent in Tgm2-/- MEFs during early differentiation. Similarly, Tgm2-/- MEFs displayed defective canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling with reduced β-catenin nuclear translocation. TG2 deficiency also resulted in reduced ROCK kinase activity, actin stress fiber formation and increased Akt phosphorylation in MEFs, but did not alter fibronectin matrix levels or solubility. TG2 protein levels were unaltered during adipogenic differentiation, and was found predominantly in the extracellular compartment of MEFs and mouse WAT. Addition of exogenous TG2 to Tgm2+/+ and Tgm2-/- MEFs significantly inhibited lipid accumulation, reduced expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα, promoted the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, and recovered Pref-1/Dlk1 protein levels. Our study identifies TG2 as a novel negative regulator of adipogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V D Myneni
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G Melino
- Department Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - M T Kaartinen
- Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen L, Min L, Wang X, Zhao J, Chen H, Qin J, Chen W, Shen Z, Tang Z, Gan Q, Ruan Y, Sun Y, Qin X, Gu J. Loss of RACK1 Promotes Metastasis of Gastric Cancer by Inducing a miR-302c/IL8 Signaling Loop. Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26199092 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Autocrine Communication
- Female
- GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/deficiency
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Peritoneal Neoplasms/secondary
- RNA, Small Interfering/pharmacology
- Receptors for Activated C Kinase
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-8/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/mortality
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingqiang Min
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Department of Statistics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenbin Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqing Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiangjun Gan
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ruan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yihong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyu Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Smith JM, Leslie ME, Robinson SJ, Korasick DA, Zhang T, Backues SK, Cornish PV, Koo AJ, Bednarek SY, Heese A. Loss of Arabidopsis thaliana Dynamin-Related Protein 2B reveals separation of innate immune signaling pathways. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004578. [PMID: 25521759 PMCID: PMC4270792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking has emerged as an important means by which eukaryotes modulate responses to microbial pathogens, likely by contributing to the correct localization and levels of host components necessary for effective immunity. However, considering the complexity of membrane trafficking in plants, relatively few vesicular trafficking components with functions in plant immunity are known. Here we demonstrate that Arabidopsis thaliana Dynamin-Related Protein 2B (DRP2B), which has been previously implicated in constitutive clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), functions in responses to flg22 (the active peptide derivative of bacterial flagellin) and immunity against flagellated bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) DC3000. Consistent with a role of DRP2B in Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), drp2b null mutant plants also showed increased susceptibility to Pto DC3000 hrcC-, which lacks a functional Type 3 Secretion System, thus is unable to deliver effectors into host cells to suppress PTI. Importantly, analysis of drp2b mutant plants revealed three distinct branches of the flg22-signaling network that differed in their requirement for RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGUE D (RBOHD), the NADPH oxidase responsible for flg22-induced apoplastic reactive oxygen species production. Furthermore, in drp2b, normal MAPK signaling and increased immune responses via the RbohD/Ca2+-branch were not sufficient for promoting robust PR1 mRNA expression nor immunity against Pto DC3000 and Pto DC3000 hrcC-. Based on live-cell imaging studies, flg22-elicited internalization of the plant flagellin-receptor, FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2), was found to be partially dependent on DRP2B, but not the closely related protein DRP2A, thus providing genetic evidence for a component, implicated in CME, in ligand-induced endocytosis of FLS2. Reduced trafficking of FLS2 in response to flg22 may contribute in part to the non-canonical combination of immune signaling defects observed in drp2b. In conclusion, this study adds DRP2B to the relatively short list of known vesicular trafficking proteins with roles in flg22-signaling and PTI in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Smith
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle E. Leslie
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Samuel J. Robinson
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David A. Korasick
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tong Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Steven K. Backues
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter V. Cornish
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Abraham J. Koo
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Y. Bednarek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Antje Heese
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group (IPG), University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Henry SC, Schmidt EA, Fessler MB, Taylor GA. Palmitoylation of the immunity related GTPase, Irgm1: impact on membrane localization and ability to promote mitochondrial fission. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95021. [PMID: 24751652 PMCID: PMC3994021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Immunity-Related GTPases (IRG) are a family of large GTPases that mediate innate immune responses. Irgm1 is particularly critical for immunity to bacteria and protozoa, and for inflammatory homeostasis in the intestine. Although precise functions for Irgm1 have not been identified, prior studies have suggested roles in autophagy/mitophagy, phagosome remodeling, cell motility, and regulating the activity of other IRG proteins. These functions ostensibly hinge on the ability of Irgm1 to localize to intracellular membranes, such as those of the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. Previously, it has been shown that an amphipathic helix, the αK helix, in the C-terminal portion of the protein partially mediates membrane binding. However, in absence of αK, there is still substantial binding of Irgm1 to cellular membranes, suggesting the presence of other membrane binding motifs. In the current work, an additional membrane localization motif was found in the form of palmitoylation at a cluster of cysteines near the αK. An Irgm1 mutant possessing alanine to cysteine substitutions at these amino acids demonstrated little residual palmitoylation, yet it displayed only a small decrease in localization to the Golgi and mitochondria. In contrast, a mutant containing the palmitoylation mutations in combination with mutations disrupting the amphipathic character of the αK displayed a complete loss of apparent localization to the Golgi and mitochondria, as well as an overall loss of association with cellular membranes in general. Additionally, Irgm1 was found to promote mitochondrial fission, and this function was undermined in Irgm1 mutants lacking the palmitoylation domain, and to a greater extent in those lacking the αK, or the αK and palmitoylation domains combined. Our data suggest that palmitoylation together with the αK helix firmly anchor Irgm1 in the Golgi and mitochondria, thus facilitating function of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C. Henry
