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Liu L, Luo P, Wen P, Xu P. The role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1406248. [PMID: 38904051 PMCID: PMC11186994 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1406248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg), a nutritional element which is essential for bone development and mineralization, has a role in the progression of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease characterized by significant deterioration of bone microstructure and bone loss. Mg deficiency can affect bone structure in an indirect way through the two main regulators of calcium homeostasis (parathyroid hormone and vitamin D). In human osteoblasts (OBs), parathyroid hormone regulates the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) to affect osteoclast (OC) formation. In addition, Mg may also affect the vitamin D3 -mediated bone remodeling activity. vitamin D3 usually coordinates the activation of the OB and OC. The unbalanced activation OC leads to bone resorption. The RANK/RANKL/OPG axis is considered to be a key factor in the molecular mechanism of osteoporosis. Mg participates in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis by affecting the regulation of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels to affect the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis. Different factors affecting the axis and enhancing OC function led to bone loss and bone tissue microstructure damage, which leads to the occurrence of osteoporosis. Clinical research has shown that Mg supplementation can alleviate the symptoms of osteoporosis to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Luo
- Department of Auricular Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Wen
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Joint Surgery, HongHui Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Zhang L, Yin Y, Guo J, Jin L, Hou Z. Chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia ameliorates osteoporosis after spinal cord injury through balancing osteoblast and osteoclast activities in rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1035186. [PMID: 37229453 PMCID: PMC10203702 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1035186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As a common complication of spinal cord injury (SCI), most SCI patients suffer from osteoporosis. In our previous study, chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH) could promote bone fracture healing. We speculated that it may act a role in the progression of osteoporosis. The current study purposed to explore the role of CIHH in the osteoporosis triggered by SCI in rats. Methods A SCI-induced SCI model was established by completed transection at T9-T10 spinal cord of Wistar rats. One week after SCI, the rats were conducted to CIHH treatment (PB = 404 mmHg, Po2 = 84 mmHg) 6 hours a day for continuously 7 weeks. Results The results of X-radiography and Micro-CT assessment demonstrated that compared with sham rats, the areal bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume to tissue volume, volumetric BMD, trabecular thickness, trabecular number, and trabecular connectivity were decreased. Trabecular bone pattern factor, trabecular separation, as well as structure model index were increased at the distal femur and proximal tibia of SCI rats, which were effectively reversed by CIHH treatment. Histomorphometry showed that CIHH treatment increased bone formation of SCI rats, as evidenced by the increased osteoid formation, the decreased number and surface of TRAP-positive osteoclasts. Furthermore, ELISA and real time PCR results showed that the osteoblastogenesis-related biomarkers, such as procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide, osteocalcin in serum, as well as ALP and OPG mRNAs in bone tissue were decreased, while the osteoclastogenesis-related biomarkers, including scleorostin in serum and RANKL and TRAP mRNAs in bone tissue were increased in SCI rats. Importantly, the deviations of aforementioned biomarkers were improved by CIHH treatment. Mechanically, the protective effects of CIHH might be at least partly mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) signaling pathway. Conclusion The present study testified that CIHH treatment ameliorates osteoporosis after SCI by balancing osteoblast and osteoclast activities in rats.
