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de Almeida W, Deniz BF, Souza Dos Santos A, Faustino AM, Ramires Junior OV, Schmitz F, Varela APM, Teixeira TF, Sesterheim P, Marques da Silva F, Roehe PM, Wyse AT, Pereira LO. Zika Virus affects neurobehavioral development, and causes oxidative stress associated to blood-brain barrier disruption in a rat model of congenital infection. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 112:29-41. [PMID: 37146656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus associated with several neurodevelopmental outcomes after in utero infection. Here, we studied a congenital ZIKV infection model with immunocompetent Wistar rats, able to predict disabilities and that could pave the way for proposing new effective therapies. We identified neurodevelopmental milestones disabilities in congenital ZIKV animals. Also, on 22nd postnatal day (PND), blood-brain barrier (BBB) proteins disturbances were detected in the hippocampus with immunocontent reduction of β_Catenin, Occludin and Conexin-43. Besides, oxidative stress imbalance on hippocampus and cortex were identified, without neuronal reduction in these structures. In conclusion, even without pups' microcephaly-like phenotype, congenital ZIKV infection resulted in neurobehavioral dysfunction associated with BBB and oxidative stress disturbances in young rats. Therefore, our findings highlighted the multiple impact of the congenital ZIKV infection on the neurodevelopment, which reinforces the continuity of studies to understand the spectrum of this impairment and to provide support to future treatment development for patients affected by congenital ZIKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Ferrary Deniz
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Souza Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Martins Faustino
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Osmar Vieira Ramires Junior
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Schmitz
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Muterle Varela
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Thais Fumaco Teixeira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Marques da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Michel Roehe
- Laboratório de Virologia, Departamento de Microbiologia Imunologia e Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Ts Wyse
- Laboratório de Neuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Saffarpour S, Nasirinezhad F. Ascorbic acid eliminated pain-induced peripheral neuropathy by modulation of nitric oxide pathway in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-019-0098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Günes DN, Kayacelebi AA, Hanff E, Lundgren J, Redfors B, Tsikas D. Metabolism and distribution of pharmacological homoarginine in plasma and main organs of the anesthetized rat. Amino Acids 2017; 49:2033-2044. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2465-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Delwing-de Lima D, Sasso S, Dalmedico L, Delwing-Dal Magro D, Pereira EM, Wyse ATS. Argininic acid alters markers of cellular oxidative damage in vitro: Protective role of antioxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:605-611. [PMID: 28554820 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We, herein, investigated the in vitro effects of argininic acid on thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBA-RS), total sulfhydryl content and on the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the blood, kidney and liver of 60-day-old rats. We also verified the influence of the antioxidants (each at 1.0mM) trolox and ascorbic acid, as well as of NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) at 1.0mM, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on the effects elicited by argininic acid on the parameters tested. The liver, renal cortex and renal medulla were homogenized in 10vol (1:10w/v) of 20mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 140mM KCl; and erythrocytes and plasma were prepared from whole blood samples obtained from rats. For in vitro experiments, the samples were pre-incubated for 1h at 37°C in the presence of argininic acid at final concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0μM. Control experiments were performed without the addition of argininic acid. Results showed that argininic acid (5.0μM) enhanced CAT and SOD activities and decreased GSH-Px activity in the erythrocytes, increased CAT and decreased GSH-Px activities in the renal cortex and decreased CAT and SOD activities in the renal medulla of 60-day-old rats, as compared to the control group. Antioxidants and/or L-NAME prevented most of the alterations caused by argininic acid on the oxidative stress parameters evaluated. Data suggest that argininic acid alters antioxidant defenses in the blood and kidney of rats; however, in the presence of antioxidants and L-NAME, most of these alterations in oxidative stress were prevented. These findings suggest that oxidative stress may be make an important contribution to the damage caused by argininic acid in hyperargininemic patients and that treatment with antioxidants may be beneficial in this pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Delwing-de Lima
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972, Joinville, SC, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972, Joinville, SC, Brazil.