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elyse A. Schmidt
- Departments of Medicine; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; and Immunology; Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine; Molecular Genetics and Microbiology; and Immunology; Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Min SK, Min SI, Jeong EM, Cho SY, Ha J, Kim SJ, Kim IG. Intimal hyperplasia in loop-injured carotid arteries is attenuated in transglutaminase 2-null mice. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:363-9. [PMID: 24616585 PMCID: PMC3945131 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.3.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial restenosis frequently develops after open or endovascular surgery due to intimal hyperplasia. Since tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is known to involve in fibrosis, wound healing, and extracellular matrix remodeling, we examined the role of TG2 in the process of intimal hyperplasia using TG2-null mice. The neointimal formation was compared between TG2-null and wild-type (C57BL/6) mice by two different injury models; carotid ligation and carotid loop injury. In ligation model, there was no difference in intimal thickness between two groups. In loop injury model, intimal hyperplasia developed in both groups and the intimal/medial area ratio was significantly reduced in TG2-null mice (P = 0.007). TG2 was intensely stained in neointimal cells in 2 weeks. In situ activity of TG2 in the injured arteries steadily increased until 4 weeks compared to uninjured arteries. Taken together, intimal hyperplasia was significantly reduced in TG2-null mice, indicating that TG2 has an important role in the development of intimal hyperplasia. This suggests that TG2 may be a novel target to prevent the arterial restenosis after vascular surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Kee Min
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Il Min
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Man Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Yup Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongwon Ha
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Berezniuk I, Sironi JJ, Wardman J, Pasek RC, Berbari NF, Yoder BK, Fricker LD. Quantitative peptidomics of Purkinje cell degeneration mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60981. [PMID: 23593366 PMCID: PMC3620535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic carboxypeptidase 1 (CCP1) is a metallopeptidase that removes C-terminal and side-chain glutamates from tubulin. The Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mouse lacks CCP1 due to a mutation. Previously, elevated levels of peptides derived from cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins were found in adult pcd mouse brain, raising the possibility that CCP1 functions in the degradation of intracellular peptides. To test this hypothesis, we used a quantitative peptidomics technique to compare peptide levels in wild-type and pcd mice, examining adult heart, spleen, and brain, and presymptomatic 3 week-old amygdala and cerebellum. Contrary to adult mouse brain, young pcd brain and adult heart and spleen did not show a large increase in levels of intracellular peptides. Unexpectedly, levels of peptides derived from secretory pathway proteins were altered in adult pcd mouse brain. The pattern of changes for the intracellular and secretory pathway peptides in pcd mice was generally similar to the pattern observed in mice lacking primary cilia. Collectively, these results suggest that intracellular peptide accumulation in adult pcd mouse brain is a secondary effect and is not due to a role of CCP1 in peptide turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Berezniuk
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Juan J. Sironi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Wardman
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Raymond C. Pasek
- Department of Cell, Development, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Nicolas F. Berbari
- Department of Cell, Development, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bradley K. Yoder
- Department of Cell, Development, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical School, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lloyd D. Fricker
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Baiamonte BA, Lee FA, Brewer ST, Spano D, LaHoste GJ. Attenuation of Rhes activity significantly delays the appearance of behavioral symptoms in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53606. [PMID: 23349722 PMCID: PMC3549908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by choreiform movement of the limbs, cognitive disability, psychosis and dementia. It is invariably associated with an abnormally long CAG expansion within the IT15 gene on human chromosome 4. Although the mutant huntingtin protein is ubiquitously expressed in HD patients, cellular degeneration occurs predominantly in neurons within the corpus striatum and cerebral cortex. The Ras homolog Rhes is expressed very selectively in the precise brain areas affected by HD. Recent in vitro work suggests that Rhes may be a co-factor with mutant huntingtin in cell death. The objective of the present study was to examine whether the inhibition of Rhes would attenuate or delay the symptoms of HD in vivo. We used a transgenic mouse model of HD crossed with Rhes knockout mice to show that the behavioral symptoms of HD are regulated by Rhes. HD+/Rhes−/− mice showed significantly delayed expression of HD-like symptoms in this in vivo model. Drugs that block or inhibit the actions of Rhes may be useful as the first treatments for HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Baiamonte
- Applied Biopsychology Program, Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Of the eight catalytic transglutaminases (TGs), transglutaminase 2 (TG2) has been the most comprehensively studied due to its ubiquitous expression in multiple cell types. Despite the observed critical role for this enzyme in multiple biological processes in vitro, TG2 knockout mouse models have shown no severe developmental phenotypes, suggesting compensation by other TGs. To begin characterization of the compensating mechanisms, we analyzed total transamidating activity and expression patterns of all catalytically active TGs in seven different tissues/organs from wild-type and TG2 knockout mice. Inhibitory analysis with TG2-specific inhibitor KCC-009 suggests that relative contribution of TG2 in total transamidating activity differs in various tissues. Accordingly, our data indicate tissue-specific mechanisms of compensation for the loss of TG2, including transcriptional compensation in heart and liver versus functional compensation in aorta, kidney and skeletal/cartiagenous tissues. On the contrary, no compensation has been detected in skeletal muscle, suggesting a limited role for the TG2-mediated transamidation in normal development of this tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Deasey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
