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Zierath DK, Davidson S, Manoukian J, Knox KM, White HS, Meeker S, Ericsson A, Barker-Haliski M. Diet composition and sterilization modifies intestinal microbiome diversity and burden of Theiler's virus infection-induced acute seizures. Epilepsia 2024; 65:1777-1790. [PMID: 38491947 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) in C57BL/6J mice can induce acquired epileptogenesis. Diet alters acute seizure incidence in TMEV-infected mice; yet it is unclear whether intestinal dysbiosis may also impact acute or chronic behavioral comorbidities. This study thus assessed the impact of diet formulation and sterilization on acute seizure presentation, gut microbiome composition, and epilepsy-related chronic behavioral comorbidities. METHODS Baseline fecal samples were collected from male C57BL/6J mice (4- to 5-weeks-old; Jackson Labs) upon facility arrival. Mice were randomized to either autoclaved (AC) or irradiated diet (IR) (Prolab RMH 3000) or IR (Picolab 5053). Three days later, mice underwent intracerebral TMEV or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) injection. Fecal samples were collected from a subset of mice at infection (Day 0) and Day 7 post-infection. Epilepsy-related working memory deficits and seizure threshold were assessed 6 weeks post-infection. Gut microbiome diversity was determined by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of fecal samples. RESULTS TMEV-infected mice displayed acute handling-induced seizures, regardless of diet: 28 of 57 IR Picolab 5053 (49.1%), 30 of 41 IR Prolab RMH 3000 (73.2%), and 47 of 77 AC Prolab RMH 3000 (61%) mice displayed seizures. The number of observed seizures differed significantly by diet: IR Picolab 5053 diet-fed mice had 2.2 ± 2.8 seizures (mean ± standard deviation), IR Prolab RMH 3000 diet-fed mice had 3.5 ± 2.9 seizures, and AC Prolab RMH 3000 diet-fed mice had 4.4 ± 3.8 seizures during the 7-day monitoring period. Gut microbiome composition differed significantly in TMEV-infected mice fed the AC Prolab RMH 3000 diet, with measured differences in gram-positive bacteria. These mice also displayed worsened long-term working memory deficits. SIGNIFICANCE Diet-induced differences in intestinal dysbiosis in the TMEV model are associated with marked changes in acute seizure presentation, symptomatic recovery, and onset of chronic behavioral comorbidities of epilepsy. Our study reveals a novel disease-modifying impact of dietary manipulation on intestinal bacterial species after TMEV-induced acute seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle K Zierath
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie Davidson
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan Manoukian
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin M Knox
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stacey Meeker
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Aaron Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Melissa Barker-Haliski
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Bensken WP, Alberti PM, Khan OI, Williams SM, Stange KC, Vaca GFB, Jobst BC, Sajatovic M, Koroukian SM. A framework for health equity in people living with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2022; 188:107038. [PMID: 36332544 PMCID: PMC9797034 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disease where disparities and inequities in risk and outcomes are complex and multifactorial. While most epilepsy research to date has identified several key areas of disparities, we set out to provide a multilevel life course model of epilepsy development, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes to highlight how these disparities represent true inequities. Our piece also presents three hypothetical cases that highlight how the solutions to address inequities may vary across the lifespan. We then identify four key domains (structural, socio-cultural, health care, and physiological) that contribute to the persistence of inequities in epilepsy risk and outcomes in the United States. Each of these domains, and their core components in the context of epilepsy, are reviewed and discussed. Further, we highlight the connection between domains and key areas of intervention to strive towards health equity. The goal of this work is to highlight these domains while also providing epilepsy researchers and clinicians with broader context of how their work fits into health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt P Bensken
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Philip M Alberti
- AAMC Center for Health Justice, Association of American Medical Colleges, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Omar I Khan
- Epilepsy Center of Excellence, Baltimore VA Medical Center US Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kurt C Stange
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Community Health Integration, Departments of Family Medicine & Community Health, and Sociology Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Guadalupe Fernandez-Baca Vaca
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Barbara C Jobst
- Department of Neurology, Geisel School of Medicine Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Martha Sajatovic
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department Psychiatry, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Siran M Koroukian
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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USE OF KETOGENIC DIET THERAPY IN EPILEPSY WITH MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION: A SYSTEMATIC AND CRITICAL REVIEW. BIOTECHNOLOGIA ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/biotech15.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of molecular techniques over time more than %60 of epilepsy has associated with mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction. Ketogenic diet (KD) has been used in the treatment of epilepsy since the 1920s. Aim. To evaluate the evidence behind KD in mt dysfunction in epilepsy. Methods. Databases PubMed, Google Scholar and MEDLINE were searched in an umbrella approach to 12 March 2021 in English. To identify relevant studies specific search strategies were devised for the following topics: (1) mitochondrial dysfunction (2) epilepsy (3) KD treatment. Results. From 1794 papers, 36 articles were included in analysis: 16 (%44.44) preclinical studies, 11 (%30.55) case reports, 9 (%25) clinical studies. In all the preclinic studies, KD regulated the number of mt profiles, transcripts of metabolic enzymes and encoding mt proteins, protected the mice against to seizures and had an anticonvulsant mechanism. Case reports and clinical trials have reported patients with good results in seizure control and mt functions, although not all of them give good results as well as preclinical. Conclusion. Healthcare institutions, researchers, neurologists, health promotion organizations, and dietitians should consider these results to improve KD programs and disease outcomes for mt dysfunction in epilepsy.
