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Yi L, Han N, Li Z, Jiang H, Cao Z. Relaxin-2 promotes osteoblastic differentiation mediated by epidermal growth factor and epidermal growth factor receptor signaling. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024. [PMID: 39219221 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Loss of osteogenic differentiation potential of osteoblasts has been associated with the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Thus, stimulation of osteoblastic differentiation is a therapeutic strategy for osteoporosis. Relaxin-2 is a peptide hormone with potent biological functions. However, the effects of Relaxin-2 in osteoblastic differentiation and osteoporosis have not been reported before. Here, we report a novel physiological role of Relaxin-2 in promoting osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. Our results indicate that exposure to Relaxin-2 upregulated the expression, and elevated the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) when MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium (OM). Additionally, Relaxin-2 upregulated the mRNA levels of osteocalcin (ocn), osteopontin (opn), and collagen type I alpha 1 (Col1a1). The alizarin red S staining assay revealed that Relaxin-2 promoted the mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells. We also found that Relaxin-2 increased the expression of Runx-2 as well as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Importantly, silencing of EGF abolished the effects of Relaxin-2 in osteoblastic differentiation and related gene expression. These findings suggest that Relaxin-2 stimulates osteogenic differentiation through activating EGF/EGFR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lankai Yi
- Department of Hand, Foot, and Orthopedics Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Hand, Foot, and Orthopedics Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Hand, Foot, and Orthopedics Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Housen Jiang
- Department of Hand, Foot, and Orthopedics Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhenhao Cao
- Department of Hand, Foot, and Orthopedics Surgery, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong Province, China
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2
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Rais Y, Drabovich AP. Identification and Quantification of Human Relaxin Proteins by Immunoaffinity-Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2024. [PMID: 38739617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The human relaxins belong to the Insulin/IGF/Relaxin superfamily of peptide hormones, and their physiological function is primarily associated with reproduction. In this study, we focused on a prostate tissue-specific relaxin RLN1 (REL1_HUMAN protein) and a broader tissue specificity RLN2 (REL2_HUMAN protein). Due to their structural similarity, REL1 and REL2 proteins were collectively named a 'human relaxin protein' in previous studies and were exclusively measured by immunoassays. We hypothesized that the highly selective and sensitive immunoaffinity-selected reaction monitoring (IA-SRM) assays would reveal the identity and abundance of the endogenous REL1 and REL2 in biological samples and facilitate the evaluation of these proteins for diagnostic applications. High levels of RLN1 and RLN2 transcripts were found in prostate and breast cancer cell lines by RT-PCR. However, no endogenous prorelaxin-1 or mature REL1 were detected by IA-SRM in cell lines, seminal plasma, or blood serum. The IA-SRM assay of REL2 demonstrated its undetectable levels (<9.4 pg/mL) in healthy control female and male sera and relatively high levels of REL2 in maternal sera across different gestational weeks (median 331 pg/mL; N = 120). IA-SRM assays uncovered potential cross-reactivity and nonspecific binding for relaxin immunoassays. The developed IA-SRM assays will facilitate the investigation of the physiological and pathological roles of REL1 and REL2 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Rais
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Andrei P Drabovich
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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3
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Kwantwi LB. The dual and multifaceted role of relaxin-2 in cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:2763-2771. [PMID: 36947362 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The continuous increase in cancer-associated deaths despite the substantial improvement in diagnosis and treatment has sparked discussions on the need for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for cancer. Although increasing evidence has demonstrated the pivotal role of relaxin-2 in multiple cancers, their role is a double-edged sword with both protumor and antitumor having been reported in various malignant tumors. Considering this dual role, it appears the biological mechanism underpinning the action of relaxin-2 in cancer is not clear and further studies to elucidate their potential as a preventive factor for cancers are of prime importance. Herein, a summarized up-to-date report on the role of relaxin-2 in human cancer including detailed clinical and experimental evidence supporting their tumor-promoting and inhibitory functions in cancer development and progression has been elucidated. Also, signaling pathways and other factors orchestrating the activities of relaxin-2 in the tumor microenvironment has been discussed. Collectively, the evidence from this review has demonstrated the need for further evaluation of the role of relaxin-2 as a diagnostic and or prognostic biomarker for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boafo Kwantwi
- Department of Medical Imaging Sciences, Klintaps College of Health and Allied Sciences, Accra, DTD. TDC, 30A Klagon, Com. 19, Tema, Ghana.
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4
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Doneray H, Tavlas G, Ozden A, Ozturk N. The role of breast milk beta-endorphin and relaxin-2 on infant colic. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1416-1421. [PMID: 37142649 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02617-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between infant colic and breast milk beta-endorphin (BE) and relaxin-2 (RLX-2) has not been studied before. METHODS Thirty colic infants and their mothers constituted the study group, and the same sex, similar age and healthy infants and their mothers formed the control group. Maternal predisposing factors were analysed with questionnaires. RESULTS The frequency of headache and myalgia in the mothers was significantly higher in the study group compared to the control group. Sleep quality of mothers in the study group was worse than in the control group (p = 0.028). While breast milk RLX-2 level in the study group was not different from the control group, breast milk BE level in the study group was significantly higher than the control group (p = 0.039). A positive correlation was found between breast milk BE levels and crying times, and between sleep quality scores and crying times. Headache, myalgia, sleep quality and breast milk BE levels were found to have a significant effect on infant colic. CONCLUSIONS Breast milk RLX-2 has no role on infant colic. Breast milk BE may act as a biological mediator in transmitting of maternal predisposing factors such as poor sleep quality, headache and myalgia from mother to infant. IMPACT The relationship between infant colic and breast milk beta-endorphin (BE) and elaxin-2 (RLX-2) has not been studied before. Maternal sleep quality, headache, and myalgia are predisposing factors associated with infant colic. Breast milk RLX-2 has no effect on infant colic. Breast milk BE may play a role as a biological mediator in transmitting the effects of predisposing factors from mother to infant. Breast milk BE may be a mediator in biological communication between mother and infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Doneray
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Türkiye.
