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Cassells I, Ahenkorah S, Burgoyne AR, Van de Voorde M, Deroose CM, Cardinaels T, Bormans G, Ooms M, Cleeren F. Radiolabeling of Human Serum Albumin With Terbium-161 Using Mild Conditions and Evaluation of in vivo Stability. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:675122. [PMID: 34504849 PMCID: PMC8422959 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.675122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRNT) is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Terbium has four medically interesting isotopes (149Tb, 152Tb, 155Tb and 161Tb) which span the entire radiopharmaceutical space (TRNT, PET and SPECT imaging). Since the same element is used, accessing the various diagnostic or therapeutic properties without changing radiochemical procedures and pharmacokinetic properties is advantageous. The use of (heat-sensitive) biomolecules as vector molecule with high affinity and selectivity for a certain molecular target is promising. However, mild radiolabeling conditions are required to prevent thermal degradation of the biomolecule. Herein, we report the evaluation of potential bifunctional chelators for Tb-labeling of heat-sensitive biomolecules using human serum albumin (HSA) to assess the in vivo stability of the constructs. p-SCN-Bn-CHX-A”-DTPA, p-SCN-Bn-DOTA, p-NCS-Bz-DOTA-GA and p-SCN-3p-C-NETA were conjugated to HSA via a lysine coupling method. All HSA-constructs were labeled with [161Tb]TbCl3 at 40°C with radiochemical yields higher than 98%. The radiolabeled constructs were stable in human serum up to 24 h at 37°C. 161Tb-HSA-constructs were injected in mice to evaluate their in vivo stability. Increasing bone accumulation as a function of time was observed for [161Tb]TbCl3 and [161Tb]Tb-DTPA-CHX-A”-Bn-HSA, while negligible bone uptake was observed with the DOTA, DOTA-GA and NETA variants over a 7-day period. The results indicate that the p-SCN-Bn-DOTA, p-NCS-Bz-DOTA-GA and p-SCN-3p-C-NETA are suitable bifunctional ligands for Tb-based radiopharmaceuticals, allowing for high yield radiolabeling in mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin Cassells
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, Mol, Belgium
| | - Stephen Ahenkorah
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, Mol, Belgium
| | - Andrew R Burgoyne
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, Mol, Belgium
| | - Michiel Van de Voorde
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, Mol, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Deroose
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Cardinaels
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, Mol, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Ooms
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Institute for Nuclear Materials Science, Mol, Belgium
| | - Frederik Cleeren
- Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bishop SC, Winefield R, Anbanandam A, Lampe JN. Aqueous synthesis of a small-molecule lanthanide chelator amenable to copper-free click chemistry. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209726. [PMID: 30917122 PMCID: PMC6436693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lanthanides (Ln3+), or rare earth elements, have proven to be useful tools for biomolecular NMR, X-ray crystallographic, and fluorescence analyses due to their unique 4f orbitals. However, their utility in biological applications has been limited because site-specific incorporation of a chelating element is required to ensure efficient binding of the free Ln3+ ion. Additionally, current Ln3+ chelator syntheses complicate efforts to directly incorporate Ln3+ chelators into proteins as the multi-step processes and a reliance on organic solvents promote protein denaturation and aggregation which are generally incompatible with direct incorporation into the protein of interest. To overcome these limitations, herein we describe a two-step aqueous synthesis of a small molecule lanthanide chelating agent amenable to site-specific incorporation into a protein using copper-free click chemistry with unnatural amino acids. The bioconjugate combines a diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) chelating moiety with a clickable dibenzylcyclooctyne-amine (DBCO-amine) to facilitate the reaction with an azide containing unnatural amino acid. Incorporating the DBCO-amine avoids the use of the cytotoxic Cu2+ ion as a catalyst. The clickable lanthanide chelator (CLC) reagent reacted readily with p-azidophenylalanine (paF) without the need of a copper catalyst, thereby demonstrating proof-of-concept. Implementation of the orthogonal click chemistry reaction has the added advantage that the chelator can be used directly in a protein labeling reaction, without the need of extensive purification. Given the inherent advantages of Cu2+-free click chemistry, aqueous synthesis, and facile labeling, we believe that the CLC will find abundant use in both structural and biophysical studies of proteins and their complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Bishop
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Robert Winefield
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Asokan Anbanandam
- High Field NMR Core Facility, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovation, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Jed N. Lampe
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
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Wang JH, Shao XX, Hu MJ, Wei D, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. A novel BRET-based binding assay for interaction studies of relaxin family peptide receptor 3 with its ligands. Amino Acids 2017; 49:895-903. [PMID: 28161795 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Relaxin family peptide receptor 3 (RXFP3) is an A-class G protein-coupled receptor that is implicated in the regulation of food intake and stress response upon activation by its cognate agonist relaxin-3. To study its interaction with various ligands, we developed a novel bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based binding assay using the brightest NanoLuc as an energy donor and a newly developed cyan-excitable orange fluorescent protein (CyOFP) as an energy acceptor. An engineered CyOFP without intrinsic cysteine residues but with an introduced cysteine at the C-terminus was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and chemically conjugated to the A-chain N-terminus of an easily labeled chimeric R3/I5 peptide via an intermolecular disulfide linkage. After the CyOFP-conjugated R3/I5 bound to a shortened human RXFP3 (removal of 33 N-terminal residues) fused with the NanoLuc reporter at the N-terminus, high BRET signals were detected. Saturation binding and real-time binding assays demonstrated that this BRET pair retained high binding affinity with fast association/dissociation. Using this BRET pair, binding potencies of various ligands with RXFP3 were conveniently measured through competition binding assays. Thus, the novel BRET-based binding assay facilitates interaction studies of RXFP3 with various ligands. The engineered CyOFP without intrinsic cysteine residues may also be applied to other BRET-based binding assays in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Jun Hu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian Wei
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Characterization of labeled reagents in ligand-binding assays by a surface plasmon resonance biosensor. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:193-207. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2016-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Ligand-binding assay (LBA) reagent labeling may change the binding characteristics of the reagent to its target and degrade its performance in LBAs. Results: A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was used to evaluate the impact of the biotin labeling process on reagent-binding kinetics and affinity for a specific target. The SPR results demonstrate that the biotin molar challenge ratio affects both association and dissociation rates for the labeled reagent binding to its target. The SPR results also predict the labeled reagent performance in LBAs. Conclusion: The methodology used in this study provides an example of using an SPR biosensor as an efficient way to analytically and functionally characterize critical reagents and to understand their performance postmodification in LBAs.