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Use of alternative protein sources for fishmeal replacement in the diet of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Part II: effects of supplementation with methionine or taurine on growth, feed utilization, and health. Amino Acids 2021; 53:49-62. [PMID: 33398521 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fishmeal has long been a staple protein feedstuff for fish, but its global shortage and high price have prompted its replacement with alternative sustainable sources. In this experiment involving largemouth bass (a carnivorous fish), a new mixture of feedstuffs (45% poultry byproduct meal, 30% soybean meal, 15% blood meal, and 10% krill shrimp meal) was added to low (14.5%) fishmeal diets along with 0.0%, 0.5% taurine, 0.5% methionine, or 0.5% taurine plus 0.5% methionine (dry matter basis). The positive control diet [65.3% fishmeal (46% crude protein on dry matter basis)] and all low-fishmeal diets contained 40% true protein and 10% lipids. There were 3 tanks per treatment group (20 fish/tank). Fish with the mean initial body weight of 16.6 g were fed to satiety twice daily. Compared with the unsupplemented low-fishmeal group, supplementing either 0.5% methionine or 0.5% methionine plus 0.5% taurine to the low-fishmeal diet improved (P < 0.05) the growth, feed utilization, retention of dietary protein and lipids, and health of largemouth bass, reduced (P < 0.05) the occurrence of black skin syndrome from ~ 40 to ~ 10%. Histological sections of tissues from the fish with black skin syndrome showed retina degeneration, liver damage, and enteritis in the intestine. Compared with methionine supplementation, supplementing 0.5% taurine alone to the low-fishmeal diet did not affect the growth or feed efficiency of fish and had less beneficial effects (P < 0.05) on ameliorating the black skin syndrome. These results indicated that: (a) the basal low-fishmeal diet was inadequate in methionine or taurine; and (b) dietary supplementation with methionine was an effective method to improve the growth performance, feed efficiency, and health of largemouth bass. Further studies are warranted to understand the pathogenesis of the black skin syndrome in largemouth bass.
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Li X, Zheng S, Han T, Song F, Wu G. Effects of dietary protein intake on the oxidation of glutamate, glutamine, glucose and palmitate in tissues of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Amino Acids 2020; 52:1491-1503. [PMID: 33161445 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wells J, Swaminathan A, Paseka J, Hanson C. Efficacy and Safety of a Ketogenic Diet in Children and Adolescents with Refractory Epilepsy-A Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061809. [PMID: 32560503 PMCID: PMC7353240 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy in the pediatric and adolescent populations is a devastating condition where individuals are prone to recurrent epileptic seizures or changes in behavior or movement that is the direct result of a primary change in the electrical activity in the brain. Although many children with epilepsy will have seizures controlled with antiseizure medications (ASMs), a large percentage of patients are refractory to drug therapy and may consider initiating a ketogenic diet. The term Ketogenic Diet or Ketogenic Diet Therapy (KDT) refers to any diet therapy in which dietary composition results in a ketogenic state of human metabolism. Currently, there are 4 major Ketogenic diet therapies—the classic ketogenic diet (cKD), the modified Atkins diet (MAD), the medium chain triglyceride ketogenic diet (MCTKD) and the low glycemic index treatment (LGIT). The compositions of the 4 main KDTs differ and limited evidence to distinguish the efficacy among different diets currently exists. Although it is apparent that more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and long-term studies are needed to evaluate efficacy, side effects and individual response to the diet, it is imperative to study and understand the metabolic profiles of patients with epilepsy in order to isolate which dietary restrictions are necessary to maximize clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Wells
- College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4045, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Arun Swaminathan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 988440 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-8440, USA;
| | - Jenna Paseka
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Nutrition Care, Nebraska Medicine 4350 Dewey Ave, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
| | - Corrine Hanson
- College of Allied Health Professions, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984045 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4045, USA;