King KY, Baldridge MT, Weksberg DC, Chambers SM, Lukov GL, Wu S, Boles NC, Jung SY, Qin J, Liu D, Songyang Z, Eissa NT, Taylor GA, Goodell MA. Irgm1 protects hematopoietic stem cells by negative regulation of IFN signaling. Blood 2011; 118:1525-33. [PMID: 21633090 PMCID: PMC3156044 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-01-328682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The IFN-inducible immunity-related p47 GTPase Irgm1 has been linked to Crohn disease as well as susceptibility to tuberculosis. Previously we demonstrated that HSC quiescence and function are aberrant in mice lacking Irgm1. To investigate the molecular basis for these defects, we conducted microarray expression profiling of Irgm1-deficient HSCs. Cell-cycle and IFN-response genes are up-regulated in Irgm1(-/-) HSCs, consistent with dysregulated IFN signaling. To test the hypothesis that Irgm1 normally down-regulates IFN signaling in HSCs, we generated Irgm1(-/-)Ifngr1(-/-) and Irgm1(-/-)Stat1(-/-) double-knockout animals. Strikingly, hyperproliferation, self-renewal, and autophagy defects in Irgm1(-/-) HSCs were normalized in double-knockout animals. These defects were also abolished in Irgm1(-/-)Irgm3(-/-) double-knockout animals, indicating that Irgm1 may regulate Irgm3 activity. Furthermore, the number of HSCs was reduced in aged Irgm1(-/-) animals, suggesting that negative feedback inhibition of IFN signaling by Irgm1 is necessary to prevent hyperproliferation and depletion of the stem cell compartment. Collectively, our results indicate that Irgm1 is a powerful negative regulator of IFN-dependent stimulation in HSCs, with an essential role in preserving HSC number and function. The deleterious effects of excessive IFN signaling may explain how hematologic abnormalities arise in patients with inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y King
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pino SC, O'Sullivan-Murphy B, Lidstone EA, Yang C, Lipson KL, Jurczyk A, diIorio P, Brehm MA, Mordes JP, Greiner DL, Rossini AA, Bortell R. CHOP mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in Gimap5-deficient T cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5468. [PMID: 19424493 PMCID: PMC2674944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gimap5 (GTPase of the immunity-associated protein 5) has been linked to the regulation of T cell survival, and polymorphisms in the human GIMAP5 gene associate with autoimmune disorders. The BioBreeding diabetes-prone (BBDP) rat has a mutation in the Gimap5 gene that leads to spontaneous apoptosis of peripheral T cells by an unknown mechanism. Because Gimap5 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we hypothesized that absence of functional Gimap5 protein initiates T cell death through disruptions in ER homeostasis. We observed increases in ER stress-associated chaperones in T cells but not thymocytes or B cells from Gimap5−/− BBDP rats. We then discovered that ER stress-induced apoptotic signaling through C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) occurs in Gimap5−/− T cells. Knockdown of CHOP by siRNA protected Gimap5−/− T cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis, thereby identifying a role for this cellular pathway in the T cell lymphopenia of the BBDP rat. These findings indicate a direct relationship between Gimap5 and the maintenance of ER homeostasis in the survival of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Pino
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bryan O'Sullivan-Murphy
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Erich A. Lidstone
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chaoxing Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kathryn L. Lipson
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Agata Jurczyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip diIorio
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John P. Mordes
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aldo A. Rossini
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rita Bortell
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bafica A, Feng CG, Santiago HC, Aliberti J, Cheever A, Thomas KE, Taylor GA, Vogel SN, Sher A. The IFN-inducible GTPase LRG47 (Irgm1) negatively regulates TLR4-triggered proinflammatory cytokine production and prevents endotoxemia. J Immunol 2007; 179:5514-22. [PMID: 17911638 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.8.5514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
LRG47/Irgm1, a 47-kDa IFN-inducible GTPase, plays a major role in regulating host resistance as well as the hemopoietic response to intracellular pathogens. LRG47 expression in macrophages has been shown previously to be stimulated in vitro by bacterial LPS, a TLR4 ligand. In this study, we demonstrate that induction of LRG47 by LPS is not dependent on MyD88 signaling, but rather, requires STAT-1 and IFN-beta. In addition, LRG47-deficient mice are highly susceptible to LPS, but not TLR2 ligand-induced shock, an outcome that correlates with enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production in vitro and in vivo. Further analysis revealed that LPS-stimulated LRG47-deficient macrophages display enhanced phosphorylation of p38, a downstream response associated with TLR4/MyD88 rather than IFN-beta/STAT-1 signaling. In contrast, LPS-induced phosphorylation of IFN regulatory factor-3 and expression of IFN-beta or the type I IFN-regulated genes, CCL5 and CCL10, were unaltered in LRG47(-/-) cells. Together, these observations indicate that in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages LRG47 is induced by IFN-beta and negatively regulates TLR4 signaling to prevent excess proinflammatory cytokine production and shock. Thus, our findings reveal a new host-protective function for this GTPase in the response to pathogenic encounter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Bafica
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The presynaptic scaffold molecule RIM1alpha is important for regulating neurotransmitter release. In this issue, Yao et al. (2007) show in mice that an E3 ubiquitin ligase, SCRAPPER, targets a set of presynaptic proteins including RIM1alpha for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Their results identify protein degradation as a mechanism for holding rapid synaptic communication in check.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Dobie
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Ann Marie Craig
- Brain Research Centre and Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yao I, Takagi H, Ageta H, Kahyo T, Sato S, Hatanaka K, Fukuda Y, Chiba T, Morone N, Yuasa S, Inokuchi K, Ohtsuka T, MacGregor GR, Tanaka K, Setou M. SCRAPPER-dependent ubiquitination of active zone protein RIM1 regulates synaptic vesicle release. Cell 2007; 130:943-57. [PMID: 17803915 PMCID: PMC3049808 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about how synaptic activity is modulated in the central nervous system. We have identified SCRAPPER, a synapse-localized E3 ubiquitin ligase, which regulates neural transmission. SCRAPPER directly binds and ubiquitinates RIM1, a modulator of presynaptic plasticity. In neurons from Scrapper-knockout (SCR-KO) mice, RIM1 had a longer half-life with significant reduction in ubiquitination, indicating that SCRAPPER is the predominant ubiquitin ligase that mediates RIM1 degradation. As anticipated in a RIM1 degradation defect mutant, SCR-KO mice displayed altered electrophysiological synaptic activity, i.e., increased frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. This phenotype of SCR-KO mice was phenocopied by RIM1 overexpression and could be rescued by re-expression of SCRAPPER or knockdown of RIM1. The acute effects of proteasome inhibitors, such as upregulation of RIM1 and the release probability, were blocked by the impairment of SCRAPPER. Thus, SCRAPPER has an essential function in regulating proteasome-mediated degradation of RIM1 required for synaptic tuning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Yao
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takagi