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YARROW JOSHUAF, WNEK RUSSELLD, CONOVER CHRISTINEF, REYNOLDS MICHAELC, BUCKLEY KINLEYH, KURA JAYACHANDRAR, SUTOR TOMMYW, OTZEL DANAM, MATTINGLY ALEXJ, BORST STEPHENE, CROFT SUMMERM, AGUIRRE JIGNACIO, BECK DARRENT, MCCULLOUGH DANIELLEJ. Passive Cycle Training Promotes Bone Recovery after Spinal Cord Injury without Altering Resting-State Bone Perfusion. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:813-823. [PMID: 36728986 PMCID: PMC10090357 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) produces diminished bone perfusion and bone loss in the paralyzed limbs. Activity-based physical therapy (ABPT) modalities that mobilize and/or reload the paralyzed limbs (e.g., bodyweight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) and passive-isokinetic bicycle training) transiently promote lower-extremity blood flow (BF). However, it remains unknown whether ABPT alter resting-state bone BF or improve skeletal integrity after SCI. METHODS Four-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received T 9 laminectomy alone (SHAM; n = 13) or T 9 laminectomy with severe contusion SCI ( n = 48). On postsurgery day 7, SCI rats were stratified to undergo 3 wk of no ABPT, quadrupedal (q)BWSTT, or passive-isokinetic hindlimb bicycle training. Both ABPT regimens involved two 20-min bouts per day, performed 5 d·wk -1 . We assessed locomotor recovery, bone turnover with serum assays and histomorphometry, distal femur bone microstructure using in vivo microcomputed tomography, and femur and tibia resting-state bone BF after in vivo microsphere infusion. RESULTS All SCI animals displayed immediate hindlimb paralysis. SCI without ABPT exhibited uncoupled bone turnover and progressive cancellous and cortical bone loss. qBWSTT did not prevent these deficits. In comparison, hindlimb bicycle training suppressed surface-level bone resorption indices without suppressing bone formation indices and produced robust cancellous and cortical bone recovery at the distal femur. No bone BF deficits existed 4 wk after SCI, and neither qBWSTT nor bicycle altered resting-state bone perfusion or locomotor recovery. However, proximal tibia BF correlated with several histomorphometry-derived bone formation and resorption indices at this skeletal site across SCI groups. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that passive-isokinetic bicycle training reversed cancellous and cortical bone loss after severe SCI through antiresorptive and/or bone anabolic actions, independent of locomotor recovery or changes in resting-state bone perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- JOSHUA F. YARROW
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - RUSSELL D. WNEK
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - CHRISTINE F. CONOVER
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - MICHAEL C. REYNOLDS
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - KINLEY H. BUCKLEY
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - JAYACHANDRA R. KURA
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - TOMMY W. SUTOR
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - DANA M. OTZEL
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - ALEX J. MATTINGLY
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - STEPHEN E. BORST
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL
| | - SUMMER M. CROFT
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - J. IGNACIO AGUIRRE
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, FL
| | - DARREN T. BECK
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL
| | - DANIELLE J. MCCULLOUGH
- Department of Medical Education, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine – Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL
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Bosco F, Guarnieri L, Nucera S, Scicchitano M, Ruga S, Cardamone A, Maurotti S, Russo C, Coppoletta AR, Macrì R, Bava I, Scarano F, Castagna F, Serra M, Caminiti R, Maiuolo J, Oppedisano F, Ilari S, Lauro F, Giancotti L, Muscoli C, Carresi C, Palma E, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Mollace V. Pathophysiological Aspects of Muscle Atrophy and Osteopenia Induced by Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) of the Sciatic Nerve in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043765. [PMID: 36835176 PMCID: PMC9962869 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a condition characterized by a loss of muscle mass and muscle strength caused by an imbalance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. Muscle atrophy is often associated with a loss of bone mass manifesting as osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate if chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats can be a valid model to study muscle atrophy and consequent osteoporosis. Body weight and body composition were assessed weekly. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on day zero before ligation and day 28 before sacrifice. Catabolic markers were assessed via Western blot and Quantitative Real-time PCR. After the sacrifice, a morphological analysis of the gastrocnemius muscle and Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT) on the tibia bone were performed. Rats that underwent CCI had a lower body weight increase on day 28 compared to the naive group of rats (p < 0.001). Increases in lean body mass and fat mass were also significantly lower in the CCI group (p < 0.001). The weight of skeletal muscles was found to be significantly lower in the ipsilateral hindlimb compared to that of contralateral muscles; furthermore, the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers decreased significantly in the ipsilateral gastrocnemius. The CCI of the sciatic nerve induced a statistically significant increase in autophagic and UPS (Ubiquitin Proteasome System) markers and a statistically significant increase in Pax-7 (Paired Box-7) expression. Micro-CT showed a statistically significant decrease in the bone parameters of the ipsilateral tibial bone. Chronic nerve constriction appeared to be a valid model for inducing the condition of muscle atrophy, also causing changes in bone microstructure and leading to osteoporosis. Therefore, sciatic nerve constriction could be a valid approach to study muscle-bone crosstalk and to identify new strategies to prevent osteosarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bosco
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Lorenza Guarnieri
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Saverio Nucera
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Scicchitano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Ruga
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Samantha Maurotti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Grecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Russo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Grecia, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Coppoletta
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Irene Bava
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fabio Castagna
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Serra
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Caminiti
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Jessica Maiuolo
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH) Center, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Ilari
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Filomena Lauro
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Luigi Giancotti
- Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Grand Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (M.G.)
