1
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Wang XB, Zhang CH, Zhang T, Li HZ, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Lei G, Cai CJ, Guo ZY. An efficient peptide ligase engineered from a bamboo asparaginyl endopeptidase. FEBS J 2024; 291:2918-2936. [PMID: 38525648 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, a few asparaginyl endopeptidases (AEPs) from certain higher plants have been identified as efficient peptide ligases with wide applications in protein labeling and cyclic peptide synthesis. Recently, we developed a NanoLuc Binary Technology (NanoBiT)-based peptide ligase activity assay to identify more AEP-type peptide ligases. Herein, we screened 61 bamboo species from 16 genera using this assay and detected AEP-type peptide ligase activity in the crude extract of all tested bamboo leaves. From a popular bamboo species, Bambusa multiplex, we identified a full-length AEP-type peptide ligase candidate (BmAEP1) via transcriptomic sequencing. After its zymogen was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and self-activated in vitro, BmAEP1 displayed high peptide ligase activity, but with considerable hydrolytic activity. After site-directed mutagenesis of its ligase activity determinants, the mutant zymogen of [G238V]BmAEP1 was normally overexpressed in E. coli, but failed to activate itself. To resolve this problem, we developed a novel protease-assisted activation approach in which trypsin was used to cleave the mutant zymogen and was then conveniently removed via ion-exchange chromatography. After the noncovalently bound cap domain was dissociated from the catalytic core domain under acidic conditions, the recombinant [G238V]BmAEP1 displayed high peptide ligase activity with much lower hydrolytic activity and could efficiently catalyze inter-molecular protein ligation and intramolecular peptide cyclization. Thus, the engineered bamboo-derived peptide ligase represents a novel tool for protein labeling and cyclic peptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Bo Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong-Hui Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Lei
- Sanya Research Base of International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, China
| | - Chun-Ju Cai
- Sanya Research Base of International Centre for Bamboo and Rattan, China
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Hoare BL, Tippett DN, Kaur A, Cullum SA, Miljuš T, Koers EJ, Harwood CR, Dijon N, Holliday ND, Sykes DA, Veprintsev DB. ThermoBRET: A Ligand-Engagement Nanoscale Thermostability Assay Applied to GPCRs. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202300459. [PMID: 37872746 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of membrane protein thermostability reflect ligand binding. Current thermostability assays often require protein purification or rely on pre-existing radiolabelled or fluorescent ligands, limiting their application to established targets. Alternative methods, such as fluorescence-detection size exclusion chromatography thermal shift, detect protein aggregation but are not amenable to high-throughput screening. Here, we present a ThermoBRET method to quantify the relative thermostability of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), using cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2 ) and the β2 -adrenoceptor (β2 AR) as model systems. ThermoBRET reports receptor unfolding, does not need labelled ligands and can be used with non-purified proteins. It uses Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) between Nanoluciferase (Nluc) and a thiol-reactive fluorescent dye that binds cysteines exposed by unfolding. We demonstrate that the melting point (Tm ) of Nluc-fused GPCRs can be determined in non-purified detergent solubilised membrane preparations or solubilised whole cells, revealing differences in thermostability for different solubilising conditions and in the presence of stabilising ligands. We extended the range of the assay by developing the thermostable tsNLuc by incorporating mutations from the fragments of split-Nluc (Tm of 87 °C versus 59 °C). ThermoBRET allows the determination of GPCR thermostability, which is useful for protein purification optimisation and drug discovery screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley L Hoare
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Current address, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David N Tippett
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Current address, Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Sean A Cullum
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Tamara Miljuš
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eline J Koers
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Clare R Harwood
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Nicola Dijon
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Nicholas D Holliday
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - David A Sykes
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Dmitry B Veprintsev