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ageta
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kahyo
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Showbu Sato
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Ken Hatanaka
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Fukuda
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Tomoki Chiba
- Laboratory of Frontier Science, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Morone
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahiigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yuasa
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahiigashi-cho, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Ohtsuka
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine/Graduate School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Grant R. MacGregor
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3940, USA
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Frontier Science, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Setou
- Mitsubishi Kagaku Institute of Life Sciences (MITILS), 11 Minamiooya, Machida, Tokyo 194-8511, Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pistea A, Bakker ENTP, Spaan JAE, Hardeman MR, van Rooijen N, VanBavel E. Small Artery Remodeling and Erythrocyte Deformability in L-NAME-Induced Hypertension: Role of Transglutaminases. J Vasc Res 2007; 45:10-8. [PMID: 17898543 DOI: 10.1159/000109073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is associated with inward remodeling of small arteries and decreased erythrocyte deformability, both impairing proper tissue perfusion. We hypothesized that these alterations depend on transglutaminases, cross-linking enzymes present in the vascular wall, monocytes/macrophages and erythrocytes. METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type (WT) mice and tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) knockout (KO) mice received the nitric oxide inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME) to induce hypertension. After 1 week, mesenteric arteries from hypertensive WT mice showed a smaller lumen diameter (-6.9 +/- 2.0%, p = 0.024) and a larger wall-to-lumen ratio (11.8 +/- 3.5%, p = 0.012) than controls, whereas inward remodeling was absent in hypertensive tTG KO mice. After 3 weeks, the wall-to-lumen ratio was increased in WT (20.8 +/- 4.8%, p = 0.005) but less so in tTG KO mice (11.7 +/- 4.6%, p = 0.026), and wall stress was normalized in WT but not in tTG KO mice. L-NAME did not influence expression of tTG or an alternative transglutaminase, coagulation factor XIII (FXIII). Suppression of FXIII by macrophage depletion was associated with increased tTG in the presence of L-NAME. L-NAME treatment decreased erythrocyte deformability in the WT mice (-15.3% at 30 dynes/cm(2), p = 0.014) but not in the tTG KO mice. CONCLUSION Transglutaminases are involved in small artery inward remodeling and erythrocyte stiffening associated with nitric oxide inhibition-related hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pistea
- Department of Medical Physics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
McEwen DP, Koenekoop RK, Khanna H, Jenkins PM, Lopez I, Swaroop A, Martens JR. Hypomorphic CEP290/NPHP6 mutations result in anosmia caused by the selective loss of G proteins in cilia of olfactory sensory neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:15917-22. [PMID: 17898177 PMCID: PMC2000398 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0704140104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia regulate diverse functions such as motility, fluid balance, and sensory perception. The cilia of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) compartmentalize the signaling proteins necessary for odor detection; however, little is known regarding the mechanisms of protein sorting/entry into olfactory cilia. Nephrocystins are a family of ciliary proteins likely involved in cargo sorting during transport from the basal body to the ciliary axoneme. In humans, loss-of-function of the cilia-centrosomal protein CEP290/NPHP6 is associated with Joubert and Meckel syndromes, whereas hypomorphic mutations result in Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), a form of early-onset retinal dystrophy. Here, we report that CEP290-LCA patients exhibit severely abnormal olfactory function. In a mouse model with hypomorphic mutations in CEP290 [retinal dystrophy-16 mice (rd16)], electro-olfactogram recordings revealed an anosmic phenotype analogous to that of CEP290-LCA patients. Despite the loss of olfactory function, cilia of OSNs remained intact in the rd16 mice. As in wild type, CEP290 localized to dendritic knobs of rd16 OSNs, where it was in complex with ciliary transport proteins and the olfactory G proteins G(olf) and Ggamma(13). Interestingly, we observed defective ciliary localization of G(olf) and Ggamma(13) but not of G protein-coupled odorant receptors or other components of the odorant signaling pathway in the rd16 OSNs. Our data implicate distinct mechanisms for ciliary transport of olfactory signaling proteins, with CEP290 being a key mediator involved in G protein trafficking. The assessment of olfactory function can, therefore, serve as a useful diagnostic tool for genetic screening of certain syndromic ciliary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert K. Koenekoop
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 1P3
| | | | | | - Irma Lopez
- McGill Ocular Genetics Laboratory, Montreal Children's Hospital Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 1P3
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Ophthalmology, and
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Human Genetics, 537, Kellogg Eye Center, 1000 Wall Street, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105. E-mail:
| | - Jeffrey R. Martens
- Departments of *Pharmacology
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Carter C, Dion C, Schnell S, Coadwell WJ, Graham M, Hepburn L, Morgan G, Hutchings A, Pascall JC, Jacobs H, Miller JR, Butcher GW. A natural hypomorphic variant of the apoptosis regulator Gimap4/IAN1. J Immunol 2007; 179:1784-95. [PMID: 17641045 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Gimap/IAN family of GTPases has been implicated in the regulation of cell survival, particularly in lymphomyeloid cells. Prosurvival and prodeath properties have been described for different family members. We generated novel serological reagents to study the expression in rats of the prodeath family member Gimap4 (IAN1), which is sharply up-regulated at or soon after the stage of T cell-positive selection in the thymus. During these investigations we were surprised to discover a severe deficiency of Gimap4 expression in the inbred Brown Norway (BN) rat. Genetic analysis linked this trait to the Gimap gene cluster on rat chromosome 4, the probable cause being an AT dinucleotide insertion in the BN Gimap4 allele (AT(+)). This allele encodes a truncated form of Gimap4 that is missing 21 carboxyl-terminal residues relative to wild type. The low protein expression associated with this allele appears to have a posttranscriptional cause, because mRNA expression was apparently normal. Spontaneous and induced apoptosis of BN and wild-type T cells was analyzed in vitro and compared with the recently described mouse Gimap4 knockout. This revealed a "delayed" apoptosis phenotype similar to but less marked than that of the knockout. The Gimap4 AT(+) allele found in BN was shown to be rare in inbred rat strains. Nevertheless, when wild rat DNA samples were studied the AT(+) allele was found at a high overall frequency ( approximately 30%). This suggests an adaptive significance for this hypomorphic allele.