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH) Center, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Buettmann EG, Goldscheitter GM, Hoppock GA, Friedman MA, Suva LJ, Donahue HJ. Similarities Between Disuse and Age-Induced Bone Loss. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1417-1434. [PMID: 35773785 PMCID: PMC9378610 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Disuse and aging are known risk factors associated with low bone mass and quality deterioration, resulting in increased fracture risk. Indeed, current and emerging evidence implicate a large number of shared skeletal manifestations between disuse and aging scenarios. This review provides a detailed overview of current preclinical models of musculoskeletal disuse and the clinical scenarios they seek to recapitulate. We also explore and summarize the major similarities between bone loss after extreme disuse and advanced aging at multiple length scales, including at the organ/tissue, cellular, and molecular level. Specifically, shared structural and material alterations of bone loss are presented between disuse and aging, including preferential loss of bone at cancellous sites, cortical thinning, and loss of bone strength due to enhanced fragility. At the cellular level bone loss is accompanied, during disuse and aging, by increased bone resorption, decreased formation, and enhanced adipogenesis due to altered gap junction intercellular communication, WNT/β-catenin and RANKL/OPG signaling. Major differences between extreme short-term disuse and aging are discussed, including anatomical specificity, differences in bone turnover rates, periosteal modeling, and the influence of subject sex and genetic variability. The examination also identifies potential shared mechanisms underlying bone loss in aging and disuse that warrant further study such as collagen cross-linking, advanced glycation end products/receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGE-RAGE) signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, cellular senescence, and altered lacunar-canalicular connectivity (mechanosensation). Understanding the shared structural alterations, changes in bone cell function, and molecular mechanisms common to both extreme disuse and aging are paramount to discovering therapies to combat both age-related and disuse-induced osteoporosis. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan G Buettmann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Galen M Goldscheitter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Gabriel A Hoppock
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Larry J Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Zhu S, Chen M, Ying Y, Wu Q, Huang Z, Ni W, Wang X, Xu H, Bennett S, Xiao J, Xu J. Versatile subtypes of pericytes and their roles in spinal cord injury repair, bone development and repair. Bone Res 2022; 10:30. [PMID: 35296645 PMCID: PMC8927336 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular regeneration is a challenging topic in tissue repair. As one of the important components of the neurovascular unit (NVU), pericytes play an essential role in the maintenance of the vascular network of the spinal cord. To date, subtypes of pericytes have been identified by various markers, namely the PDGFR-β, Desmin, CD146, and NG2, each of which is involved with spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. In addition, pericytes may act as a stem cell source that is important for bone development and regeneration, whilst specific subtypes of pericyte could facilitate bone fracture and defect repair. One of the major challenges of pericyte biology is to determine the specific markers that would clearly distinguish the different subtypes of pericytes, and to develop efficient approaches to isolate and propagate pericytes. In this review, we discuss the biology and roles of pericytes, their markers for identification, and cell differentiation capacity with a focus on the potential application in the treatment of SCI and bone diseases in orthopedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sipin Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China.,Molecular Pharmacology Research Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yibo Ying
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Qiuji Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Zhiyang Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Samuel Bennett
- Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Molecular Pharmacology Research Centre, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Jiake Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China. .,Molecular Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Yarrow JF, Wnek RD, Conover CF, Reynolds MC, Buckley KH, Kura JR, Sutor TW, Otzel DM, Mattingly AJ, Croft S, Aguirre JI, Borst SE, Beck DT, McCullough DJ. Bone loss after severe spinal cord injury coincides with reduced bone formation and precedes bone blood flow deficits. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1288-1299. [PMID: 34473574 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00444.