- Clinical Research Development and Design Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye.
| | - Guzide Tavlas
- Department of Pediatrics, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Ayse Ozden
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erzurum Regional Training & Research Hospital, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Nurinnisa Ozturk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Türkiye
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5
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Szukiewicz D. Molecular Mechanisms for the Vicious Cycle between Insulin Resistance and the Inflammatory Response in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9818. [PMID: 37372966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive anabolic effects of insulin throughout the body, in addition to the control of glycemia, include ensuring lipid homeostasis and anti-inflammatory modulation, especially in adipose tissue (AT). The prevalence of obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2, has been increasing worldwide on a pandemic scale with accompanying syndemic health problems, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance (IR), and diabetes. Impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin or IR paradoxically leads to diseases with an inflammatory component despite hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, an excess of visceral AT in obesity initiates chronic low-grade inflammatory conditions that interfere with insulin signaling via insulin receptors (INSRs). Moreover, in response to IR, hyperglycemia itself stimulates a primarily defensive inflammatory response associated with the subsequent release of numerous inflammatory cytokines and a real threat of organ function deterioration. In this review, all components of this vicious cycle are characterized with particular emphasis on the interplay between insulin signaling and both the innate and adaptive immune responses related to obesity. Increased visceral AT accumulation in obesity should be considered the main environmental factor responsible for the disruption in the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in the immune system, resulting in autoimmunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Szukiewicz
- Department of Biophysics, Physiology & Pathophysiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Hossain MA, Praveen P, Noorzi NA, Wu H, Harrison IP, Handley T, Selemidis S, Samuel CS, Bathgate RAD. Development of Novel High-Affinity Antagonists for the Relaxin Family Peptide Receptor 1. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:842-853. [PMID: 37200817 PMCID: PMC10186362 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
H2 relaxin is a peptide hormone that exerts its biological actions through the G protein-coupled receptor, RXFP1. The numerous important biological functions of H2 relaxin, including potent renal, vasodilatory, cardioprotective, and anti-fibrotic actions, have resulted in considerable interest in its use as a therapeutic for various cardiovascular diseases and other fibrotic indications. Interestingly though, H2 relaxin and RXFP1 have been shown to be overexpressed in prostate cancer, allowing for the downregulation or blocking of relaxin/RXFP1 to decrease prostate tumor growth. These findings suggest the application of an RXFP1 antagonist for the treatment of prostate cancer. However, these therapeutically relevant actions are still poorly understood and have been hindered by the lack of a high-affinity antagonist. In this study, we chemically synthesized three novel H2 relaxin analogues that have complex insulin-like structures with two chains (A and B) and three disulfide bridges. We report here the structure-activity relationship studies on H2 relaxin that resulted in the development of a novel high-affinity RXFP1 antagonist, H2 B-R13HR (∼40 nM), that has only one extra methylene group in the side chain of arginine 13 in the B-chain (ArgB13) of H2 relaxin. Most notably, the synthetic peptide was shown to be active in a mouse model of prostate tumor growth in vivo where it inhibited relaxin-mediated tumor growth. Our compound H2 B-R13HR will be an important research tool to understand relaxin actions through RXFP1 and may be a potential lead compound for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University
of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Praveen Praveen
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nurhayati Ahmad Noorzi
- Cardiovascular
Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hongkang Wu
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University
of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian P. Harrison
- Cardiovascular
Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Handley
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School
of
Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora 3083, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chrishan S. Samuel
- Cardiovascular
Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross A. D. Bathgate
- Florey
Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University
of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Kubra KT, Hasan MM, Hasan MN, Salman MS, Khaleque MA, Sheikh MC, Rehan AI, Rasee AI, Waliullah R, Awual ME, Hossain MS, Alsukaibi AK, Alshammari HM, Awual MR. The heavy lanthanide of Thulium(III) separation and recovery using specific ligand-based facial composite adsorbent. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
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8
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Hasan MN, Salman MS, Hasan MM, Kubra KT, Sheikh MC, Rehan AI, Rasee AI, Awual ME, Waliullah R, Hossain MS, Islam A, Khandaker S, Alsukaibi AK, Alshammari HM, Awual MR. Assessing sustainable Lutetium(III) ions adsorption and recovery using novel composite hybrid nanomaterials. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Hasan M, Tul Kubra K, Hasan N, Awual E, Salman S, Sheikh C, Islam Rehan A, Islam Rasee A, Waliullah R, Islam S, Khandaker S, Islam A, Sohrab Hossain M, Alsukaibi AK, Alshammari HM, Awual R. Sustainable ligand-modified based composite material for the selective and effective cadmium(II) capturing from wastewater. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Relaxin inhibits 177Lu-EDTMP associated cell death in osteosarcoma cells through notch-1 pathway. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2022; 72:575-585. [PMID: 36651368 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
177Lu-EDTMP (Ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid) is the most used radioactive agent for pain palliation in bone cancer patients. The present study aims to study the impact of relaxin-2 on the 177Lu-EDTMP associated cell toxicity and death in osteosarcoma cells. MG63 and Saos-2 cells were cultured with 177Lu-EDTMP (37 MBq) for 24 h with and without pretreatment of recombinant relaxin 2 (RLXH2) for 12 and 24 h. 177Lu-EDTMP associated cellular deterioration and death was determined by LDH, MTT, and trypan blue dye assays. ELISA-based kit was used to determine apoptotic DNA fragmentation. Western blotting was used to determine expression levels of apoptotic-related signalling pathway proteins like bcl2, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). Our results found that RLXH2 counters 177Lu-EDTMP associated cellular toxicity. Similarly, RLXH2 was able to counter 177Lu-EDTMP induced cell death in a concentration and time--dependent manner. Furthermore, it was found that RLXH2 treatment prevents apoptosis in 177Lu-EDTMP challenged cells through activation of the notch-1 pathway in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. We reported that RLXH2 significantly declined cellular toxicity and apoptosis associated with 177Lu-EDTMP in MG63 and Saos-2 cells through the notch-1 pathway.