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Li HZ, Shao XX, Wang YF, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. LEAP2 is a more conserved ligand than ghrelin for fish GHSRs. Biochimie 2023; 209:10-19. [PMID: 36669723 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) was identified as an endogenous antagonist and an inverse agonist of the ghrelin receptor GHSR. However, its functions in lower vertebrates are not well understood. Our recent study demonstrated that both LEAP2 and ghrelin are functional towards a fish GHSR from Latimeria chalumnae, an extant coelacanth believed to be one of the closest ancestors of tetrapods. However, amino acid sequence alignment identified that the 6.58 position (Ballesteros-Weinstein numbering system) of most fish GHSRs are not occupied by an aromatic Phe residue, which is absolutely conserved in all known GHSRs from amphibians to mammals, and is responsible for human GHSR binding to its agonist, ghrelin. To test whether these unusual fish receptors are functional, we studied the ligand binding properties of three representative fish GHSRs, two from Danio rerio (zebrafish) and one from Larimichthys crocea (large yellow croaker). After overexpression in human embryonic kidney 293T cells, the three fish GHSRs retained normal binding to all tested LEAP2s, except for a second LEAP2 from L. crocea. However, they displayed almost no binding to all chemically synthesized n-octanoylated ghrelins, despite these ghrelins all retaining normal function towards human and coelacanth GHSRs. Thus, it seems that LEAP2 is a more conserved ligand than ghrelin towards fish GHSRs. Our results not only provided new insights into the interaction mechanism of GHSRs with LEAP2s and ghrelins, but also shed new light on the functions of LEAP2 and ghrelin in different fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Fen Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Zaykov AN, Gelfanov VM, Perez-Tilve D, Finan B, DiMarchi RD. Insulin-like peptide 5 fails to improve metabolism or body weight in obese mice. Peptides 2019; 120:170116. [PMID: 31348991 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like peptide 5 (INSL5) is a member of the insulin-like family of peptides. It has been reported to be orexigenic in rodent models of obesity with impaired glucose metabolism. We attempted to confirm this property as a first step in establishing the ability of INSL5 to successfully integrate with other agents more proven in their ability to reverse obesity and improve metabolism. INSL5 was chemically synthesized by two alternative methods to a native form and one that was site-specifically conjugated to a 20 KDa polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer. The pharmacology of each peptide was assessed by high-dose chronic administration in normal and obese mice. INSL5 failed to produce pharmacologically relevant effects on food intake, body weight or glucose control indicative of a negligible role of the peptide in the control of feeding and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Brian Finan
- Novo Nordisk Research Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46241, USA
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5
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Wang JH, Nie WH, Shao XX, Li HZ, Hu MJ, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. Exploring electrostatic interactions of relaxin family peptide receptor 3 and 4 with ligands using a NanoBiT-based binding assay. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:776-786. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Wang J, Li H, Shao X, Nie W, Liu Y, Xu Z, Guo Z. Identifying the binding mechanism of
LEAP
2 to receptor
GHSR
1a. FEBS J 2019; 286:1332-1345. [PMID: 30666806 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Hui Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Hao‐Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Xiao‐Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Wei‐Han Nie
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Ya‐Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Zeng‐Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Zhan‐Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital School of Life Sciences and Technology Tongji University Shanghai China
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7
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Wang JH, Shao XX, Hu MJ, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. Functionality of an absolutely conserved glycine residue in the chimeric relaxin family peptide R3/I5. Amino Acids 2019; 51:619-626. [PMID: 30604098 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-02694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The insulin superfamily is a group of homologous proteins that are further divided into the insulin family and relaxin family according to their distinct receptors. All insulin superfamily members contain three absolutely conserved disulfide linkages and a nonchiral Gly residue immediately following the first B-chain cysteine. The functionality of this conserved Gly residue in the insulin family has been studied by replacing it with natural L-amino acids or the corresponding unnatural D-amino acids. However, such analysis has not been conducted on relaxin family members. In the present study, we conducted chiral mutagenesis on the conserved B11Gly of the chimeric relaxin family peptide