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Berk BA, Law TH, Packer RMA, Wessmann A, Bathen‐Nöthen A, Jokinen TS, Knebel A, Tipold A, Pelligand L, Meads Z, Volk HA. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of medium-chain triglyceride dietary supplementation on epilepsy in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1248-1259. [PMID: 32293065 PMCID: PMC7255680 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) enriched diet has a positive effect on seizure control and behavior in some dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the short-term efficacy of MCTs administered as an add-on dietary supplement (DS) to a variable base diet to assess seizure control and antiseizure drug's (ASD) adverse effect profiles. ANIMALS Twenty-eight dogs with International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force Tier II (IVETF) level diagnosis of treated IE with 3 or more seizures in the last 3 months were used. METHODS A 6-month multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial was completed, comparing an MCT-DS with a control-DS. A 9% metabolic energy-based amount of MCT or control oil was supplemented to the dogs' diet for 3 months, followed by a control oil or MCT for another 3 months, respectively. Dogs enrolled in this study satisfied most requirements of IE diagnosis stated by the IVETF II level. If they received an oil DS or drugs that could influence the metabolism of the investigated DS or chronic ASD, the chronic ASD medication was adjusted, or other causes of epilepsy were found, the dogs were excluded from the study. RESULTS Seizure frequency (median 2.51/month [0-6.67] versus 2.67/month [0-10.45]; P = .02) and seizure-day frequency were significantly (1.68/month [0-5.60] versus 1.99/month [0-7.42], P = .01) lower when dogs were fed MCT-DS in comparison with the control-DS. Two dogs were free of seizures, 3 had ≥50% and 12 had <50% reductions in seizure frequency, and 11 dogs showed no change or an increase in seizure frequency. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE These data show antiseizure properties of an MCT-DS compared to a control oil and support former evidence for the efficacy of MCTs as a nutritive, management option for a subpopulation of drug-resistant dogs with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Berk
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
- BrainCheck.PetMannheimGermany
| | - Tsz H. Law
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Rowena M. A. Packer
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | | | | | - Tarja S. Jokinen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Equine and Small Animal MedicineHelsinkiFinland
| | - Anna Knebel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHanoverGermany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHanoverGermany
| | - Ludovic Pelligand
- Department of Comparative Biomedical SciencesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Zoe Meads
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesRoyal Veterinary CollegeHatfieldUK
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of Veterinary MedicineHanoverGermany
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He W, Wu G. Metabolism of Amino Acids in the Brain and Their Roles in Regulating Food Intake. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1265:167-185. [PMID: 32761576 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45328-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) and their metabolites play an important role in neurological health and function. They are not only the building blocks of protein but are also neurotransmitters. In the brain, glutamate and aspartate are the major excitatory neurotransmitters, whereas γ-aminobutyrate (GABA, a metabolite of glutamate) and glycine are the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Nitric oxide (NO, a metabolite of arginine), H2S (a metabolite of cysteine), serotonin (a metabolite of tryptophan) and histamine (a metabolite of histidine), as well as dopamine and norepinephrine (metabolites of tyrosine) are neurotransmitters to modulate synaptic plasticity, neuronal activity, learning, motor control, motivational behavior, emotion, and executive function. Concentrations of glutamine (a precursor of glutamate and aspartate), branched-chain AAs (precursors of glutamate, glutamine and aspartate), L-serine (a precursor of glycine and D-serine), methionine and phenylalanine in plasma are capable of affecting neurotransmission through the syntheses of glutamate, aspartate, and glycine, as well as the competitive transport of tryptophan and tyrosine across from the blood-brain barrier. Adequate consumption of AAs is crucial to maintain their concentrations and the production of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. Thus, the content and balance of AAs in diets have a profound impact on food intake by animals. Knowledge of AA transport and metabolism in the brain is beneficial for improving the health and well-being of humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Hu S, Zhang C, Chen P, Gu P, Zhang J, Wang B. Predicting drug-target interactions from drug structure and protein sequence using novel convolutional neural networks. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:689. [PMID: 31874614 PMCID: PMC6929541 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate identification of potential interactions between drugs and protein targets is a critical step to accelerate drug discovery. Despite many relative experimental researches have been done in the past decades, detecting drug-target interactions (DTIs) remains to be extremely resource-intensive and time-consuming. Therefore, many computational approaches have been developed for predicting drug-target associations on a large scale. Results In this paper, we proposed an deep learning-based method to predict DTIs only using the information of drug structures and protein sequences. The final results showed that our method can achieve good performance with the accuracies up to 92.0%, 90.0%, 92.0% and 90.7% for the target families of enzymes, ion channels, GPCRs and nuclear receptors of our created dataset, respectively. Another dataset derived from DrugBank was used to further assess the generalization of the model, which yielded an accuracy of 0.9015 and an AUC value of 0.9557. Conclusion It was elucidated that our model shows improved performance in comparison with other state-of-the-art computational methods on the common benchmark datasets. Experimental results demonstrated that our model successfully extracted more nuanced yet useful features, and therefore can be used as a practical tool to discover new drugs. Availability http://deeplearner.ahu.edu.cn/web/CnnDTI.htm.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShanShan Hu
