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Fu L, You Y, Zeng Y, Ran Q, Zhou Y, Long R, Yang H, Chen J, Loor JJ, Wang G, Zhang L, Dong X. Varying the ratio of Lys: Met through enhancing methionine supplementation improved milk secretion ability through regulating the mRNA expression in bovine mammary epithelial cells under heat stress. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1393372. [PMID: 38983772 PMCID: PMC11231434 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1393372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ratio of lysine (Lys) to methionine (Met) with 3.0: 1 is confirmed as the "ideal" profile for milk protein synthesis, but whether this ratio is suitable for milk protein synthesis under HS needs to be further studied. Methods To evaluate the molecular mechanism by which HS and Lys to Met ratios affect mammary cell functional capacity, an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) is incubated with 5 doses of Met while maintaining a constant concentration of Lys. The MAC-T cells was treated for 6 h as follow: Lys: Met 3.0: 1 (control 37°C and IPAA 42°C) or treatments under HS (42°C) with different ratios of Lys: Met at 2.0: 1 (LM20), 2.5: 1 (LM25), 3.5: 1 (LM35) and 4.0: 1 (LM40). RNA sequencing was used to assess transcriptome-wide alterations in mRNA abundance. Results The significant difference between control and other groups was observed base on PCA analysis. A total of 2048 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the IPAA group relative to the control group. Similarly, 226, 306, 148, 157 DEGs were detected in the LM20, LM25, LM35 and LM40 groups, respectively, relative to the IPAA group. The relative mRNA abundance of HSPA1A was upregulated and anti-apoptotic genes (BCL2L1 and BCL2) was down-regulated in the IPAA group, compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Compared with the IPAA group, the relative mRNA abundance of anti-apoptotic genes and casein genes (CSN1S2 and CSN2) was up-regulated in the LM25 group (p < 0.05). The DEGs between LM25 and IPAA groups were associated with the negative regulation of transcription RNA polymerase II promoter in response to stress (GO: 0051085, DEGs of BAG3, DNAJB1, HSPA1A) as well as the mTOR signaling pathway (ko04150, DEGs of ATP6V1C2, WNT11, WNT3A, and WNT9A). Several DEGs involved in amino acids metabolism (AFMID, HYKK, NOS3, RIMKLB) and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (AFMID and MGAT5B) were up-regulated while DEGs involved in lipolysis and beta-oxidation catabolic processes (ALOX12 and ALOX12B) were down-regulated. Conclusion These results suggested that increasing Met supply (Lys: Met at 2.5: 1) may help mammary gland cells resist HS-induced cell damage, while possibly maintaining lactation capacity through regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yinjie You
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Qifan Ran
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Long
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Heng Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juncai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Juan J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gaofu Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianwen Dong
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
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Wu ZW, Wang L, Mou Q, Wang F, Wang Y, Fang T, Yin Z, Du ZQ, Yang CX. l-valine supplementation disturbs vital molecular pathways and induces apoptosis in mouse testes. Theriogenology 2024; 215:31-42. [PMID: 38000127 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine and valine) are essential for animal growth and metabolic health. However, the effect of valine on male reproduction and its underlying molecular mechanism remain largely unknown. Here, we showed that l-valine supplementation (0.30% or 0.45%, water drinking for 3 weeks) did not change body and testis weights, but significantly altered morphology of sertoli cells and germ cells within seminiferous tubule, and enlarged the space between seminiferous tubules within mouse testis. l-valine treatment (0.45%) increased significantly the Caspase3/9 mRNA levels and CASPASE9 protein levels, therefore induced apoptosis of mouse testis. Moreover, gene expression levels related to autophagy (Atg5 and Lamb3), DNA 5 mC methylation (Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Tet2 and Tet3), RNA m6A methylation (Mettl14, Alkbh5 and Fto), and m6A methylation binding proteins (Ythdf1/2/3 and Igf2bp1/2) were significantly reduced. Protein abundances of ALKBH5, FTO and YTHDF3 were also significantly reduced, but not for ATG5 and TET2. Testis transcriptome sequencing detected 537 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 26 up-regulated and 511 down-regulated), involved in multiple important signaling pathways. RT-qPCR validated 8 of 9 DEGs (Cd36, Scd1, Insl3, Anxa5, Lcn2, Hsd17b3, Cyp11a1, Cyp17a1 and Agt) to be decreased significantly, consistent with RNA-seq results. Taken together, l-valine treatment could disturb multiple signaling pathways (autophagy and RNA methylation etc.), and induce apoptosis to destroy the tissue structure of mouse testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Wei Wu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China; Center of Animal Breeding Technology Innovation of Hubei Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China; Center of Animal Breeding Technology Innovation of Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiao Mou
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China; Center of Animal Breeding Technology Innovation of Hubei Province, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China; Center of Animal Breeding Technology Innovation of Hubei Province, China
| | - Ting Fang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China; Center of Animal Breeding Technology Innovation of Hubei Province, China
| | - Zongjun Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Du
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China; Center of Animal Breeding Technology Innovation of Hubei Province, China.
| | - Cai-Xia Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China; Center of Animal Breeding Technology Innovation of Hubei Province, China.