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11
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Simultaneous toxic Cd(II) and Pb(II) encapsulation from contaminated water using Mg/Al-LDH composite materials. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Mathilakathu A, Borchert S, Wessolly M, Mairinger E, Beckert H, Steinborn J, Hager T, Christoph DC, Kollmeier J, Wohlschlaeger J, Mairinger T, Schmid KW, Walter RFH, Brcic L, Mairinger FD. Mitogen signal-associated pathways, energy metabolism regulation, and mediation of tumor immunogenicity play essential roles in the cellular response of malignant pleural mesotheliomas to platinum-based treatment: a retrospective study. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:3030-3042. [PMID: 34430345 PMCID: PMC8350085 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-21-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare malignant tumor associated with asbestos exposure, with infaust prognosis and overall survival below 20 months in treated patients. Platinum is still the backbone of the chemotherapy protocols, and the reasons for the rather poor efficacy of platinum compounds in MPM remain largely unknown. Therefore, we aimed to analyze differences in key signaling pathways and biological mechanisms in therapy-naïve samples and samples after chemotherapy in order to evaluate the effect of platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods The study cohort comprised 24 MPM tumor specimens, 12 from therapy-naïve and 12 from patients after platinum-based therapy. Tumor samples were screened using the NanoString nCounter platform for digital gene expression analysis with an appurtenant custom-designed panel comprising a total of 366 mRNAs covering the most important tumor signaling pathways. Significant pathway associations were identified by gene set enrichment analysis using the WEB-based GEne SeT AnaLysis Toolkit (WebGestalt) Results We have found reduced activity of TNF (normalized enrichment score: 2.03), IL-17 (normalized enrichment score: 1.93), MAPK (normalized enrichment score: 1.51), and relaxin signaling pathways (normalized enrichment score: 1.42) in the samples obtained after platinum-based therapy. In contrast, AMPK (normalized enrichment score: –1.58), mTOR (normalized enrichment score: –1.50), Wnt (normalized enrichment score: –1.38), and longevity regulating pathway (normalized enrichment score: –1.31) showed significantly elevated expression in the same samples. Conclusions We could identify deregulated signaling pathways due to a directed cellular response to platinum-induced cell stress. Our results are paving the ground for a better understanding of cellular responses and escape mechanisms, carrying a high potential for improved clinical management of patients with MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mathilakathu
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sabrina Borchert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Wessolly
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elena Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Beckert
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Essen-Ruhrlandklinik, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Steinborn
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Hager
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel C Christoph
- Department of Medical Oncology, Evang. Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Kollmeier
- Department of Pneumology, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeremias Wohlschlaeger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Mairinger
- Department of Tissue Diagnostics, Helios Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Robert F H Walter
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Luka Brcic
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Fabian D Mairinger
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany
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13
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Gkrozou F, Pappa C, Tsonis O, Dimitriou E, Paschopoulos M. Relaxin as a potential diagnostic biomarker for ovarian cancer- A prospective study. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 260:99-104. [PMID: 33752121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female mortality worldwide. Although novel approaches on this disease have been developed, overall survival rates remain moderate due to the lack of scientific evidence promoting screening at early stages of the disease. A number of biomarkers have been suggested as predictive for this type of cancer. The role of relaxin in endometrial cancer is well documented but the scientific evidence is lacking with regards to ovarian cancer. We studied patients with ovarian cancer, benign ovarian cyst and healthy patients too. The levels of relaxin have been found to be an adequate diagnostic biomarker for ovarian cancer. We also presented the different range of Ca125, HE4 and ROMA in these three groups. Randomised control trials need to be conducted though, in order to elucidate the true role of relaxin in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gkrozou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospitals of Birmingham, UK.