| | - Simone Sasso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Meio Ambiente, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972, Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Leticia Dalmedico
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972, Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Débora Delwing-Dal Magro
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140, CEP 89012-900, Blumenau, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Manoel Pereira
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade da Região de Joinville - UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972, Joinville, SC, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Kayacelebi AA, Minović I, Hanff E, Frenay ARS, de Borst MH, Feelisch M, van Goor H, Bakker SJL, Tsikas D. Low plasma homoarginine concentration is associated with high rates of all-cause mortality in renal transplant recipients. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1193-1202. [PMID: 28429125 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In renal transplant recipients (RTR), we recently found that low urinary excretion of homoarginine (hArg) is associated with mortality and graft failure. However, it is not known whether such prospective associations also hold true for plasma concentrations of hArg. In the present study, we therefore determined plasma concentrations of hArg in the same cohort, i.e. in 687 RTR (functioning graft ≥1 year), and in 140 healthy donors, before and after kidney donation. Plasma hArg concentrations were significantly lower in RTR compared to healthy controls [1.24 (0.95-1.63) µM vs. 1.58 (1.31-2.03) µM, P < 0.001], and kidney donation resulted in a decrease in plasma hArg concentration to 1.41 (1.10-1.81) µM (P < 0.001). In RTR, multivariable linear regression analysis revealed BMI (β = 0.124), heart rate (β = -0.091), pre-emptive transplantation (β = 0.078), antidiabetic medication (β = -0.091), eGFR (β = 0.272), plasma PTH (β = -0.098), uric acid (β = 0.137), alkaline phosphatase (β = -0.100), HDL (β = -0.111), NT-pro-BNP (β = -0.166), and urinary urea excretion (β = 0.139) as main determinants of plasma hArg (all P < 0.05). In RTR, plasma hArg concentration was inversely associated with all-cause [hazard ratio (HR) 0.59 (95% CI 0.50-0.70), P < 0.001] and cardiovascular mortality [HR 0.50 (0.39-0.66), P < 0.001], both expressed per standard deviation change in log-transformed hArg, independent of potential confounders. To conclude, our results suggest that the kidney is a major hArg production site and an important modulator of hArg homeostasis in the renal and cardiovascular systems. Moreover, low plasma hArg is independently associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality in RTR, which corroborates the cardiovascular importance of preserving kidney function after transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arslan Arinc Kayacelebi
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isidor Minović
- Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Hanff
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Roos S Frenay
- Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin H de Borst
- Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Harry van Goor
- Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Comprehensive analysis of the L-arginine/L-homoarginine/nitric oxide pathway in preterm neonates: potential roles for homoarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine in foetal growth. Amino Acids 2017; 49:783-794. [PMID: 28161799 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2382-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
L-Arginine (Arg) and L-homoarginine (hArg) are precursors of nitric oxide (NO), a signalling molecule with multiple important roles in human organism. In the circulation of adults, high concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) and low concentrations of hArg emerged as cardiovascular risk factors. Yet, the importance of the Arg/hArg/NO pathway, especially of hArg and ADMA, in preterm neonates is little understood. We comprehensively investigated the Arg/hArg/NO pathway in 106 healthy preterm infants (51 boys, 55 girls) aged between 23 + 6 and 36 + 1 gestational weeks. Babies were divided into two groups: group I consisted of 31 babies with a gestational age of 23 + 6 - 29 + 6 weeks; group II comprised 75 children with a gestational age of 30 + 0 - 36 + 1 weeks. Plasma and urine concentrations of ADMA, SDMA, hArg, Arg, dimethylamine (DMA) which is the major urinary ADMA metabolite, as well as of nitrite and nitrate, the major NO metabolites, were determined by GC-MS and GC-MS/MS methods. ADMA and hArg plasma levels, but not the hArg/ADMA molar ratio, were significantly higher in group II than in group I: 895 ± 166 nM vs. 774 ± 164 nM (P = 0.001) for ADMA and 0.56 ± 0.04 µM vs. 0.48 ± 0.08 µM (P = 0.010) for hArg. There was no statistical difference between the groups with regard to urinary ADMA (12.2 ± 4.6 vs 12.8 ± 3.6 µmol/mmol creatinine; P = 0.61) and urinary SDMA. Urinary hArg, ADMA, SDMA correlated tightly with each other. Urinary excretion of DMA was slightly higher in group I compared to group II: 282 ± 44 vs. 247 ± 35 µmol/mmol creatinine (P = 0.004). The DMA/ADMA molar ratio in urine was tendentiously higher in neonates of group I compared to group II: 27 ± 13 vs. 20 ± 5 (P = 0.065). There were no differences between the groups with respect to Arg in plasma and to nitrite and nitrate in plasma and urine. In preterm neonates, ADMA and hArg biosynthesis increases with gestational age without remarkable changes in the hArg/ADMA ratio or NO biosynthesis. Our study suggests that ADMA and hArg are involved in foetal growth.