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Computer Science and Technology, Anhui University, Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China. .,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China. .,Cadre's Ward (South District), The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Pengying Gu
- Cadre's Ward (South District), The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, 243032, China
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Gzielo K, Soltys Z, Rajfur Z, Setkowicz ZK. The Impact of the Ketogenic Diet on Glial Cells Morphology. A Quantitative Morphological Analysis. Neuroscience 2019; 413:239-251. [PMID: 31220541 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ketogenic diet is reported to protect against cognitive decline, drug-resistant epilepsy, Alzheimer's Disease, damaging effect of ischemic stroke and many neurological diseases. Despite mounting evidence that this dietary treatment works, the exact mechanism of its protective activity is largely unknown. Ketogenic diet acts systemically, not only changing GABA signaling in neurons, but also influencing the reliance on mitochondrial respiration, known to be disrupted in many neurological diseases. Normally, human body is driven by glucose while ketogenic diet mimics starvation and energy required for proper functioning comes from fatty acids oxidation. In the brain astrocytes are believed to be the sole neural cells capable of fatty oxidation. Here we try to explain that not exclusively neurons, but also morphological changes of astroglia and/or microglia due to different metabolic state are important for the mechanism underlying the protective role of ketogenic diet. By quantifying different parameters describing cellular morphology like ramification index or fractal dimension and using Principal Component Analysis to discover the regularities between them, we demonstrate that in normal adult rat brain, ketogenic diet itself is able to change glial morphology, indicating an important role of these underappreciated cells in the brain metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gzielo
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Z Soltys
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Z Rajfur
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Z K Setkowicz
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Radlicz C, Chambers A, Olis E, Kuebler D. The addition of a lipid-rich dietary supplement eliminates seizure-like activity and paralysis in the drosophila bang sensitive mutants. Epilepsy Res 2019; 155:106153. [PMID: 31260938 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect that a diet supplemented with KetoCal 4:1, a commercially available dietary formula consisting of a 4:1 ratio of fats to carbohydrates plus proteins, had on the seizure-like activity (SLA) and paralysis normally exhibited by the Drosophila Bang-sensitive (BS) paralytic mutants following mechanical shock. METHODS Given that dietary changes are known to reduce seizures in humans and animal models, three BS mutants, easily-shocked (eas), bang-senseless (parabss), and technical knockout (tko), were fed a standard cornmeal/yeast/sugar diet supplemented with 10% KetoCal 4:1 (KetoCal-sup diet). Newly eclosed BS flies were fed this diet for 3-7 days and the effect this had on SLA, paralysis, locomotor activity, triglyceride levels, and glucose levels was examined. RESULTS All three genotypes displayed significant reductions in SLA and BS sensitivity following mechanical shock. After only 3 days on the diet, 95% of tko flies no longer exhibited SLA or paralysis, and near complete suppression of the BS phenotype was seen by day 7. In the case of eas, there was a 78% reduction of SLA after 3 days on the diet and SLA was completely suppressed by day 7. The parabss flies showed a similar but less robust reduction of SLA on the diet as there was only a 68% reduction of SLA and paralysis following 7 days on the diet. The diet did not suppress activity globally as tko flies had increased basal locomotor activity on the diet while the parabss and eas flies showed no significant change in basal activity. The KetoCal-sup diet did not significantly alter the triglyceride levels or the total glucose levels in the BS mutants. In addition, the SLA and BS suppression was maintained even when the BS mutants were transitioned back to a standard fly diet. CONCLUSIONS The SLA and paralysis associated with the Drosophila BS phenotype can be effectively suppressed by transient exposure to a KetoCal-sup diet. This suppression was not dependent upon long term maintenance of the diet and it was not associated with alterations in total glucose or triglyceride levels in these flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Radlicz
- Department of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States
| | - Andrew Chambers
- Department of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States
| | - Emily Olis
- Department of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States
| | - Daniel Kuebler
- Department of Biology, Franciscan University of Steubenville, Steubenville, OH, United States.