| | - C Pappa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, General Hospital "Hatzikosta", Ioannina, Greece
| | - O Tsonis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece
| | - E Dimitriou
- Department of Mathematics, University of Ioannina, Greece
| | - M Paschopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Greece
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14
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Liu J, Huang X, Liu H, Wei C, Ru H, Qin H, Lai H, Meng Y, Wu G, Xie W, Mo X, Johnson CH, Zhang Y, Tang W. Immune landscape and prognostic immune-related genes in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer patients. J Transl Med 2021; 19:27. [PMID: 33413474 PMCID: PMC7789428 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KRAS gene is the most common type of mutation reported in colorectal cancer (CRC). KRAS mutation-mediated regulation of immunophenotype and immune pathways in CRC remains to be elucidated. Methods 535 CRC patients were used to compare the expression of immune-related genes (IRGs) and the abundance of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIICs) in the tumor microenvironment between KRAS-mutant and KRAS wild-type CRC patients. An independent dataset included 566 cases of CRC and an in-house RNA sequencing dataset were served as validation sets. An in-house dataset consisting of 335 CRC patients were used to analyze systemic immune and inflammatory state in the presence of KRAS mutation. An immue risk (Imm-R) model consist of IRG and TIICs for prognostic prediction in KRAS-mutant CRC patients was established and validated. Results NF-κB and T-cell receptor signaling pathways were significantly inhibited in KRAS-mutant CRC patients. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) was increased while macrophage M1 and activated CD4 memory T cell was decreased in KRAS-mutant CRC. Prognosis correlated with enhanced Tregs, macrophage M1 and activated CD4 memory T cell and was validated. Serum levels of hypersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), CRP, and IgM were significantly decreased in KRAS-mutant compared to KRAS wild-type CRC patients. An immune risk model composed of VGF, RLN3, CT45A1 and TIICs signature classified CRC patients with distinct clinical outcomes. Conclusions KRAS mutation in CRC was associated with suppressed immune pathways and immune infiltration. The aberrant immune pathways and immune cells help to understand the tumor immune microenvironments in KRAS-mutant CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Liu
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Xiaoliang Huang
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- Department of Research, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyin Wei
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Ru
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiquan Qin
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Lai
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Meng
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Wu
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Weishun Xie
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianwei Mo
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Caroline H Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Division of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China. .,Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal Cancer, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Hernandez BY, Rahman M, Loo LWM, Chan OTM, Horio D, Morita S, Bryant-Greenwood G. BRAF V600E, hypothyroidism, and human relaxin in thyroid carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:183-194. [PMID: 32995956 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BRAFV600E, a major driver of thyroid cancer, evaluated in the context of thyroid hormones and human relaxin. METHODS Immunohistochemical expressions of BRAFV600E, TSH, TSH receptor (TSHR), T4, T3 receptor (T3R), RLNH2, and its receptor, RXFP1, were evaluated in thyroid tumors from a retrospective U.S. population of 481 cancer cases diagnosed in 1983-2004. RESULTS BRAFV600E was expressed in 52% of all thyroid tumors; expression of other markers ranged from 25% for T4 to 98% for RLNH2. Tumors predominantly exhibited hypothyroid-like conditions characterized by elevated TSH and TSHR and reduced T4. BRAFV600E prevalence was significantly higher in tumors expressing TSH, TSHR, T3R, and RXFP1 and lower in tumors expressing T4. The proportion of BRAFV600E mutation in classic papillary tumors significantly increased from 56 to 72% over the 21-year period of diagnoses, while expression of RXFP1, TSH, TSHR, and T3R decreased in non-tumor. Racial/ethnic differences were observed in thyroid hormone marker expression. Non-tumor expression of TSH, TSHR, and T3R were each associated with shorter overall survival, but did not remain significant after adjustment for demographic and clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence of the potential interaction of BRAFV600E mutation, relaxin, and thyroid hormones in thyroid carcinogenesis. Moreover, our results suggest that hypothyroidism, influenced by RLNH2 activity, may underlie the development of the majority of thyroid cancers and mediate the role of BRAFV600E in thyroid carcinogenesis. BRAFV600E mutation is increasing in papillary thyroid cancers and may be contributing to the rising incidence of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA.
| | - Mobeen Rahman
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Lenora W M Loo
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - Owen T M Chan
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - David Horio
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - Shane Morita
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
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16
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Thanasupawat T, Glogowska A, Nivedita-Krishnan S, Wilson B, Klonisch T, Hombach-Klonisch S. Emerging roles for the relaxin/RXFP1 system in cancer therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 487:85-93. [PMID: 30763603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A role for the hormone relaxin in cancer was described well before the receptor was identified. Relaxin predominantly increases the growth and invasive potential in cancers of different origins. However, relaxin was also shown to promote cell differentiation and to act in a dose-and time-dependent manner in different cancer cell models used. Following the discovery of the relaxin like family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) as the cellular receptor for RLN1 and RLN2, research has focussed on the ligand interaction with the large extracellular domain of RXFP1 and resulting molecular signaling mechanisms. RXFP1 activation mediates anti-apoptotic functions, angiogenesis and chemoresistance in cancer cells. This minireview summarizes the known biological functions of RXFP1 activation in different cancer entities in-vitro and in-vivo and outlines possible mechanisms to therapeutically address the relaxin-RXFP1 system in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatchawan Thanasupawat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Glogowska
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sai Nivedita-Krishnan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Brian Wilson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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17
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Saeki N, Saito A, Sugaya Y, Amemiya M, Ono H, Komatsuzaki R, Yanagihara K, Sasaki H. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation and DNA Sequencing Identified a LIMS1/ILK Pathway Regulated by LMO1 in Neuroblastoma. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 15:165-174. [PMID: 29695398 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Overall survival for the high-risk group of neuroblastoma (NB) remains at 40-50%. An integrative genomics study revealed that LIM domain only 1 (LMO1) encoding a transcriptional regulator to be an NB-susceptibility gene with a tumor-promoting activity, that needs to be revealed. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted chromatin immunoprecipitation and DNA sequencing analyses and cell proliferation assays on two NB cell lines. RESULTS We identified three genes regulated by LMO1 in the cells, LIM and senescent cell antigen-like domains 1 (LIMS1), Ras suppressor protein 1 (RSU1) and relaxin 2 (RLN2). LIMS1 and RSU1 encode proteins functioning with integrin-linked kinase (ILK), and inhibition of LIMS1, ILK or RLN2 by shRNA reduced cell proliferation of the NB cells, which was also suppressed with an ILK inhibiting compound Cpd 22. CONCLUSION The downstream of LMO1-regulatory cascade includes a tumor-promoting LIMS1/ILK pathway, which has a potential to be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Saeki