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Cao Y, Hu G, Long X, Li F, Wang J, Sun M, Xie Y, Ge Y, Guo W, Liu J, Fu S. Valine promotes milk synthesis by regulating PKM2 nuclear accumulation and histone H3 acetylation through the TAS1R1-mTOR-DDX39B signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127786. [PMID: 37918588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Valine, a branched-chain amino acid found in dairy cows, has been recognized for its critical role in milk synthesis. However, the precise effect of valine on lactation in dairy cows remains an area of investigation. In our study, bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were isolated to explore the mechanism through which valine enhances milk synthesis. The results showed that 100 μM valine significantly boosted the milk synthesis via TAS1R1-mTOR-DDX39B signaling pathway in BMECs. Subsequent investigations revealed that DDX39B governs the accumulation of PKM2 in the nuclei of BMECs. This nuclear buildup of PKM2 weakened the interaction between HDAC3 and histone H3, leading to an increase in the acetylation levels of histone H3. In an vivo context, the 0.25 % valine-enriched drinking water notably elevated in the expression of milk protein and fat in these mice. Further examination showed that 0.25 % valine drinking water considerably augmented the protein expression levels of DDX39B, PKM2, and p-mTOR in the mice mammary glands. In summary, our results suggest that valine, by modulating the TAS1R1-mTOR-DDX39B signaling pathway, directs the accumulation of PKM2 in the nucleus. This, in turn, escalates the acetylation levels of histone H3, promoting the synthesis of both milk protein and fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Guiqiu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xiaoyu Long
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yachun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yusong Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wenjin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Juxiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Shoupeng Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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Wang C, Peng Y, Zhang Y, Xu J, Jiang S, Wang L, Yin Y. The biological functions and metabolic pathways of valine in swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:135. [PMID: 37805513 PMCID: PMC10559503 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Valine is an essential amino acid and a type of branched-chain amino acid. Due to the involvement of branched-chain amino acids in various metabolic pathways, there has been a surge of interests in valine nutrition and its role in animal physiology. In pigs, the interactions between valine and other branched-chain amino acids or aromatic amino acids are complex. In this review, we delve into the interaction mechanism, metabolic pathways, and biological functions of valine. Appropriate valine supplementation not only enhances growth and reproductive performances, but also modulates gut microbiota and immune functions. Based on past observations and interpretations, we provide recommended feed levels of valine for weaned piglets, growing pigs, gilts, lactating sows, barrows and entire males. The summarized valine nutrient requirements for pigs at different stages offer valuable insights for future research and practical applications in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuni Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiru Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Juan Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Leli Wang
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yulong Yin
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China.
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Li Q, Chen J, Liu J, Lin T, Liu X, Zhang S, Yue X, Zhang X, Zeng X, Ren M, Guan W, Zhang S. Leucine and arginine enhance milk fat and milk protein synthesis via the CaSR/G i/mTORC1 and CaSR/G q/mTORC1 pathways. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2873-2890. [PMID: 37392244 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Amino acids (AAs) not only constitute milk protein but also stimulate milk synthesis through the activation of mTORC1 signaling, but which amino acids that have the greatest impact on milk fat and protein synthesis is still very limited. In this study, we aimed to identify the most critical AAs involved in the regulation of milk synthesis and clarify how these AAs regulate milk synthesis through the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signaling pathway. METHODS In this study, a mouse mammary epithelial cell line (HC11) and porcine mammary epithelial cells (PMECs) were selected as study subjects. After treatment with different AAs, the amount of milk protein and milk fat synthesis were detected. Activation of mTORC1 and GPCRs signaling induced by AAs was also investigated. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrate that essential amino acids (EAAs) are crucial to promote lactation by increasing the expression of genes and proteins related to milk synthesis, such as ACACA, FABP4, DGAT1, SREBP1, α-casein, β-casein, and WAP in HC11 cells and PMECs. In addition to activating mTORC1, EAAs uniquely regulate the expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) among all amino-acid-responsive GPCRs, which indicates a potential link between CaSR and the mTORC1 pathway in mammary gland epithelial cells. Compared with other EAAs, leucine and arginine had the greatest capacity to trigger GPCRs (p-ERK) and mTORC1 (p-S6K1) signaling in HC11 cells. In addition, CaSR and its downstream G proteins Gi, Gq, and Gβγ are involved in the regulation of leucine- and arginine-induced milk synthesis and mTORC1 activation. Taken together, our data suggest that leucine and arginine can efficiently trigger milk synthesis through the CaSR/Gi/mTORC1 and CaSR/Gq/mTORC1 pathways. CONCLUSION We found that the G-protein-coupled receptor CaSR is an important amino acid sensor in mammary epithelial cells. Leucine and arginine promote milk synthesis partially through the CaSR/Gi/mTORC1 and CaSR/Gq/mTORC1 signaling systems in mammary gland epithelial cells. Although this mechanism needs further verification, it is foreseeable that this mechanism may provide new insights into the regulation of milk synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Tongbin Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xinghong Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shuchang Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xianhuai Yue