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A double-blinded randomised dietary supplement crossover trial design to investigate the short-term influence of medium chain fatty acid (MCT) supplement on canine idiopathic epilepsy: study protocol. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:181. [PMID: 31146740 PMCID: PMC6543566 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1915-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epilepsy is the most common brain disease in dogs. Recently, diets have been reported to have a positive impact on seizure activity and behaviour in various species including dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE). Historically, classic high fat ketogenic diets (KD) and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) KD have been successfully used to manage drug-resistant epilepsy. Similarly, an MCT enriched diet has been shown to improve seizure control and behavioural comorbidities in some dogs with IE. However, it is unknown whether an MCT dietary supplement (DS) may provide similar positive effects. Methods A 6-month prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover, multicentre dietary trial is designed comparing a 9% metabolic energy based calculated medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil supplement to a conventional ‘control’ DS. Only dogs which will have an International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force Tier II level like diagnosis of IE which satisfied the following inclusion criteria are included: age between 6 months and ≤ 12 years; weighing between 4 and ≤ 65 kg; unremarkable interictal neurological examinations; no clinically significant findings on routine laboratory diagnostics; unremarkable brain MRI scan; have had at least 3 seizures in the previous 3 months prior to enrolment; treated with at least one ASD and being classified as resistant. All dogs are fed initially for 90 ± 2 days with either the control oil or the MCT oil alongside their normal diet, followed by 97 ± 2 days with the other supplement including a 7-day washout period. Overall, the aim is to recruit thirty-six patients at five different centres and to investigate the effect of MCTs as DS on seizure activity, tolerability, behavioural comorbidities and quality of life (QoL). Discussion Dietary interventions are rarely studied in a standardised form in veterinary medicine. The background diet, the cohort of animals and ASD received is standardised in this prospective diet trial to ensure representative data about the potential effect of MCT DS. If the study data confirms former findings, this would provide further evidence for the efficacy of MCTs as a management option for canine epilepsy. This publication should offer a repository of trial conditions and variable description with forecasted statistical analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-019-1915-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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De Giorgis V, Masnada S, Varesio C, Chiappedi MA, Zanaboni M, Pasca L, Filippini M, Macasaet JA, Valente M, Ferraris C, Tagliabue A, Veggiotti P. Overall cognitive profiles in patients with GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome. Brain Behav 2019; 9:e01224. [PMID: 30714351 PMCID: PMC6422708 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucose Transporter Type I Deficiency Syndrome (GLUT1DS) classical symptoms are seizures, involuntary movements, and cognitive impairment but so far the literature has not devoted much attention to the last. METHODS In our retrospective study involving 25 patients with established GLUT1DS diagnosis, we describe the cognitive impairment of these patients in detail and their response to the ketogenic diet in terms of cognitive improvement. RESULTS We outlined a specific cognitive profile where performance skills were more affected than verbal ones, with prominent deficiencies in visuospatial and visuomotor abilities. We demonstrated the efficacy of ketogenic diet (KD) on cognitive outcome, with particular improvement tin total and verbal IQ; we found that timing of KD introduction was inversely related to IQ outcome: the later the starting of KD, the lower the IQ, more notable nonverbal scale (verbal IQ correlation coefficient -0.634, p-value = 0.015). We found a significant direct correlation between cognition and CSF/blood glucose ratio values: the higher the ratio, the better the cognitive improvement in response to diet (from T0-baseline evaluation to T1 on average 18 months after introduction of KD-: TIQ correlation coefficient 0.592, p-value = 0.26; VIQ correlation coefficient 0.555, p-value = 0.039). Finally, we demonstrated that a longer duration of treatment is necessary to find an improvement in patients with "severely low ratio." CONCLUSION Our results were consistent with the hypothesis that timing of the diet introduction is a predictive factor of cognitive outcome in these patients, confirming that earlier initiation of the diet may prevent the onset of all GLUT1DS symptoms: epilepsy, movement disorders, and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Giorgis
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Masnada
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Costanza Varesio
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Brain and Behavior Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo A Chiappedi
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Martina Zanaboni
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Ludovica Pasca
- Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Brain and Behavior Department, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa Filippini
- Child Neurology Unit, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joyce A Macasaet
- Department of Neurosciences, Makati Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Marialuisa Valente
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS ''C. Mondino'' National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ferraris
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Tagliabue