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Statistical Genetics Analysis Division, StaGen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugaya
- Statistical Genetics Analysis Division, StaGen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Amemiya
- Statistical Genetics Analysis Division, StaGen Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroe Ono
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Komatsuzaki
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Yanagihara
- Division of Pathology, Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sasaki
- Department of Translational Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Fue M, Miki Y, Takagi K, Hashimoto C, Yaegashi N, Suzuki T, Ito K. Relaxin 2/RXFP1 Signaling Induces Cell Invasion via the β-Catenin Pathway in Endometrial Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082438. [PMID: 30126180 PMCID: PMC6121407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin is known to play an important role in animal pregnancies, including those of humans. It is suggested that relaxin induces aggressive cell growth and invasiveness in several types of cancer, including endometrial cancer. However, the mechanisms of relaxin remain largely unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of relaxin 2 (RLN2), the major circulating relaxin in humans, on human endometrial carcinoma cell lines. RLN2 treatment induced invasion in HEC-1B and Ishikawa cells. RLN2-induced cell invasion was significantly decreased by transfection of relaxin receptor 1 (RXFP1) siRNAs. The β-catenin inhibitor, XAV939, also significantly inhibited the RLN2-induced cell invasions. Both a decrease of cadherin expression and an increase of β-catenin phosphorylation were observed in response to the RLN2 treatment in HEC-1B and Ishikawa cells. We then examined RLN2 and RXFP1 expression in 80 human endometrioid endometrial carcinoma tissues. RLN2 immunoreactivity was detected in the human endometrial carcinoma cells and had a correlative tendency with histological grade and RXFP1. These results suggest that adherens junctions in cancer cells are weakened by the breakdown of the cadherin/catenin complex, which is induced by β-catenin phosphorylation via RLN2/RXFP1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Fue
- Department of Disaster Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Miki
- Department of Disaster Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Takagi
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Hashimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Yaegashi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Kiyoshi Ito
- Department of Disaster Obstetrics and Gynecology, International Research Institute of Disaster Science (IRIDeS), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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19
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Domińska K, Kowalska K, Matysiak ZE, Płuciennik E, Ochędalski T, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Regulation of mRNA gene expression of members of the NF-κB transcription factor gene family by angiotensin II and relaxin 2 in normal and cancer prostate cell lines. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4352-4359. [PMID: 28487955 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of researchers are focusing on the influence of local peptide hormones such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and relaxin 2 (RLN2) in the regulation of inflammation and carcinogenesis. The interaction between the renin‑angiotensin system (RAS) and relaxin family peptide system (RFPS) is known to influence the proliferation, adhesion and migration of normal and cancer prostate cell lines. The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in the expression of nuclear factor‑κB subunit 1 (NFKB1), nuclear factor‑κB subunit 2 (NFKB2), REL proto‑oncogene nuclear factor‑κB p65 subunit (REL), RELA proto‑oncogene nuclear factor‑κB subunit (RELA) and RELB proto‑oncogene nuclear factor‑κB subunit (RELB) mRNA caused by Ang II and RLN2. The members of NF‑kB family are involved in many processes associated with cancer development and metastasis. Reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis identified that both peptide hormones have an influence on the relative expression of nuclear factor‑κB. Following treatment with either peptide, NFKB1 expression was downregulated in all prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP, DU‑145 and PC3), but not in normal epithelial cells (PNT1A). Conversely, RELB mRNA was enhanced only in non‑cancerous prostate cells. RELA expression was strongly stimulated in the most aggressive cell line, whereas REL mRNA was unchanged. In many cases, the effect was strictly dependent on the cell line and/or the type of peptide: Ang II increased expression of both RELA and REL genes in the androgen‑dependent cell line while RLN2 enhanced NFKB2 and RELA mRNA in androgen‑independent cells (DU‑145). Further research is needed to understand the regulation of NF‑κB family members by key renin‑angiotensin system and RFPS peptides in prostate cancer cells; however, prostate carcinogenesis appears to be influenced by the balance between the cross‑regulation of nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) and androgen receptor pathways by Ang II and relaxin 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Domińska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90‑752, Poland
| | - Karolina Kowalska
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90‑752, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Płuciennik
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90‑752, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ochędalski
- Department of Comparative Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz 90‑752, Poland
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20
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Marshall SA, Senadheera SN, Parry LJ, Girling JE. The Role of Relaxin in Normal and Abnormal Uterine Function During the Menstrual Cycle and Early Pregnancy. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:342-354. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719116657189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Marshall
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Laura J. Parry
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E. Girling
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Gynaecology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne and Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Relaxin-2 Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers 2016; 31:e324-9. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background When advanced, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) may involve adjacent non-epithelial structures, and the prognosis is worse for bone invasion. Human relaxin-2 is a peptide hormone that has recently been associated with cancer. It can induce human osteoclast differentiation and activation, suggesting a role in tumor-driven osteolysis. This study was a preliminary assessment of the prognostic role of relaxin-2 in surgical specimens of OSCC tissue and adjacent but uninvolved mandibular/maxillary bone. Methods Relaxin-2 immunohistochemical expression and reaction intensity were assessed in tumor and uninvolved adjacent mandibular/maxillary bone specimens from 23 operated OSCC patients. Results All OSCC specimens were positive for relaxin-2. The intensity of its reaction in OSCC correlated significantly with the pattern of the tumor's invasion front (p = 0.02), being higher with the infiltrative pattern. Mean relaxin-2 immunohistochemical expression was higher in patients whose OSCC recurred after treatment than those experiencing no recurrence (81.3% ± 22.6% vs. 59.5% ± 29.7%, respectively). A significant direct association emerged between relaxin-2 expression in OSCC specimens and recurrence rate (p = 0.049). Conclusions Relaxin-2 expression in OSCC should be further investigated as a potentially useful marker for identifying patients at higher risk of recurrence, who might benefit from closer follow-up and more aggressive adjuvant therapy. In other oncological settings, increasing evidence of relaxin being produced by cancer cells is prompting efforts to synthesize human relaxin-2 analogs capable of acting as antagonists and limiting tumor growth.