Collapse
|
33
|
Keita M, Leblanc C, Andrews D, Ramanathan S. GIMAP5 regulates mitochondrial integrity from a distinct subcellular compartment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 361:481-6. [PMID: 17655828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 07/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous apoptosis of T lymphocytes results in marked lymphopenia in the Biobreeding diabetes-prone (BB-DP) rat leading to the development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. The lymphopenia phenotype in these rats is linked to the lyp locus. The lyp allele harbors a frameshift mutation within the gene encoding 'GTPase of immunity-associated nucleotide binding protein 5' (GIMAP5). Mechanisms underlying the pro-survival function of GIMAP5 in T lymphocytes are unclear. Overexpression studies have shown that GIMAP5 localizes within mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We have used an antiserum raised against GIMAP5 to define its localization in rat primary T lymphocytes. We present evidence that endogenous GIMAP5 is associated with a sedimentable subcellular fraction that is distinct from mitochondria and the ER. These data are further supported by confocal microscopy using a GIMAP5 construct with an intact C-terminal membrane anchor. Nonetheless, T cells isolated from GIMAP5(lyp/lyp) rats display rapid loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Our findings suggest that GIMAP5 regulates T lymphocyte survival by mechanisms that operate upstream of mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Keita
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, FMSS, University of Sherbrooke, 3001-12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, Que., Canada J1H5N4
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vogt A, Lutz S, Rümenapp U, Han L, Jakobs KH, Schmidt M, Wieland T. Regulator of G-protein signalling 3 redirects prototypical Gi-coupled receptors from Rac1 to RhoA activation. Cell Signal 2007; 19:1229-37. [PMID: 17300916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The small GTPases, Rac1 and RhoA, are pivotal regulators of several essential, but distinct cellular processes. Numerous G-protein-coupled receptors signal to these GTPases, but with different specificities. Specifically, Gi-coupled receptors (GiPCRs) are generally believed to activate Rac1, but not RhoA, a process involving Gbetagamma-dimers and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Here we show that, depending on the expression level of the 519 amino acid isoform of regulator of G-protein signalling 3 (RGS3L), prototypical GiPCRs, like M2 muscarinic, A1 adenosine, and alpha2-adrenergic receptors, activate either Rac1 or RhoA in human embryonic kidney cells and neonatal rat cardiomyocyte-derived H10 cells. The switch from Rac1 to RhoA activation in H10 cells was controlled by fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), lowering the expression of RGS3L. Activation of both, Rac1 and RhoA, seen at low and high expression levels of RGS3L, respectively, was sensitive to pertussis toxin and the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 and mediated by Gbetagamma-dimers. We conclude that RGS3L functions as a molecular switch, redirecting GiPCRs via Gbetagamma-dimers and PI3K from Rac1 to RhoA activation. Considering the essential roles of Rac1 and RhoA in many signalling pathways, this additional function of RGS3L indicates a specific role of this protein in cellular signalling networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Vogt
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
This article addresses how quantitative models such as the one proposed in the companion article can be used to study cellular network perturbations such as knockdowns and pharmacological perturbations in a predictive manner. Using the kinetic model for cytosolic calcium dynamics in RAW 264.7 cells developed in the companion article, the calcium response to complement 5a (C5a) for the knockdown of seven proteins (C5a receptor; G-beta-2; G-alpha,i-2,3; regulator of G-protein signaling-10; G-protein coupled receptor kinase-2; phospholipase C beta-3; arrestin) is predicted and validated against the data from the Alliance for Cellular Signaling. The knockdown responses provide insights into how altered expressions of important proteins in disease states result in intermediate measurable phenotypes. Long-term response and long-term dose response have also been predicted, providing insights into how the receptor desensitization, internalization, and recycle result in tolerance. Sensitivity analysis of long-term response shows that the mechanisms and parameters in the receptor recycle path are important for long-term calcium dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mano Ram Maurya
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Grimm D, Staeheli P, Hufbauer M, Koerner I, Martínez-Sobrido L, Solórzano A, García-Sastre A, Haller O, Kochs G. Replication fitness determines high virulence of influenza A virus in mice carrying functional Mx1 resistance gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6806-11. [PMID: 17426143 PMCID: PMC1871866 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701849104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The IFN-induced resistance factor Mx1 is a critical component of innate immunity against influenza A viruses (FLUAV) in mice. Animals carrying a wild-type Mx1 gene (Mx1(+/+)) differ from regular laboratory mice (Mx1(-/-)) in that they are highly resistant to infection with standard FLUAV strains. We identified an extraordinary variant of the FLUAV strain, A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) (designated hvPR8), which is unusually virulent in Mx1(+/+) mice. hvPR8 was well controlled in Mx1(+/+) but not Mx1(-/-) mice provided that the animals were treated with IFN before infection, indicating that hvPR8 exhibits normal sensitivity to growth restriction by Mx1. hvPR8 multiplied much faster than standard PR8 early in infection because of highly efficient viral gene expression in infected cells. Studies with reassortant viruses containing defined genome segments of both hvPR8 and standard PR8 demonstrated that the HA, neuraminidase, and polymerase genes of hvPR8 all contributed to virulence, indicating that efficient host cell entry and early gene expression renders hvPR8 highly pathogenic. These results reveal a surprisingly simple concept of how influenza viruses may gain virulence and illustrate that high speed of virus growth can outcompete the antiviral response of the infected host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grimm
- *Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Peter Staeheli
- *Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Martin Hufbauer
- *Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Iris Koerner
- *Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | | | - Alicia Solórzano
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | | | - Otto Haller
- *Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Georg Kochs
- *Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Strasse 11, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; and