- Human Nutrition and Eating Disorder Research Center, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Veggiotti
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, "V. Buzzi" Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Department, L Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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15
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Finsterer J. Genotype/Phenotype Issues of CARS2 Variants. Pediatr Neurol 2019; 91:73. [PMID: 30389111 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, and Messerli Institute, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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16
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D'Andrea Meira I, Romão TT, Pires do Prado HJ, Krüger LT, Pires MEP, da Conceição PO. Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy: What We Know So Far. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:5. [PMID: 30760973 PMCID: PMC6361831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ketogenic Diet (KD) is a modality of treatment used since the 1920s as a treatment for intractable epilepsy. It has been proposed as a dietary treatment that would produce similar benefits to fasting, which is already recorded in the Hippocratic collection. The KD has a high fat content (90%) and low protein and carbohydrate. Evidence shows that KD and its variants are a good alternative for non-surgical pharmacoresistant patients with epilepsy of any age, taking into account that the type of diet should be designed individually and that less-restrictive and more-palatable diets are usually better options for adults and adolescents. This review discusses the KD, including the possible mechanisms of action, applicability, side effects, and evidence for its efficacy, and for the more-palatable diets such as the Modified Atkins Diet (MAD) and the Low Glycemic Index Diet (LGID) in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella D'Andrea Meira
- Epilepsy Department, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Neurology Department, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tayla Taynan Romão
- Neurology Department, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Henrique Jannuzzelli Pires do Prado
- Epilepsy Department, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Neurology Department, Federal Fluminense University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lia Theophilo Krüger
- Epilepsy Department, Paulo Niemeyer State Brain Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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17
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Liu Q, Chen P, Wang B, Zhang J, Li J. Hot spot prediction in protein-protein interactions by an ensemble system. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:132. [PMID: 30598091 PMCID: PMC6311905 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0665-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hot spot residues are functional sites in protein interaction interfaces. The identification of hot spot residues is time-consuming and laborious using experimental methods. In order to address the issue, many computational methods have been developed to predict hot spot residues. Moreover, most prediction methods are based on structural features, sequence characteristics, and/or other protein features. RESULTS This paper proposed an ensemble learning method to predict hot spot residues that only uses sequence features and the relative accessible surface area of amino acid sequences. In this work, a novel feature selection technique was developed, an auto-correlation function combined with a sliding window technique was applied to obtain the characteristics of amino acid residues in protein sequence, and an ensemble classifier with SVM and KNN base classifiers was built to achieve the best classification performance. CONCLUSION The experimental results showed that our model yields the highest F1 score of 0.92 and an MCC value of 0.87 on ASEdb dataset. Compared with other machine learning methods, our model achieves a big improvement in hot spot prediction. AVAILABILITY http://deeplearner.ahu.edu.cn/web/HotspotEL.htm .
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanya Liu
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243032, China. .,School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Ma'anshan, Anhui, 243032, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China.
| | - Jinyan Li
- Advanced Analytics Institute and Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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18
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Investigating owner use of dietary supplements in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. Res Vet Sci 2018; 119:276-284. [PMID: 30064067 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most common chronic neurological disorder in dogs. Some diets have been shown to have a positive impact upon the seizure activity in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (IE), while other diets and dietary supplements (DS), although marketed as providing health benefits, lack conclusive scientific evidence on their actual beneficial effects. A web-based owner questionnaire was designed to assess how and why owners of dogs with IE use different dietary regimes and DS. The study cohort, with 297 valid responses, consisted mainly of pure-breed (82.5%) male neutered (52.9%) dogs. Over two-thirds of owners (67.7%) changed their dog's diet after their dog received a diagnosis of IE. Nearly half of the owners (45.8%) reported giving DS, the most common being coconut oil or derived medium-chain triglyceride oil (71.3%). Some owner justifications of DS use included improvement of seizure frequency (88.2%), seizure severity (61.8%) and protection from potential drug side effects (62.5%). Many owners give DS to their dog with IE. The pharmacokinetic properties of anti-epileptic drugs, such as efficacy, absorption and clearance can be influenced by other medications, diets and possibly by DS. We propose that use of DS should be considered and monitored by veterinary surgeons in epilepsy management.