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22
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Hossain MA, Kocan M, Yao ST, Royce SG, Nair VB, Siwek C, Patil NA, Harrison IP, Rosengren KJ, Selemidis S, Summers RJ, Wade JD, Bathgate RAD, Samuel CS. A single-chain derivative of the relaxin hormone is a functionally selective agonist of the G protein-coupled receptor, RXFP1. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3805-3819. [PMID: 30155023 PMCID: PMC6013806 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A single-chain derivative of the relaxin hormone ameliorates fibrosis without side-effects.
Human gene-2 relaxin (H2 relaxin) is a pleiotropic hormone with powerful vasodilatory and anti-fibrotic properties which has led to its clinical evaluation and provisional FDA approval as a treatment for acute heart failure. The diverse effects of H2 relaxin are mediated via its cognate G protein coupled-receptor (GPCR), Relaxin Family Peptide Receptor (RXFP1), leading to stimulation of a combination of cell signalling pathways that includes cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2. However, its complex two-chain (A and B), disulfide-rich insulin-like structure is a limitation to its facile preparation, availability and affordability. Furthermore, its strong activation of cAMP signaling is likely responsible for reported detrimental tumor-promoting actions that may preclude long-term use of this drug for treating human disease. Here we report the design and synthesis of a H2 relaxin B-chain-only analogue, B7-33, which was shown to bind to RXFP1 and preferentially activate the pERK pathway over cAMP in cells that endogenously expressed RXFP1. Thus, B7-33 represents the first functionally selective agonist of the complex GPCR, RXFP1. Importantly, this small peptide agonist prevented or reversed organ fibrosis and dysfunction in three pre-clinical rodent models of heart or lung disease with similar potency to H2 relaxin. The molecular mechanism behind the strong anti-fibrotic actions of B7-33 involved its activation of RXFP1-angiotensin II type 2 receptor heterodimers that induced selective downstream signaling of pERK1/2 and the collagen-degrading enzyme, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. Furthermore, in contrast to H2 relaxin, B7-33 did not promote prostate tumor growth in vivo. Our results represent the first known example of the minimisation of a two-chain cyclic insulin-like peptide to a single-chain linear peptide that retains potent beneficial agonistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia . ; ; .,School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Martina Kocan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Song T Yao
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia . ; ;
| | - Simon G Royce
- Cardiovascular Disease Program , Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Victoria , Australia .
| | - Vinojini B Nair
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia . ; ; .,School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Christopher Siwek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - Nitin A Patil
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia . ; ; .,School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Ian P Harrison
- Cardiovascular Disease Program , Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Victoria , Australia .
| | - K Johan Rosengren
- The University of Queensland , School of Biomedical Sciences , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Cardiovascular Disease Program , Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Victoria , Australia .
| | - Roger J Summers
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University , Victoria , Australia
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia . ; ; .,School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia . ; ; .,Department of Biochemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program , Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Victoria , Australia .