R3/I5, which is an efficient agonist for receptor RXFP3 and RXFP4. Similar to the effects on insulin family foldability, L-Ala or L-Ser substitution completely abolished the in vitro refolding of a recombinant R3/I5 precursor; whereas, D-Ala or D-Ser substitution had no detrimental effect on refolding of a semi-synthetic R3/I5 precursor, suggesting that the conserved Gly residue controls the foldability of relaxin family members. In contrast to the effect on insulin family activity, D-Ala or D-Ser replacement had no detrimental effect on the binding and activation potencies of the mature R3/I5 towards both RXFP3 and RXFP4, suggesting that the conserved Gly residue is irrelevant to the relaxin family's activity. The present study revealed functionality of the conserved B-chain Gly residue for a relaxin family peptide for the first time, providing an overview of its contribution to foldability and activity of the insulin superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Jun Hu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Wang JH, Hu MJ, Zhang L, Shao XX, Lv CH, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. Exploring receptor selectivity of the chimeric relaxin family peptide R3/I5 by incorporating unnatural amino acids. Biochimie 2018; 154:77-85. [PMID: 30102931 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Relaxin family peptides perform a variety of biological functions by activating four G protein-coupled receptors, namely RXFP1-4. Our recent study demonstrated that selectivity of the chimeric relaxin family peptide R3/I5 towards the homologous RXFP3 and RXFP4 can be modulated by replacement of the highly conserved nonchiral B23Gly or B24Gly with some natural l-amino acids. To investigate the mechanism of this modulating effect, in the present study we incorporated unnatural amino acids into the B23 or B24 position of a semi-synthetic R3/I5 that was prepared by a novel sortase-catalysed ligation approach using synthetic relaxin-3 B-chain and recombinant INSL5 A-chain. R3/I5 was a weak agonist for RXFP3 after B23Gly was replaced by D-Ala or D-Ser, but a strong antagonist for this receptor after B23Gly was replaced by corresponding l-amino acids. However, these replacements always resulted in a weak agonist for RXFP4. Thus, configuration of the B23 residue of R3/I5 affected activation of RXFP3 but not RXFP4. For the B24 residue, both size and configuration affected receptor selectivity of R3/I5. l-amino acids with an appropriate size, such as L-Ser and L-Abu, had the greatest effect on increasing the selectivity of R3/I5 towards RXFP3 over the homologous RXFP4. Our present results provided new insights into receptor selectivity of R3/I5, and would facilitate design of novel agonists or antagonists for RXFP3 and RXFP4 in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Jun Hu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cai-Hong Lv
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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Hu MJ, Shao XX, Li HZ, Nie WH, Wang JH, Liu YL, Xu ZG, Guo ZY. Development of a novel ligand binding assay for relaxin family peptide receptor 3 and 4 using NanoLuc complementation. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1111-1119. [PMID: 29770870 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2588-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Relaxin family peptides perform a variety of biological functions by binding and activating relaxin family peptide receptor 1-4 (RXFP1-4), four A-class G protein-coupled receptors. In the present work, we developed a novel ligand binding assay for RXFP3 and RXFP4 based on NanoLuc complementation technology (NanoBiT). A synthetic ligation version of the low-affinity small complementation tag (SmBiT) was efficiently ligated to the A-chain N terminus of recombinant chimeric agonist R3/I5 using recombinant circular sortase A. After the ligation product R3/I5-SmBiT was mixed with human RXFP3 or RXFP4 genetically fused with a secretory large NanoLuc fragment (sLgBiT) at the N terminus, NanoLuc complementation was induced by high-affinity ligand-receptor binding. Binding kinetics and affinities of R3/I5-SmBiT with sLgBiT-fused RXFP3 and RXFP4 were conveniently measured according to the complementation-induced bioluminescence. Using R3/I5-SmBiT and the sLgBiT-fused receptor as a complementation pair, binding potencies of various ligands with RXFP3 and RXFP4 were quantitatively measured without the cumbersome washing step. The novel NanoBiT-based ligand binding assay is convenient for use and suitable for automation, thus will facilitate interaction studies of RXFP3 and RXFP4 with ligands in future. This assay can also be applied to some other plasma membrane receptors for pharmacological characterization of ligands in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jun Hu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Shao
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Zheng Li
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Han Nie
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeng-Guang Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhan-Yun Guo
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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