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Delwing-de Lima D, Delwing-Dal Magro D, Vieira CLP, Grola GMM, Fischer DA, de Souza Wyse AT. Hyperargininemia and renal oxidative stress: Prevention by antioxidants andNG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2016; 31:1-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Delwing-de Lima
- Departamento de Medicina; Universidade da Região de Joinville- UNIVILLE; Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972 Joinville SC Brazil
| | - Débora Delwing-Dal Magro
- Departamento de Ciências Naturais, Centro de Ciências Exatas e Naturais; Universidade Regional de Blumenau; Rua Antônio da Veiga, 140 CEP 89012-900 Blumenau SC Brazil
| | - Cindy Laís Pett Vieira
- Departamento de Farmácia; Universidade da Região de Joinville- UNIVILLE; Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972 Joinville SC Brazil
| | - Gislaine Maria Marestoni Grola
- Departamento de Farmácia; Universidade da Região de Joinville- UNIVILLE; Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972 Joinville SC Brazil
| | - Débora Adriana Fischer
- Departamento de Farmácia; Universidade da Região de Joinville- UNIVILLE; Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, CEP 89201-972 Joinville SC Brazil
| | - Angela Terezinha de Souza Wyse
- Laboratório deNeuroproteção e Doenças Neurometabólicas, Departamento de Bioquímica, ICBS; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Arginine intake is associated with oxidative stress in a general population. Nutrition 2016; 33:211-215. [PMID: 27641673 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the association between protein and arginine from meat intake and oxidative stress in a general population. METHODS Data came from the Health Survey for Sao Paulo (ISA-Capital), a cross-sectional population-based study in Brazil (N = 549 adults). Food intake was estimated by a 24-h dietary recall. Oxidative stress was estimated by malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in plasma. Analyses were performed using general linear regression models adjusted for some genetic, lifestyle, and biochemical confounders. RESULTS MDA levels were associated with meat intake (P for linear trend = 0.031), protein from meat (P for linear trend = 0.006), and arginine from meat (P for linear trend = 0.044) after adjustments for confounders: age, sex, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, intake of fruit and vegetables, energy and heterocyclic amines, C-reactive protein levels, and polymorphisms in GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase Mu 1) and GSTT1 (glutathione S-transferase theta 1) genes. Results were not significant for total protein and protein from vegetable intake (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS High protein and arginine from meat intake were associated with oxidative stress independently of genetic, lifestyle, and biochemical confounders in a population-based study. Our results suggested a novel link between high protein/arginine intake and oxidative stress, which is a major cause of age-related diseases.
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Hou Y, Hu S, Jia S, Nawaratna G, Che D, Wang F, Bazer FW, Wu G. Whole-body synthesis of L-homoarginine in pigs and rats supplemented with L-arginine. Amino Acids 2016; 48:993-1001. [PMID: 26676627 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest an important role for L-homoarginine in cardiovascular, hepatic and neurological functions, as well as the regulation of glucose metabolism. However, little is known about whole-body L-homoarginine synthesis or its response to dietary L-arginine intake in animals. Four series of experiments were conducted to determine L-homoarginine synthesis and catabolism in pigs and rats. In Experiment 1, male and female pigs were fed a corn- and soybean meal-based diet supplemented with 0.0-2.42 % L-arginine-HCl. In Experiment 2, male and female rats were fed a casein-based diet, while receiving drinking water containing supplemental L-arginine-HCl to provide 0.0-3.6 g L-arginine/kg body-weight/day. In both experiments, urine collected from the animals for 24 h was analyzed for L-homoarginine and related metabolites. In Experiment 3, pigs and rats received a single oral dose of 1 or 10 mg L-homoarginine/kg body-weight, respectively, and their urine was collected for 24 h for analyses of L-homoarginine and related substances. In Experiment 4, slices of pig and rat tissues (including liver, brain, kidney, heart, and skeletal-muscle) were incubated for 1 h in Krebs-bicarbonate buffer containing 5 or 50 µM L-homoarginine. Our results indicated that: (a) animal tissues did not degrade L-homoarginine in the presence of physiological concentrations of other amino-acids; (b) 95-96 % of orally administered L-homoarginine was recovered in urine; (c) L-homoarginine was quantitatively a minor product of L-arginineg catabolism in the body; and (d) dietary L-arginine supplementation dose-dependently increased whole-body L-homoarginine synthesis. These novel findings provide a new framework for future studies of L-homoarginine metabolism and physiology in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety,, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shengdi Hu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Sichao Jia
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Gayan Nawaratna
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Dongsheng Che
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fenglai Wang
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety,, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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