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23
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Tevz G, McGrath S, Demeter R, Magrini V, Jeet V, Rockstroh A, McPherson S, Lai J, Bartonicek N, An J, Batra J, Dinger ME, Lehman ML, Williams ED, Nelson CC. Identification of a novel fusion transcript between human relaxin-1 (RLN1) and human relaxin-2 (RLN2) in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:159-68. [PMID: 26499396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous expression of highly homologous RLN1 and RLN2 genes in prostate impairs their accurate delineation. We used PacBio SMRT sequencing and RNA-Seq in LNCaP cells in order to dissect the expression of RLN1 and RLN2 variants. We identified a novel fusion transcript comprising the RLN1 and RLN2 genes and found evidence of its expression in the normal and prostate cancer tissues. The RLN1-RLN2 fusion putatively encodes RLN2 isoform with the deleted secretory signal peptide. The identification of the fusion transcript provided information to determine unique RLN1-RLN2 fusion and RLN1 regions. The RLN1-RLN2 fusion was co-expressed with RLN1 in LNCaP cells, but the two gene products were inversely regulated by androgens. We showed that RLN1 is underrepresented in common PCa cell lines in comparison to normal and PCa tissue. The current study brings a highly relevant update to the relaxin field, and will encourage further studies of RLN1 and RLN2 in PCa and broader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Tevz
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sean McGrath
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Demeter
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vincent Magrini
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Varinder Jeet
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen McPherson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John Lai
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nenad Bartonicek
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiyuan An
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melanie L Lehman
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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24
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Wu QP, Zhang L, Shao XX, Wang JH, Gao Y, Xu ZG, Liu YL, Guo ZY. Application of the novel bioluminescent ligand-receptor binding assay to relaxin-RXFP1 system for interaction studies. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1099-1107. [PMID: 26767372 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2146-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin is a prototype of the relaxin family peptide hormones and plays important biological functions by binding and activating the G protein-coupled receptor RXFP1. To study their interactions, in the present work, we applied the newly developed bioluminescent ligand-receptor binding assay to the relaxin-RXFP1 system. First, a fully active easily labeled relaxin, in which three Lys residues of human relaxin-2 were replaced by Arg, was prepared through overexpression of a single-chain precursor in Pichia pastoris and in vitro enzymatic maturation. Thereafter, the B-chain N-terminus of the easily labeled relaxin was chemically cross-linked with a C-terminal cysteine residue of an engineered NanoLuc through a disulfide linkage. Receptor-binding assays demonstrated that the NanoLuc-conjugated relaxin retained high binding affinity with the receptor RXFP1 (K d = 1.11 ± 0.08 nM, n = 3) and was able to sensitively monitor binding of a variety of ligands with RXFP1. Using the novel bioluminescent binding assay, we demonstrated that three highly conserved B-chain Arg residues of relaxin-3 had distinct contributions to binding of the receptor RXFP1. In summary, our present work provides a novel bioluminescent ligand-receptor binding assay for the relaxin-RXFP1 system to facilitate their interaction studies, such as characterization of relaxin analogues or screening novel agonists or antagonists of RXFP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ping Wu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Tailhades J, Sethi A, Petrie EJ, Gooley PR, Bathgate RA, Wade JD, Hossain MA. Native Chemical Ligation to Minimize Aspartimide Formation during Chemical Synthesis of Small LDLa Protein. Chemistry 2015; 22:1146-51. [PMID: 26612092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of the G protein-coupled receptor, relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1), by a small LDLa protein may be a potential approach for prostate cancer treatment. However, it is a significant challenge to chemically produce the 41-residue and three-disulfide cross-bridged LDLa module which is highly prone to aspartimide formation due to the presence of several aspartic acid residues. Known palliative measures, including addition of HOBt to piperidine for N(α) -deprotection, failed to completely overcome this side reaction. For this reason, an elegant native chemical ligation approach was employed in which two segments were assembled for generating the linear LDLa protein. Acquisition of correct folding was achieved by using either a regioselective disulfide bond formation or global oxidation strategies. The final synthetic LDLa protein obtained was characterized by NMR spectroscopic structural analysis after chelation with a Ca(2+) ion and confirmed to be equivalent to the same protein obtained by recombinant DNA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Tailhades
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Ashish Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Emma J Petrie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ross A Bathgate
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Mohammed A Hossain
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia. .,The School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
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Gamma-secretase-independent role for cadherin-11 in neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75(NTR)) mediated glioblastoma cell migration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 69:41-53. [PMID: 26476273 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) undergoes γ-secretase-mediated regulated intramembrane proteolysis and is involved in glioblastoma cell migration and invasion. Consistent with previous reports, in this study we show that p75NTR increases U87-MG glioblastoma cell migration, which is reversed by inhibition of γ-secretase activity. However, we show that expression or stabilization of the γ-secretase-generated p75(NTR) intracellular domain (ICD) is not sufficient to induce U87-MG glioblastoma cell migration, and that exogenous expression of p75(NTR) ICD inhibits p75(NTR)-mediated glioblastoma cell (U87-MG and U373-MG) migration. To identify pathways and to determine how p75(NTR) mediates glioblastoma migration we utilized a microarray approach to assess differential gene expression profiles between parental U87-MG and cells stably expressing wild-type p75(NTR), a γ-secretase cleavage-resistant chimeric p75(NTR) mutant (p75FasTM) and the γ-secretase-generated p75(NTR)-ICD, which mimics constitutively cleaved p75(NTR) receptor. In our microarray data analysis we identified a subset of genes that were constitutively up-regulated in wild-type p75(NTR) cells, which were also repressed in p75(NTR) ICD expressing cells. Furthermore, our data revealed among the many differentially expressed genes, cadherin-11 (Cdh-11), matrix metalloproteinase 12 and relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 as constitutively up-regulated in wild-type p75(NTR) cells, independent of γ-secretase activity. Consistent with a role in glioblastoma migration, we found that U87-p75(NTR) cells express higher levels of Cdh-11 protein and that siRNA-mediated knockdown of Cdh-11 resulted in a significant decrease in p75(NTR)-mediated glioblastoma cell migration. Therefore, we hypothesize that p75(NTR) can impact U87-MG glioblastoma cell migration in a γ-secretase-independent manner through modulation of specific genes, including Cdh-11, and that both γ-secretase-independent and -dependent mechanisms are involved in p75(NTR)-mediated U87-MG glioblastoma cell migration.