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminished bone perfusion develops in response to disuse and has been proposed as a mechanism underlying bone loss. Bone blood flow (BF) has not been investigated within the unique context of severe contusion spinal cord injury (SCI), a condition that produces neurogenic bone loss that is precipitated by disuse and other physiological consequences of central nervous system injury. Herein, 4-mo-old male Sprague-Dawley rats received T9 laminectomy (SHAM) or laminectomy with severe contusion SCI (n = 20/group). Time course assessments of hindlimb bone microstructure and bone perfusion were performed in vivo at 1- and 2-wk postsurgery via microcomputed tomography (microCT) and intracardiac microsphere infusion, respectively, and bone turnover indices were determined via histomorphometry. Both groups exhibited cancellous bone loss beginning in the initial postsurgical week, with cancellous and cortical bone deficits progressing only in SCI thereafter. Trabecular bone deterioration coincided with uncoupled bone turnover after SCI, as indicated by signs of ongoing osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and a near-complete absence of osteoblasts and cancellous bone formation. Bone BF was not different between groups at 1 wk, when both groups displayed bone loss. In comparison, femur and tibia perfusion was 30%-40% lower in SCI versus SHAM at 2 wk, with the most pronounced regional BF deficits occurring at the distal femur. Significant associations existed between distal femur BF and cancellous and cortical bone loss indices. Our data provide the first direct evidence indicating that bone BF deficits develop in response to SCI and temporally coincide with suppressed bone formation and with cancellous and cortical bone deterioration.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide the first direct evidence indicating femur and tibia blood flow (BF) deficits exist in conscious (awake) rats after severe contusion spinal cord injury (SCI), with the distal femur displaying the largest BF deficits. Reduced bone perfusion temporally coincided with unopposed bone resorption, as indicated by ongoing osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and a near absence of surface-level bone formation indices, which resulted in severe cancellous and cortical microstructural deterioration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua F Yarrow
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.,Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Russell D Wnek
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Christine F Conover
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael C Reynolds
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kinley H Buckley
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jayachandra R Kura
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tommy W Sutor
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Dana M Otzel
- Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alex J Mattingly
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Summer Croft
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - J Ignacio Aguirre
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Research Service, Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Darren T Beck
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Danielle J McCullough
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
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Wang D, Shen Z, Jiang D, Li X, Fang X, Leng H, Zhang W. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of patellar vascular anatomy by novel three-dimensional micro-computed-tomography: Implications for total knee arthroplasty. Knee 2019; 26:1330-1337. [PMID: 30904325 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The blood supply of the patella is highly related to patellofemoral complications in total knee arthroplasty. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) the dominant blood supply for the patella and (2) the anatomic characteristics of the extraosseous and intraosseous vascularity of the patella. METHODS In 13 fresh cadaveric knees, the femoral arteries were cannulated and perfused with a lead-based contrast agent. Patellae were harvested and scanned with a micro-computed-tomography scanner. The three-dimensional microarchitecture of the vascularity was reconstructed and evaluated. For the volumetric analysis, the vessel densities of the anterior, central and subchondral sides were compared. RESULTS A well-anastomosed prepatellar vascular network was found to cover the anterior surface of the patella, with main arteries from multiple directions, yielding 18.8 ± 3.1 (standard deviation) intraosseous branches into the patella. Along the intraosseous branches of the prepatellar vascular network, vessel density decreased (P < 0.001) by 0.54 ± 0.29% on the anterior side, 0.40 ± 0.24% on the central side and 0.23 ± 0.19% on the subchondral side. Arteries in the infrapatellar fat pad produced 5.1 ± 1.8 intraosseous branches, mainly located in the distal apex. Almost no arteries penetrated into the patella from the quadriceps tendon, patellar ligament or medial/lateral retinaculum. CONCLUSION The prepatellar vascular network is the dominant blood supply. Close exposure and extensive dissection around the patella should be avoided to preserve the prepatellar vascular network. The infrapatellar fat pad was recommended to be preserved when a lateral reticulum release was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyu Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Zhongcheng Shen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China; Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Dong Jiang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Xuan Fang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Huijie Leng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Weiguang Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology and Embryology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