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19
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Taurine supplementation to anti-seizure drugs as the promising approach to treat pharmacoresistant epilepsy: A pre-clinical study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijep.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractBackground Pharmacoresistance leads to severe, irreversible disabilities and premature death in ∼30% cases of epilepsy despite adequate and appropriate treatment with available anti-seizure drugs (ASDs) without any underlying cause. In light of the large body of evidence which suggests the anti-seizure action of taurine in experimental animals and its wide safety margins in human, supplementation of this inhibitory amino-sulfonic acid to available ASDs seems promising to treat pharmacoresistant epilepsy.Methods We examined the anti-seizure effect of lamotrigine (15 mg/kg), levetiracetam (40 mg/kg), carbamazepine (40 mg/kg), phenytoin (35 mg/kg) & taurine (50, 100 & 200 mg/kg) in lamotrigine pre-treated pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice (LPK) which mimic core features of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, either alone ASDs or in combinations whereby three different doses of taurine were supplemented with tested ASDs.Results Both, the ASDs and the taurine were failed to suppress generalized tonic-clonic seizures in LPK mice. However, taurine supplementation clearly restored the anti-seizure effect of tested ASDs. Further neurochemical studies revealed that higher levels of taurine in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex restored the imbalance between major excitatory neurotransmitters glutamate & its inhibitory counterpart GABA.Conclusions These findings emphasize that supplementation of taurine with ASDs may be useful to treat pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Thus, further clinical validation is encouraged.
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20
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Barry D, Ellul S, Watters L, Lee D, Haluska R, White R. The ketogenic diet in disease and development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 68:53-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Barry
- Department of Anatomy Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublin, 2Ireland
| | - Sarah Ellul
- Department of Anatomy Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublin, 2Ireland
| | - Lindsey Watters
- Department of Anatomy Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublin, 2Ireland
| | - David Lee
- Department of Anatomy Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublin, 2Ireland
| | - Robert Haluska
- Department of BiologyWestfield State University577 Western AvenueWestfieldMA01085United States
| | - Robin White
- Department of BiologyWestfield State University577 Western AvenueWestfieldMA01085United States
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21
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Heischmann S, Gano LB, Quinn K, Liang LP, Klepacki J, Christians U, Reisdorph N, Patel M. Regulation of kynurenine metabolism by a ketogenic diet. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:958-966. [PMID: 29605816 PMCID: PMC5983405 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KDs) are increasingly utilized as treatments for epilepsy, other neurological diseases, and cancer. Despite their long history in suppressing seizures, the distinct molecular mechanisms of action of KDs are still largely unknown. The goal of this study was to identify key metabolites and pathways altered in the hippocampus and plasma of rats fed a KD versus control diet (CD) either ad libitum or calorically restricted to 90% of the recommended intake. This was accomplished using a combination of targeted methods and untargeted MS-based metabolomics analyses. Various metabolites of and related to the tryptophan (TRP) degradation pathway, such as kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid as well as enzyme cofactors, showed significant changes between groups fed different diets and/or calorie amounts in plasma and/or the hippocampus. KYN was significantly downregulated in both matrices in animals of the CD-calorically restricted, KD-ad libitum, and KD-calorically restricted groups compared with the CD-ad libitum group. Our data suggest that the TRP degradation pathway is a key target of the KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Heischmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Lindsey B Gano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Li-Ping Liang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jacek Klepacki
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Uwe Christians
- iC42 Clinical Research and Development, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Manisha Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045.