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Orth JHC, Aktories K, Kubatzky KF. Modulation of host cell gene expression through activation of STAT transcription factors by Pasteurella multocida toxin. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:3050-7. [PMID: 17150962 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609018200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) is highly mitogenic and has potential carcinogenic properties. PMT causes porcine atrophic rhinitis that is characterized by bone resorption and loss of nasal turbinates, but experimental nasal infection also leads to excess proliferation of bladder epithelial cells. PMT acts intracellularly and activates phospholipase C-linked signals and MAPK pathways via the heterotrimeric Galpha(q) and Galpha(12/13) proteins. We found that PMT induces activation of STAT proteins, and we identified STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 as new targets of PMT-induced Galpha(q) signaling. Inhibition of Janus kinases completely abolished STAT activation. PMT-dependent STAT phosphorylation remained constitutive for at least 18 h. PMT caused down-regulation of the expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3, indicating a novel mechanism to maintain activation of STATs. Moreover, stimulation of Swiss 3T3 cells with PMT increased transcription of the cancer-associated STAT-dependent gene cyclooxygenase-2. Because constitutive activation of STATs has been found in a number of cancers, our findings offer a new mechanism for a carcinogenic role of PMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim H C Orth
- Institut für Experimentelle and Klinische Pharmakologie and Toxikologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Albertstrasse 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Battaglia G, Farrace MG, Mastroberardino PG, Viti I, Fimia GM, Van Beeumen J, Devreese B, Melino G, Molinaro G, Busceti CL, Biagioni F, Nicoletti F, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase 2 ablation leads to defective function of mitochondrial respiratory complex I affecting neuronal vulnerability in experimental models of extrapyramidal disorders. J Neurochem 2006; 100:36-49. [PMID: 17064362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) represents the most ubiquitous isoform belonging to the TG family, and has been implicated in the pathophysiology of basal ganglia disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. We show that ablation of TG2 in knockout mice causes a reduced activity of mitochondrial complex I associated with an increased activity of complex II in the whole forebrain and striatum. Interestingly, TG2-/- mice were protected against nigrostriatal damage induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, which is converted in vivo into the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium ion. In contrast, TG2-/- mice were more vulnerable to nigrostriatal damage induced by methamphetamine or by the complex II inhibitor, 3-nitropropionic acid. Proteomic analysis showed that proteins involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, such as prohibitin and the beta-chain of ATP synthase, are substrates for TG2. These data suggest that TG2 is involved in the regulation of the respiratory chain both in physiology and pathology, contributing to set the threshold for neuronal damage in extrapyramidal disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/metabolism
- 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine/pharmacology
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/genetics
- Basal Ganglia Diseases/physiopathology
- Biogenic Monoamines/metabolism
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Body Weight/drug effects
- Corpus Striatum/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Electron Transport Complex I/metabolism
- Electron Transport Complex II/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Diseases/etiology
- Mitochondrial Diseases/pathology
- Neurons/pathology
- Piperazines/pharmacokinetics
- Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2
- Time Factors
- Transglutaminases/deficiency
- Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism
Collapse
|
39
|
Balajthy Z, Csomós K, Vámosi G, Szántó A, Lanotte M, Fésüs L. Tissue-transglutaminase contributes to neutrophil granulocyte differentiation and functions. Blood 2006; 108:2045-54. [PMID: 16763214 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-02-007948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractPromyelocytic NB4 leukemia cells undergo differentiation to granulocytes following retinoic acid treatment. Here we report that tissue transglutaminase (TG2), a protein cross-linking enzyme, was induced, then partially translocated into the nucleus, and became strongly associated with the chromatin during the differentiation process. The transglutaminase-catalyzed cross-link content of both the cytosolic and the nuclear protein fractions increased while NB4 cells underwent cellular maturation. Inhibition of cross-linking activity of TG2 by monodansylcadaverin in these cells led to diminished nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) positivity, production of less superoxide anion, and decreased expression of GP91PHOX, the membrane-associated subunit of NADPH oxidase. Neutrophils isolated from TG2–/– mice showed diminished NBT reduction capacity, reduced superoxide anion formation, and down-regulation of the gp91phox subunit of NADPH oxidase, compared with wild-type cells. It was also observed that TG2–/– mice exhibited increased neutrophil phagocytic activity, but had attenuated neutrophil chemotaxis and impaired neutrophil extravasation with higher neutrophil counts in their circulation during yeast extract–induced peritonitis. These results clearly suggest that TG2 may modulate the expression of genes related to neutrophil functions and is involved in several intracellular and extracellular functions of extravasating neutrophil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Balajthy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Center, H-4012 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mastroberardino PG, Farrace MG, Viti I, Pavone F, Fimia GM, Melino G, Rodolfo C, Piacentini M. "Tissue" transglutaminase contributes to the formation of disulphide bridges in proteins of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1757:1357-65. [PMID: 16979579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study we provide the first in vivo evidences showing that, under physiological conditions, "tissue" transglutaminase (TG2) might acts as a protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) and through this activity contributes to the correct assembly of the respiratory chain complexes. Mice lacking TG2 exhibit mitochondrial energy production impairment, evidenced by decreased ATP levels after physical challenge. This defect is phenotypically reflected in a dramatic decrease of motor behaviour of the animals. We propose that the molecular mechanism, underlying such a phenotype, resides in a defective disulphide bonds formation in ATP synthase (complex V), NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV). In addition, TG2-PDI might control the respiratory chain by modulating the formation of the prohibitin complexes. These data elucidate a new pathway that directly links the TG2-PDI enzymatic activity with the regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain function.