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9
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Micrornas at the Interface between Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis as Targets for Bone Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020121. [PMID: 30717449 PMCID: PMC6406308 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation and regeneration is a multistep complex process crucially determined by the formation of blood vessels in the growth plate region. This is preceded by the expression of growth factors, notably the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), secreted by osteogenic cells, as well as the corresponding response of endothelial cells, although the exact mechanisms remain to be clarified. Thereby, coordinated coupling between osteogenesis and angiogenesis is initiated and sustained. The precise interplay of these two fundamental processes is crucial during times of rapid bone growth or fracture repair in adults. Deviations in this balance might lead to pathologic conditions such as osteoarthritis and ectopic bone formation. Besides VEGF, the recently discovered important regulatory and modifying functions of microRNAs also support this key mechanism. These comprise two principal categories of microRNAs that were identified with specific functions in bone formation (osteomiRs) and/or angiogenesis (angiomiRs). However, as hypoxia is a major driving force behind bone angiogenesis, a third group involved in this process is represented by hypoxia-inducible microRNAs (hypoxamiRs). This review was focused on the identification of microRNAs that were found to have an active role in osteogenesis as well as angiogenesis to date that were termed "CouplingmiRs (CPLGmiRs)". Outlined representatives therefore represent microRNAs that already have been associated with an active role in osteogenic-angiogenic coupling or are presumed to have its potential. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing bone angiogenesis are of great relevance for improving therapeutic options in bone regeneration, tissue-engineering, and the treatment of bone-related diseases.
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10
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Ishimaru Y, Oshima Y, Imai Y, Iimura T, Takanezawa S, Hino K, Miura H. Raman Spectroscopic Analysis to Detect Reduced Bone Quality after Sciatic Neurectomy in Mice. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123081. [PMID: 30477282 PMCID: PMC6321365 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mineral density (BMD) is a commonly used diagnostic indicator for bone fracture risk in osteoporosis. Along with low BMD, bone fragility accounts for reduced bone quality in addition to low BMD, but there is no diagnostic method to directly assess the bone quality. In this study, we investigated changes in bone quality using the Raman spectroscopic technique. Sciatic neurectomy (NX) was performed in male C57/BL6J mice (NX group) as a model of disuse osteoporosis, and sham surgery was used as an experimental control (Sham group). Eight months after surgery, we acquired Raman spectral data from the anterior cortical surface of the proximal tibia. We also performed a BMD measurement and micro-CT measurement to investigate the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Quantitative analysis based on the Raman peak intensities showed that the carbonate/phosphate ratio and the mineral/matrix ratio were significantly higher in the NX group than in the Sham group. There was direct evidence of alterations in the mineral content associated with mechanical properties of bone. To fully understand the spectral changes, we performed principal component analysis of the spectral dataset, focusing on the matrix content. In conclusion, Raman spectroscopy provides reliable information on chemical changes in both mineral and matrix contents, and it also identifies possible mechanisms of disuse osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumitsu Ishimaru
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Oshima
- Biomedical Optics Laboratory, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering Tohoku University, Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Miyagi, Japan.
- Department of Gastroenterological and Pediatric Surgery, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Idaigaoka, Hasama-machi, Yufu City 879-5593, Oita, Japan.
- Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery and Orthodontics, University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku 113-8655, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuuki Imai
- Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Division of Bio-imaging, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime university graduate school of medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan.
- Division of Analytical Bio-Medicine, Advanced Research Support Center, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Sota Takanezawa
- Molecular Medicine for Pathogenesis, Ehime university graduate school of medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Hino
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Miura
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon 791-0295, Ehime, Japan.