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22
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The mechanisms mediating the antiepileptic effects of the ketogenic diet, and potential opportunities for improvement with metabolism-altering drugs. Seizure 2017; 52:15-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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23
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Bazzigaluppi P, Ebrahim Amini A, Weisspapir I, Stefanovic B, Carlen PL. Hungry Neurons: Metabolic Insights on Seizure Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112269. [PMID: 29143800 PMCID: PMC5713239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy afflicts up to 1.6% of the population and the mechanisms underlying the appearance of seizures are still not understood. In past years, many efforts have been spent trying to understand the mechanisms underlying the excessive and synchronous firing of neurons. Traditionally, attention was pointed towards synaptic (dys)function and extracellular ionic species (dys)regulation. Recently, novel clinical and preclinical studies explored the role of brain metabolism (i.e., glucose utilization) of seizures pathophysiology revealing (in most cases) reduced metabolism in the inter-ictal period and increased metabolism in the seconds preceding and during the appearance of seizures. In the present review, we summarize the clinical and preclinical observations showing metabolic dysregulation during epileptogenesis, seizure initiation, and termination, and in the inter-ictal period. Recent preclinical studies have shown that 2-Deoxyglucose (2-DG, a glycolysis blocker) is a novel therapeutic approach to reduce seizures. Furthermore, we present initial evidence for the effectiveness of 2-DG in arresting 4-Aminopyridine induced neocortical seizures in vivo in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bazzigaluppi
- Krembil Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Medical Biophysics, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Azin Ebrahim Amini
- Krembil Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
- Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada.
| | - Iliya Weisspapir
- Krembil Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
| | - Bojana Stefanovic
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Medical Biophysics, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada.
| | - Peter L Carlen
- Krembil Research Institute, Fundamental Neurobiology, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada.
- Department of Medicine & Physiology, and Institute of Biomaterials & Biomedical Engineering (IBBME), University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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24
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Wang D, Yu Z, Yan J, Xue F, Ren G, Jiang C, Wang W, Piao Y, Yang X. Photolysis of Caged-GABA Rapidly Terminates Seizures In Vivo: Concentration and Light Intensity Dependence. Front Neurol 2017; 8:215. [PMID: 28572790 PMCID: PMC5435768 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapy of focal epilepsy remains unsatisfactory for as many as 25% of patients. The photolysis of caged-γ-aminobutyric acid (caged-GABA) represents a novel and alternative option for the treatment of intractable epilepsy. Our previous experimental results have demonstrated that the use of blue light produced by light-emitting diode to uncage ruthenium-bipyridine-triphenylphosphine-c-GABA (RuBi-GABA) can rapidly terminate paroxysmal seizure activity both in vitro and in vivo. However, the optimal concentration of RuBi-GABA, and the intensity of illumination to abort seizures, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the optimal anti-seizure effects of RuBi-GABA by using implantable fibers to introduce blue light into the neocortex of a 4-aminopyridine-induced acute seizure model in rats. We then investigated the effects of different combinations of RuBi-GABA concentrations and light intensity upon seizure. Our results show that the anti-seizure effect of RuBi-GABA has obvious concentration and light intensity dependence. This is the first example of using an implantable device for the photolysis of RuBi-GABA in the therapy of neocortical seizure, and an optimal combination of RuBi-GABA concentration and light intensity was explored. These results provide important experimental data for future clinical translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Neuroelectrophysiological Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhixin Yu
- Neuroelectrophysiological Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqing Yan
- College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fenqin Xue
- Core Facilities Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoping Ren
- Neuroelectrophysiological Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chenxi Jiang
- Neuroelectrophysiological Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueshan Piao
- Department of Pathology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Neuroelectrophysiological Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.,Center of Epilepsy, Center for Brain Disorders Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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25
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Paleologou E, Ismayilova N, Kinali M. Use of the Ketogenic Diet to Treat Intractable Epilepsy in Mitochondrial Disorders. J Clin Med 2017; 6:E56. [PMID: 28587136 PMCID: PMC5483866 DOI: 10.3390/jcm6060056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders are a clinically heterogeneous group of disorders that are caused by defects in the respiratory chain, the metabolic pathway of the adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) production system. Epilepsy is a common and important feature of these disorders and its management can be challenging. Epileptic seizures in the context of mitochondrial disease are usually treated with conventional anti-epileptic medication, apart from valproic acid. However, in accordance with the treatment of intractable epilepsy where there are limited treatment options, the ketogenic diet (KD) has been considered as an alternative therapy. The use of the KD and its more palatable formulations has shown promising results. It is especially indicated and effective in the treatment of mitochondrial disorders due to complex I deficiency. Further research into the mechanism of action and the neuroprotective properties of the KD will allow more targeted therapeutic strategies and thus optimize the treatment of both epilepsy in the context of mitochondrial disorders but also in other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Paleologou
- Chelsea and Westmister Hospital, 369 Fulham road, Chelsea, London SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Naila Ismayilova
- Chelsea and Westmister Hospital, 369 Fulham road, Chelsea, London SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Maria Kinali
- Chelsea and Westmister Hospital, 369 Fulham road, Chelsea, London SW10 9NH, UK.
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