Collapse
|
41
|
Bakker ENTP, Pistea A, Spaan JAE, Rolf T, de Vries CJ, van Rooijen N, Candi E, VanBavel E. Flow-Dependent Remodeling of Small Arteries in Mice Deficient for Tissue-Type Transglutaminase. Circ Res 2006; 99:86-92. [PMID: 16741156 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000229657.83816.a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic changes in blood flow induce an adaptation of vascular caliber. Thus, arteries show inward remodeling after a reduction in blood flow. We hypothesized that this remodeling depends on the crosslinking enzyme tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG). Flow-dependent remodeling was studied in wild-type (WT) and tTG-null mice using a surgically imposed change in blood flow in small mesenteric arteries. WT mice showed inward remodeling after 2 days of low blood flow, which was absent in arteries from tTG-null mice. Yet, after continued low blood flow for 7 days, inward remodeling was similar in arteries from WT and tTG-null mice. Studying the alternative pathways of remodeling, we identified a relatively high expression of the plasma transglutaminase factor XIII in arteries of WT and tTG-null mice. In addition, vessels from both WT and tTG-null mice showed the presence of transglutaminase-specific crosslinks. An accumulation of adventitial monocytes/macrophages was found in vessels exposed to low blood flow in tTG-null mice. Because monocytes/macrophages may represent a source of factor XIII, tTG-null mice were treated with liposome-encapsulated clodronate. Elimination of monocytes/macrophages with liposome-encapsulated clodronate reduced both the expression of factor XIII and inward remodeling in tTG-null mice. In conclusion, tTG plays an important role in the inward remodeling of small arteries associated with decreased blood flow. Adventitial monocytes/macrophages are a source of factor XIII in tTG-null mice and contribute to an alternative, delayed mechanism of inward remodeling when tTG is absent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Medical Physics, Academic Medical Center and Cardiovascular Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Iadevaia V, Rinaldi A, Falasca L, Pucillo LP, Alonzi T, Chimini G, Piacentini M. ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 and Transglutaminase 2 act on the same genetic pathway in the apoptotic cell clearance. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:1998-2001. [PMID: 16691213 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
43
|
Abstract
Cortical maps are remarkably precise, with organized arrays of thalamocortical afferents (TCAs) that project into distinct neuronal modules. Here, we present evidence for the involvement of efficient neurotransmitter release in mouse cortical barrel map development using barrelless mice, a loss-of-function mutant of calcium/calmodulin-activated adenylyl cyclase I (AC1), and mice with a mutation in Rab3-interacting molecule 1alpha (RIM1alpha), an active zone protein that regulates neurotransmitter release. We demonstrate that release efficacy is substantially decreased in barrelless TCAs. We identify RIMs as important phosphorylation targets for AC1 in the presynaptic terminal. We further show that RIM1alpha mutant mice have reduced TCA neurotransmitter release efficacy and barrel map deficits, although not as severe as those found in barrelless mice. This supports the role of RIM proteins in mediating, in part, AC1 signaling in barrel map development. Finally, we present a model to show how inadequacies in presynaptic function can interfere with activity-dependent processes in neuronal circuit formation. These results demonstrate how efficient synaptic transmission mediated by AC1 function contributes to the development of cortical barrel maps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Lu
- Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Szondy Z, Mastroberardino PG, Váradi J, Farrace MG, Nagy N, Bak I, Viti I, Wieckowski MR, Melino G, Rizzuto R, Tósaki A, Fesus L, Piacentini M. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating ATP synthesis. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:1827-9. [PMID: 16528383 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/biosynthesis
- Animals
- GTP-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Membrane Potentials
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transglutaminases/deficiency
- Transglutaminases/genetics
- Transglutaminases/metabolism
Collapse
|
45
|
Ono R, Ihara M, Nakajima H, Ozaki K, Kataoka-Fujiwara Y, Taki T, Nagata KI, Inagaki M, Yoshida N, Kitamura T, Hayashi Y, Kinoshita M, Nosaka T. Disruption of Sept6, a fusion partner gene of MLL, does not affect ontogeny, leukemogenesis induced by MLL-SEPT6, or phenotype induced by the loss of Sept4. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 25:10965-78. [PMID: 16314519 PMCID: PMC1316963 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.24.10965-10978.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Septins are evolutionarily conserved GTP-binding proteins that can heteropolymerize into filaments. Recent studies have revealed that septins are involved in not only diverse normal cellular processes but also the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer. SEPT6 is ubiquitously expressed in tissues and one of the fusion partner genes of MLL in the 11q23 translocations implicated in acute leukemia. However, the roles of this septin in vivo remain elusive. We have developed Sept6-deficient mice that exhibited neither gross abnormalities, changes in cytokinesis, nor spontaneous malignancy. Sept6 deficiency did not cause any quantitative changes in any of the septins evaluated in this study, nor did it cause any additional changes in the Sept4-deficient mice. Even the depletion of Sept11, a close homolog of Sept6, did not affect the Sept6-null cells in vitro, thus implying a high degree of redundancy in the septin system. Furthermore, a loss of Sept6 did not alter the phenotype of myeloproliferative disease induced by MLL-SEPT6, thus suggesting that Sept6 does not function as a tumor suppressor. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that a disruption of the translocation partner gene of MLL in 11q23 translocation does not contribute to leukemogenesis by the MLL fusion gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ono
- Division of Hematopoietic Factors, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Santiago HC, Feng CG, Bafica A, Roffe E, Arantes RM, Cheever A, Taylor G, Vieira LQ, Vierira LQ, Aliberti J, Gazzinelli RT, Sher A. Mice Deficient in LRG-47 Display Enhanced Susceptibility toTrypanosoma cruziInfection Associated with Defective Hemopoiesis and Intracellular Control of Parasite Growth. J Immunol 2005; 175:8165-72. [PMID: 16339555 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.8165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-gamma is known to be required for host control of intracellular Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice, although the basis of its protective function is poorly understood. LRG-47 is an IFN-inducible p47GTPase that has been shown to regulate host resistance to intracellular pathogens. To investigate the possible role of LRG-47 in IFN-gamma-dependent control of T. cruzi infection, LRG-47 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were infected with the Y strain of this parasite, and host responses were analyzed. When assayed on day 12 after parasite inoculation, LRG-47 KO mice, in contrast to IFN-gamma KO mice, controlled early parasitemia almost as effectively as WT animals. However, the infected LRG-47 KO mice displayed a rebound in parasite growth on day 15, and all succumbed to the infection by day 19. Additional analysis indicated that LRG-47-deficient mice exhibit unimpaired proinflammatory responses throughout the infection. Instead, reactivated disease in the KO animals was associated with severe splenic and thymic atrophy, anemia, and thrombocytopenia not observed in their WT counterparts. In addition, in vitro studies revealed that IFN-gamma-stimulated LRG-47 KO macrophages display defective intracellular killing of amastigotes despite normal expression of TNF and NO synthetase type 2 and that both NO synthetase type 2 and LRG-47 are required for optimum IFN-gamma-dependent restriction of parasite growth. Together, these data establish that LRG-47 can influence pathogen control by simultaneously regulating macrophage-microbicidal activity and hemopoietic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helton C Santiago