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Marioni G, Zanoletti E, Lovato A, Franchella S, Giacomelli L, Gianatti A, Mazzoni A, Blandamura S, Martini A. Relaxin-2 expression in temporal bone carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:3225-32. [PMID: 25388992 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Temporal bone squamous cell carcinoma (TBSCC) is an uncommon, aggressive malignancy with a significant local recurrence rate even in patients with postoperative pathology reports of free surgical margins. This raises the question of how "free" negative margins should be to be oncologically safe, especially in bone tissue. A potential role for relaxin-2 hormone in tumor-driven osteolysis has recently been reported. The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic role of relaxin-2 expression in TBSCC tissue specimens and pathologically negative bone margins. Relaxin-2 immunohistochemical expression was assessed in 25 consecutively operated TBSCC patients. Several pathological variables correlated with recurrence rate (pT stage, dura mater involvement), disease-free survival (DFS) (pT stage, pN status, grade, and dura mater involvement), and disease-specific survival (DSS) (pT stage, pN status, grade, and dura mater involvement). The recurrence rate, DFS, and DSS did not correlate with relaxin-2 expression in TBSCC specimens or pathologically negative bone margins. Although local recurrence in TBSCC could relate to neoplastic bone invasion not apparent on conventional pathological investigations, the present preliminary findings seem to rule out any role of relaxin-2 in mediating this local aggressiveness. Molecular mechanisms of TBSCC recurrence after curative treatment should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Marioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Zanoletti
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Lovato
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Franchella
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Gianatti
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Mazzoni
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Martini
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
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Dehghan F, Muniandy S, Yusof A, Salleh N. Sex-steroid regulation of relaxin receptor isoforms (RXFP1 & RXFP2) expression in the patellar tendon and lateral collateral ligament of female WKY rats. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:180-91. [PMID: 24465164 PMCID: PMC3894403 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The incidence of non-contact knee injury was found higher in female than in male and is related to the phases of the menstrual cycle. This raised the possibility that female sex-steroids are involved in the mechanism underlying this injury via affecting the expression of the receptors for relaxin, a peptide hormone known to modulate ligament laxity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of sex-steroids on relaxin receptor isoforms (RXFP1 & RXFP2) expression in the ligaments and tendons of the knee. METHODS Ovariectomized adult female WKY rats were treated with different doses of estrogen (0.2, 2, 20 μg/kg), progesterone (4mg) and testosterone (125 & 250μg/kg) for three consecutive days. At the end of the treatment, the animals were sacrificed and the patellar tendon and lateral collateral ligament were harvested for mRNA and protein expression analyses by Real Time PCR and Western blotting respectively. RESULTS RXFP1, the main isoform expressed in these knee structures and RXFP2 showed a dose-dependent increase in expression with estrogen. Progesterone treatment resulted in an increase while testosterone caused a dose-dependent decrease in the mRNA and protein expression of both relaxin receptor isoforms. DISCUSSION Progesterone and high dose estrogen up-regulate while testosterone down-regulates RXFP1 and RXFP2 expression in the patellar tendon and lateral collateral ligament of rat's knee. CONCLUSION Relaxin receptor isoforms up-regulation by progesterone and high dose estrogen could provide the basis for the reported increase in knee laxity while down-regulation of these receptor isoforms by testosterone could explain low incidence of non-contact knee injury in male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firouzeh Dehghan
- 1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sekaran Muniandy
- 2. Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ashril Yusof
- 3. Department of Physiology, Sport Center, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Naguib Salleh
- 1. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Bruell S, Kong RCK, Petrie EJ, Hoare B, Wade JD, Scott DJ, Gooley PR, Bathgate RAD. Chimeric RXFP1 and RXFP2 Receptors Highlight the Similar Mechanism of Activation Utilizing Their N-Terminal Low-Density Lipoprotein Class A Modules. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:171. [PMID: 24273532 PMCID: PMC3822782 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors 1 and 2 are unique G-protein coupled receptors in that they contain an N-terminal low-density lipoprotein type A (LDLa) module which is necessary for receptor activation. The current hypothesis suggests that upon ligand binding the LDLa module interacts with the transmembrane (TM) domain of a homodimer partner receptor to induce the active receptor conformations. We recently demonstrated that three residues in the N-terminus of the RXFP1 LDLa module are potentially involved in hydrophobic interactions with the receptor to drive activation. RXFP2 shares two out of three of the residues implicated, suggesting that the two LDLa modules could be interchanged without adversely affecting activity. However, in 2007 it was shown that a chimera consisting of the RXFP1 receptor with its LDLa swapped for that of RXFP2 did not signal. We noticed this construct also contained the RXFP2 region linking the LDLa to the leucine-rich repeats. We therefore constructed chimeric RXFP1 and RXFP2 receptors with their LDLa modules swapped immediately C-terminally to the final cysteine residue of the module, retaining the native linker. In addition, we exchanged the TM domains of the chimeras to explore if matching the LDLa module with the TM domain of its native receptor altered activity. All of the chimeras were expressed at the surface of HEK293T cells with ligand binding profiles similar to the wild-type receptors. Importantly, as predicted, ligand binding was able to induce cAMP-based signaling. Chimeras of RXFP1 with the LDLa of RXFP2 demonstrated reduced H2 relaxin potency with the pairing of the RXFP2 TM with the RXFP2 LDLa necessary for full ligand efficacy. In contrast the ligand-mediated potencies and efficacies on the RXFP2 chimeras were similar suggesting the RXFP1 LDLa module has similar efficacy on the RXFP2 TM domain. Our studies demonstrate the LDLa modules of RXFP1 and RXFP2 modulate receptor activation via a similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoni Bruell
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Melbourne, VIC , Australia ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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