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Feed Industry Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Ren
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation and Health, College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Holen JP, Tokach MD, Woodworth JC, DeRouchey JM, Gebhardt JT, Titgemeyer EC, Goodband RD. A review of branched-chain amino acids in lactation diets on sow and litter growth performance. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac017. [PMID: 35274082 PMCID: PMC8903885 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) are three essential amino acids (AA) for lactating sows; however, the effects of dietary Leu, Val, and Ile on sow and litter performance within the literature is equivocal. The BCAA are structurally similar and share the first steps of their catabolism pathway where Leu, Val, and Ile are transaminated through BCAA aminotransferase and irreversibly decarboxylated by the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. Although these steps are shared among BCAA, Leu is recognized as the primary stimulator due to Leu’s greater affinity towards the enzymes compared to Val and Ile. Since the late 1990’s, sows are producing larger and heavier litters and generally consume diets with greater concentrations of Leu and crystalline AA, which may create imbalances among dietary BCAA. Research conducted with growing-finishing pigs confirms that high concentrations of Leu can impair BCAA utilization and growth performance. However, the effects of BCAA on lactating sow and litter performance are not as clearly understood. Within mammary tissue, BCAA uptake is greater than milk output of BCAA since Val, Ile, and Leu are catabolized to form non-essential AA, lactose, fatty acids, and other metabolites. Within the mammary gland, BCAA aminotransferase activity is much higher than within skeletal muscle, liver, or small intestine. Thus, competition among the BCAA, namely between Leu and Val, can significantly inhibit Val uptake within mammary tissue. Therefore, dietary modifications that mitigate BCAA competition may positively influence Val utilization for colostrum and milk synthesis. Little data exists on Ile and Leu requirements for modern lactating sows. Although Val requirements have been extensively researched in the last 25 years, an ideal Val:Lys has not been consistently established across experiments. Some studies concluded that total Val concentrations above 120% of Lys optimized performance whereas others determined that increasing SID Val:Lys from 55 to 136% did not improve piglet growth performance. Although increasing dietary Val positively influences fat and protein composition of colostrum and milk, litter growth during lactation is not always positively affected. Given the competition among BCAA for utilization within mammary tissue, research evaluating the Leu and Ile requirement of modern lactating sows is warranted to fully understand the influence and interactions of BCAA on reproductive and litter growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Holen
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jordan T Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Evan C Titgemeyer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Che L, Xu M, Gao K, Wang L, Yang X, Wen X, Xiao H, Li M, Jiang Z. Mammary tissue proteomics in a pig model indicates that dietary valine supplementation increases milk fat content via increased de novo synthesis of fatty acid. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6213-6223. [PMID: 34760251 PMCID: PMC8565212 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fat is a major source of energy that determines the growth of neonates. Recently, studies have shown that valine is closely related to lipid metabolism. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary valine supplementation on milk fat synthesis using a pig model. Thirty gilts were allotted to low (LV, total valine:lysine = 0.63:1), medium (MV, total valine:lysine = 0.73:1), and high (HV, total valine:lysine = 0.93:1) valine feeding levels from Day 75 of gestation till farrowing. The results demonstrated that the concentration of milk fat at Days 1, 3, and 7 of lactation in the HV group was higher than that in the MV and LV groups. The HV group had an increased (p < .05) proportion of total saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids than the other groups. Examination of mammary tissue proteomics in the HV and LV groups revealed 121 differentially expressed proteins (68 upregulated and 53 downregulated in the HV group). The upregulated proteins in the HV group were relevant to some crucial pathways related to milk fat synthesis, including fatty acid biosynthesis and metabolism, the AMPK signaling pathway, and oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, the key proteins involved in fatty acid synthesis (ACACA and FASN) were identified, and their expression levels were verified (p < .05) using Western blotting. Our findings revealed that dietary valine supplementation improves milk fat synthesis by modulating the expression of fatty acid synthesis-related proteins in mammary tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Che
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHenan University of Animal Husbandry and EconomyZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHenan University of Animal Husbandry and EconomyZhengzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xuefen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Xiaolu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Hao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Mengyun Li
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyHenan University of Animal Husbandry and EconomyZhengzhouChina
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry BreedingKey Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South ChinaMinistry of Agriculture, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionGuangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and NutritionInstitute of Animal ScienceGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhouChina