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Novel bioluminescent binding assays for interaction studies of protein/peptide hormones with their receptors. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1151-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Bioluminescence has been widely used in biomedical research due to its high sensitivity, low background, and broad linear range. In recent studies, we applied bioluminescence to ligand-receptor binding assays for some protein or peptide hormones based on a newly developed small monomeric Nanoluciferase (NanoLuc) reporter that has the so far brightest bioluminescence. The conventional ligand-receptor binding assays rely on radioligands that have drawbacks, such as radioactive hazards and short shelf lives. In contrast, the novel bioluminescent binding assays use the NanoLuc-based protein or peptide tracers that are safe, stable, and ultrasensitive. Thus, the novel bioluminescent ligand-receptor binding assay would be applied to more and more protein or peptide hormones for ligand-receptor interaction studies in future. In the present article, we provided detailed protocols for setting up the novel bioluminescent ligand-receptor binding assays using two representative protein hormones as examples.
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Bracke N, Wynendaele E, D’Hondt M, Haselberg R, Somsen GW, Pauwels E, Van de Wiele C, De Spiegeleer B. Analytical characterization of NOTA-modified somatropins. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 96:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Wang XY, Guo YQ, Zhang WJ, Shao XX, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. The electrostatic interactions of relaxin-3 with receptor RXFP4 and the influence of its B-chain C-terminal conformation. FEBS J 2014; 281:2927-36. [PMID: 24802387 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Wang
- Institute of Protein Research; College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
- Central Laboratory; Shanghai East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; China
| | - Yu-Qi Guo
- Institute of Protein Research; College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Wei-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Protein Research; College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Institute of Protein Research; College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Central Laboratory; Shanghai East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Central Laboratory; Shanghai East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Institute of Protein Research; College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
- Central Laboratory; Shanghai East Hospital; Tongji University School of Medicine; China
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Zhang WJ, Wang XY, Guo YQ, Luo X, Gao XJ, Shao XX, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. The highly conserved negatively charged Glu141 and Asp145 of the G-protein-coupled receptor RXFP3 interact with the highly conserved positively charged arginine residues of relaxin-3. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1393-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang WJ, Jiang Q, Wang XY, Song G, Shao XX, Guo ZY. A convenient method for europium-labeling of a recombinant chimeric relaxin family peptide R3/I5 for receptor-binding assays. J Pept Sci 2013; 19:350-4. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Protein Research, College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Institute of Protein Research, College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Xin-Yi Wang
- Institute of Protein Research, College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Ge Song
- Institute of Protein Research, College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Institute of Protein Research, College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Institute of Protein Research, College of Life Sciences and Technology; Tongji University; Shanghai China
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11
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Song G, Jiang Q, Xu T, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. A convenient luminescence assay of ferroportin internalization to study its interaction with hepcidin. FEBS J 2013; 280:1773-81. [PMID: 23413836 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin is a liver-secreted small disulfide-rich peptide that plays a key role in iron homeostasis by binding and mediating the internalization and degradation of the only iron efflux transporter so far known, ferroportin (Fpn). To study hepcidin-Fpn interactions, in the present study we established a convenient luminescence assay for the quantitative measurement of hepcidin-induced Fpn internalization by fusing a small nanoluciferase (NanoLuc, 171 amino acids) at the Fpn C-terminus. Once the NanoLuc-tagged Fpn was internalized, the measured luminescence was significantly decreased when assayed with the intact transiently transfected cells and an inducible expression system. Through the coexpression of a NanoLuc-tagged Fpn and an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged Fpn by the use of an inducible bidirectional promoter, we could measure the hepcidin-induced Fpn internalization qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of the fluorescence of the tagged EGFP and the luminescence of the tagged NanoLuc. Thus, our present study provides a novel and convenient assay for measuring the hepcidin-Fpn interaction qualitatively and quantitatively. Through coexpression of a NanoLuc-tagged wild-type Fpn and an EGFP-tagged hepcidin-insensitive mutant [C326S]Fpn, we demonstrated that the mutant Fpn had no effect on hepcidin-induced internalization of wild-type Fpn, suggesting that wild-type Fpn and mutant Fpn are functionally independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Institute of Protein Research, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Zhang WJ, Gao XJ, Liu YL, Shao XX, Guo ZY. Design, recombinant preparation and europium-labeling of a fully active easily-labeled INSL3 analog for receptor-binding assays. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Human relaxin-2: historical perspectives and role in cancer biology. Amino Acids 2012; 43:1131-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Design, recombinant expression and convenient A-chain N-terminal europium-labelling of a fully active human relaxin-3 analogue. FEBS J 2012; 279:1505-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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