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Luo Y, Gao J, Jiang X, Zhu L, Zhou QT, Murray M, Li J, Zhou F. Molecular Insights to the Structure-Interaction Relationships of Human Proton-Coupled Oligopeptide Transporters (PepTs). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2517. [PMID: 37896276 PMCID: PMC10609898 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (PepTs) are important membrane influx transporters that facilitate the cellular uptake of many drugs including ACE inhibitors and antibiotics. PepTs mediate the absorption of di- and tri-peptides from dietary proteins or gastrointestinal secretions, facilitate the reabsorption of peptide-bound amino acids in the kidney, and regulate neuropeptide homeostasis in extracellular fluids. PepT1 and PepT2 have been the most intensively investigated of all PepT isoforms. Modulating the interactions of PepTs and their drug substrates could influence treatment outcomes and adverse effects with certain therapies. In recent studies, topology models and protein structures of PepTs have been developed. The aim of this review was to summarise the current knowledge regarding structure-interaction relationships (SIRs) of PepTs and their substrates as well as the potential applications of this information in therapeutic optimisation and drug development. Such information may provide insights into the efficacy of PepT drug substrates in patients, mechanisms of drug-drug/food interactions and the potential role of PepTs targeting in drug design and development strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Luo
- Molecular Drug Development Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Jingchun Gao
- Molecular Drug Development Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Xukai Jiang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Ling Zhu
- Macular Research Group, Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia;
| | - Qi Tony Zhou
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Michael Murray
- Molecular Drug Development Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Jian Li
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia;
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Molecular Drug Development Group, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; (Y.L.); (J.G.); (M.M.)
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Wang C, Chu C, Ji X, Luo G, Xu C, He H, Yao J, Wu J, Hu J, Jin Y. Biology of Peptide Transporter 2 in Mammals: New Insights into Its Function, Structure and Regulation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182874. [PMID: 36139448 PMCID: PMC9497230 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide transporter 2 (PepT2) in mammals plays essential roles in the reabsorption and conservation of peptide-bound amino acids in the kidney and in maintaining neuropeptide homeostasis in the brain. It is also of significant medical and pharmacological significance in the absorption and disposing of peptide-like drugs, including angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, β-lactam antibiotics and antiviral prodrugs. Understanding the structure, function and regulation of PepT2 is of emerging interest in nutrition, medical and pharmacological research. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the structure, substrate preferences and localization of PepT2 in mammals. As PepT2 is expressed in various organs, its function in the liver, kidney, brain, heart, lung and mammary gland has also been addressed. Finally, the regulatory factors that affect the expression and function of PepT2, such as transcriptional activation and posttranslational modification, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihong Wang
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chu Chu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guoliang Luo
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Chunling Xu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Houhong He
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jianbiao Yao
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Jiangning Hu
- Zhejiang Conba Pharmaceutical Limited Company, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Zhejiang Institute of Modern Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.)
| | - Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (Y.J.)
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Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Dyatlova A, Petukhov M. Transport of Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides Using POT and LAT Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147733. [PMID: 35887081 PMCID: PMC9323678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrashort peptides (USPs), consisting of 2–7 amino-acid residues, are a group of signaling molecules that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis under normal conditions in various diseases and ageing. USPs serve as a basis for the development of drugs with a targeted mechanism of action. The purpose of this review is to systematize the available data on USP transport involving POT and LAT transporters in various organs and tissues under normal, pathological and ageing conditions. The carriers of the POT family (PEPT1, PEPT2, PHT1, PHT2) transport predominantly di- and tripeptides into the cell. Methods of molecular modeling and physicochemistry have demonstrated the ability of LAT1 to transfer not only amino acids but also some di- and tripeptides into the cell and out of it. LAT1 and 2 are involved in the regulation of the antioxidant, endocrine, immune and nervous systems’ functions. Analysis of the above data allows us to conclude that, depending on their structure, di- and tripeptides can be transported into the cells of various tissues by POT and LAT transporters. This mechanism is likely to underlie the tissue specificity of peptides, their geroprotective action and effectiveness in the case of neuroimmunoendocrine system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Khavinson
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (E.K.); (A.D.)
- Group of Peptide Regulation of Aging, Pavlov Institute of Physiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +7-(921)-9110800
| | - Natalia Linkova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (E.K.); (A.D.)
- The Laboratory “Problems of Aging”, Belgorod National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Kozhevnikova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (E.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Anastasiia Dyatlova
- Department of Biogerontology, Saint Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 197110 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (N.L.); (E.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Mikhael Petukhov
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Named after B.P. Konstantinov, NRC “Kurchatov Institute”, 188300 Gatchina, Russia;
- Peter the Great St. Petersburg Group of Biophysics, Higher Engineering and Technical School, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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ZHAO ZHIWEI, SHI FUYU, WANG HUCHENG. Cloning of oligopeptide transport carrier PepT2 and comparative analysis of PepT2 expression in response to dietary nitrogen levels in yak and cattle. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v91i5.115388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were clone oligopeptide transport carrier PepT2 and compare its abundance in kidney tissues of yak and cattle in response to different dietary nitrogen levels. Four adult female yaks were enrolled as donor animals for profiling the molecular characteristics and expression specificity of yak PepT2 (yPepT2), and twenty-four castrated males of each of two genotypes, yak (Bos grunniens) and indigenous cattle (Bos taurus) were used to explore PepT2 mRNA expression in kidney tissue in different nitrogen (N) levels (10.3, 19.5, 28.5 or 37.6 g N/kg dry matter; DM). Our results showed that the yPepT2 coding sequence region contains 2190 bp, and encodes a putative protein of 729 amino acids (AA) residues. The yPepT2 AA sequence identified eight putative extracellular N-glycosylation sites (Asn7, Asn80, Asn373, Asn435, Asn472, Asn508, Asn528, Asn587) and eight intracellular putative protein kinase C sites (Ser34, Ser264, Ser274, Ser376, Ser442, Ser586, Ser640, Ser724). The yPepT2 AA sequence was 98 and 94% identical to PepT2 from zebu cattle (Bos indicus) and sheep (Ovis aries), respectively. The relative PepT2 expression in kidney tissue for yak was greater than of indigenous cattle in the10.3 and 28.5 N/kg DM diet, but it was lower for yaks in 37.6 N/kg DM diet. These implied that relative PepT2 mRNA expression was higher in yak kidney than that in indigenous cattle at lower dietary N supplies, but more research on PepT2 will be required to determine the renal regulatory mechanisms.
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