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sarang Z, Molnár P, Németh T, Gomba S, Kardon T, Melino G, Cotecchia S, Fésüs L, Szondy Z. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) acting as G protein protects hepatocytes against Fas-mediated cell death in mice. Hepatology 2005; 42:578-87. [PMID: 16108039 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a protein cross-linking enzyme known to be expressed by hepatocytes and to be induced during the in vivo hepatic apoptosis program. TG2 is also a G protein that mediates intracellular signaling by the alpha-1b-adrenergic receptor (AR) in liver cells. Fas/Fas ligand interaction plays a crucial role in various liver diseases, and administration of agonistic anti-Fas antibodies to mice causes both disseminated endothelial cell apoptosis and fulminant hepatic failure. Here we report that an intraperitoneal dose of anti-Fas antibodies, which is sublethal for wild-type mice, kills all the TG2 knock-out mice within 20 hours. Although TG2-/- thymocytes exposed to anti-Fas antibodies die at the same rate as wild-type mice, TG2-/- hepatocytes show increased sensitivity toward anti-Fas treatment both in vivo and in vitro, with no change in their cell surface expression of Fas, levels of FLIP(L) (FLICE-inhibitory protein), or the rate of I-kappaBalpha degradation, but a decrease in the Bcl-xL expression. We provide evidence that this is the consequence of the impaired AR signaling that normally regulates the levels of Bcl-xL in the liver. In conclusion, our data suggest the involvement of adrenergic signaling pathways in the hepatic regeneration program, in which Fas ligand-induced hepatocyte proliferation with a simultaneous inhibition of the Fas-death pathway plays a determinant role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Sarang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Signaling and Apoptosis Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Research Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Falasca L, Iadevaia V, Ciccosanti F, Melino G, Serafino A, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type II is a key element in the regulation of the anti-inflammatory response elicited by apoptotic cell engulfment. J Immunol 2005; 174:7330-40. [PMID: 15905580 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A key feature of the macrophage-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells is the down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Deficiency in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is often associated with the development of inflammatory reactions, resulting in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the engulfment process and particularly the immunomodulatory factors involved are still largely unknown in mammals. We have previously reported that the ablation of transglutaminase type II (TG2) in mice results in the defective clearance of apoptotic cells associated with the development of splenomegaly, autoantibodies, and glomerulonephritis. In this study we have investigated the mechanisms at the basis of the development of inflammation/autoimmunity associated with the defective clearance of apoptotic cells characterizing TG2 knockout mice. To this aim we compared the macrophage response to apoptotic cell exposure in wild-type vs TG2-null mice. We demonstrated that the lack of TG2 results in an impaired capacity of macrophages to engulf, but not to bind, apoptotic cells, which is paralleled by an abnormal inflammatory response both in vivo and in vitro. We have identified a differential response in the release of several cytokines in TG2(-/-) vs wild-type mice. Particularly relevant is the finding that both TGF-beta and IL-12 regulations were significantly altered in the absence of TG2. These results help explain the autoimmune phenotype developed by these mice and suggest that TG2 is a key regulatory element of the anti-inflammatory features of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Falasca
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, National Institute for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Infectious Diseases L. Spallanzani, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bailey CDC, Johnson GVW. Tissue transglutaminase contributes to disease progression in the R6/2 Huntington's disease mouse model via aggregate-independent mechanisms. J Neurochem 2005; 92:83-92. [PMID: 15606898 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02839.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expansion of CAG repeats within the huntingtin gene and is characterized by intraneuronal mutant huntingtin protein aggregates. In order to determine the role of tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in HD aggregate formation and disease progression, we cross-bred the R6/2 HD mouse model with a tTG knockout mouse line. R6/2 mice that were tTG heterozygous knockouts (R6/2 : tTG+/-) and tTG homozygous knockouts (R6/2 : tTG-/-) showed a very similar increase in aggregate number within the striatum compared with R6/2 mice that were wild-type with respect to tTG (R6/2 : tTG+/+). Interestingly, a significant delay in the onset of motor dysfunction and death occurred in R6/2 : tTG-/- mice compared with both R6/2 : tTG+/+ and R6/2 : tTG+/- mice. As aggregate number was similarly increased in the striatum of both R6/2 : tTG+/- and R6/2 : tTG-/- mice, whereas only R6/2 : tTG-/- mice showed delayed disease progression, these data suggest that the contribution of tTG towards motor dysfunction and death in the R6/2 mouse is independent of its ability to negatively regulate aggregate formation. Moreover, the combined results from this study suggest that the formation of striatal huntingtin aggregates does not directly influence motor dysfunction or death in this HD mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig D C Bailey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0017, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Piacentini M, Amendola A, Ciccosanti F, Falasca L, Farrace MG, Mastroberardino PG, Nardacci R, Oliverio S, Piredda L, Rodolfo C, Autuori F. Type 2 transglutaminase and cell death. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2005; 38:58-74. [PMID: 15746529 DOI: 10.1159/000084233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, IT-00133 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|