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Luise D, Correa F, Fusco L, Bosi P, Trevisi P. Productive effects of a colostrum-oriented amino acid dietary supply for sows in transition from gestation to lactation. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.1960210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Correa
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Bosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agroalimentari, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Zhang Q, Hou Y, Bazer FW, He W, Posey EA, Wu G. Amino Acids in Swine Nutrition and Production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1285:81-107. [PMID: 33770404 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-54462-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins in animals, including swine. With the development of new analytical methods and biochemical research, there is a growing interest in fundamental and applied studies to reexamine the roles and usage of amino acids (AAs) in swine production. In animal nutrition, AAs have been traditionally classified as nutritionally essential (EAAs) or nutritionally nonessential (NEAAs). AAs that are not synthesized de novo must be provided in diets. However, NEAAs synthesized by cells of animals are more abundant than EAAs in the body, but are not synthesized de novo in sufficient amounts for the maximal productivity or optimal health (including resistance to infectious diseases) of swine. This underscores the conceptual limitations of NEAAs in swine protein nutrition. Notably, the National Research Council (NRC 2012) has recognized both arginine and glutamine as conditionally essential AAs for pigs to improve their growth, development, reproduction, and lactation. Results of recent work have also provided compelling evidence for the nutritional essentiality of glutamate, glycine, and proline for young pigs. The inclusion of so-called NEAAs in diets can help balance AAs in diets, reduce the dietary levels of EAAs, and protect the small intestine from oxidative stress, while enhancing the growth performance, feed efficiency, and health of pigs. Thus, both EAAs and NEAAs are needed in diets to meet the requirements of pigs. This notion represents a new paradigm shift in our understanding of swine protein nutrition and is transforming pork production worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erin A Posey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Che L, Xu M, Gao K, Wang L, Yang X, Wen X, Xiao H, Jiang Z. Effects of dietary valine supplementation during late gestation on the reproductive performance and mammary gland development of gilts. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:15. [PMID: 32099647 PMCID: PMC7029528 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mammary gland development during late gestation in gilts is a major factor that alters the composition of colostrum and growth performance of piglets. Plasma valine is taken up and metabolized extensively by the mammary gland; however, the effects of valine on mammary gland development during late gestation are still unclear. Thirty primiparous gilts were divided into three treatment groups (n = 10) and received one of the three diets starting on day 75 of gestation until the day of farrowing. The total dietary valine to lysine ratio of the three diets was 0.63 (LV), 0.73 (MV), and 0.93 (HV), respectively. Results Dietary valine supplementation during late gestation did not affect (P > 0.05) the litter size and weight at farrowing; however, the piglet weight and average daily gain at weaning were linearly increased (P < 0.05) as the dietary valine increased. The highest piglet weight at weaning was observed when the gilts were provided the HV diet. Dietary valine supplementation linearly elevated (P < 0.05) protein, fat and solids-not-fat and some free amino acids content in colostrum. The concentration of prolactin in plasma of gilts was linearly increased in response to valine supplementation at days 1 and 10 of lactation (P < 0.05). Furthermore, with increasing dietary valine allowance, a linear increase (P < 0.05) was observed in the area of the lumen of alveolus and the content of DNA, RNA, and total protein in the mammary tissues at day 1 of lactation. Moreover, the protein expression of cyclin D1, p-mTOR, p-S6, and p-4EBP1 was also linearly increased (P < 0.05) in the mammary tissue at day 1 of lactation. However, no difference (P > 0.05) was observed in the indices related to mammary development and the mTOR signaling pathway at day 21 of lactation. Conclusion The results revealed that increasing the total dietary valine to lysine ratio to 0.93 during late gestation significantly enhances the piglet weight and average daily gain at weaning probably due to improved development of mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Che
- 1State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Dafeng Street, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China.,2College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046 Henan China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Dafeng Street, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China.,2College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, 450046 Henan China
| | - Kaiguo Gao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Dafeng Street, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Li Wang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Dafeng Street, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Dafeng Street, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaolu Wen
- 1State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Dafeng Street, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Hao Xiao
- 1State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Dafeng Street, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding; Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture; Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.1 Dafeng Street, Wushan Rd, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510640 Guangdong China
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