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11
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Sakitani N, Iwasawa H, Nomura M, Miura Y, Kuroki H, Ozawa J, Moriyama H. Mechanical Stress by Spasticity Accelerates Fracture Healing After Spinal Cord Injury. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 101:384-395. [PMID: 28530017 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Accelerated fracture healing in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI) is often encountered in clinical practice. However, there is no distinct evidence in the accelerated fracture healing, and the mechanisms of accelerated fracture healing in SCI are poorly understood. We aimed to determine whether SCI accelerated fracture healing in morphology and strength, to characterize the healing process with SCI, and to clarify the factors responsible for accelerated fracture healing. In total, 39 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into healthy control without intervention, SCI only, fracture with SCI, botulinum toxin (BTX) A-treated fracture with SCI, and propranolol-treated fracture with SCI groups. These rats were assessed with computed microtomography, histological, histomorphological, immunohistological, and biomechanical analyses. Both computed microtomography and histological analyses revealed the acceleration of a bony union in animals with SCI. The strength of the healed fractures after SCI recovered to the same level as that of intact bones after SCI, while the healed bones were weaker than the intact bones. Immunohistology revealed that SCI fracture healing was characterized by formation of callus with predominant intramembranous ossification and promoting endochondral ossification. The accelerated fracture healing after SCI was attenuated by BTX injection, but did not change by propranolol. We demonstrated that SCI accelerate fracture healing in both morphology and strength. The accelerated fracture healing with SCI may be due to predominant intramembranous ossification and promoting endochondral ossification. In addition, our results also suggest that muscle contraction by spasticity accelerates fracture healing after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyoshi Sakitani
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Iwasawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
- St. Marianna University School of Medicine Hospital, Sugao 2-16-1, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Masato Nomura
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miura
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kuroki
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Syogoinkawaharatyo 53, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Junya Ozawa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Kurose-Gakuendai 555-36, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-2695, Japan
| | - Hideki Moriyama
- Life and Medical Sciences Area, Health Sciences Discipline, Kobe University, Tomogaoka 7-10-2, Suma-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 654-0142, Japan.
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12
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Jing H, Liao L, Su X, Shuai Y, Zhang X, Deng Z, Jin Y. Declining histone acetyltransferase GCN5 represses BMSC‐mediated angiogenesis during osteoporosis. FASEB J 2017. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700118r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineXi'anChina
| | - Li Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineXi'anChina
| | - Xiaoxia Su
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine ResearchCollege of StomatologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yi Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineXi'anChina
| | - Xinjing Zhang
- Department of ProthodonticsStomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhihong Deng
- Department of OtolaryngologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military StomatologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral DiseasesXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral DiseasesCenter for Tissue EngineeringSchool of StomatologyXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anChina
- Xi'an Institute of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative MedicineXi'anChina
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13
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Hinton PS. Role of reduced insulin-stimulated bone blood flow in the pathogenesis of metabolic insulin resistance and diabetic bone fragility. Med Hypotheses 2016; 93:81-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Graham ZA, Collier L, Peng Y, Saéz JC, Bauman WA, Qin W, Cardozo CP. A Soluble Activin Receptor IIB Fails to Prevent Muscle Atrophy in a Mouse Model of Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1128-35. [PMID: 26529111 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MST) is a potent regulator of muscle growth and size. Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in marked atrophy of muscle below the level of injury. Currently, there is no effective pharmaceutical treatment available to prevent sublesional muscle atrophy post-SCI. To determine whether inhibition of MST with a soluble activin IIB receptor (RAP-031) prevents sublesional SCI-induced muscle atrophy, mice were randomly assigned to the following groups: Sham-SCI; SCI+Vehicle group (SCI-VEH); and SCI+RAP-031 (SCI-RAP-031). SCI was induced by complete transection at thoracic level 10. Animals were euthanized at 56 days post-surgery. RAP-031 reduced, but did not prevent, body weight loss post-SCI. RAP-031 increased total lean tissue mass compared to SCI-VEH (14.8%). RAP-031 increased forelimb muscle mass post-SCI by 38% and 19% for biceps and triceps, respectively (p < 0.001). There were no differences in hindlimb muscle weights between the RAP-031 and SCI-VEH groups. In the gastrocnemius, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was elevated for interleukin (IL)-6 (8-fold), IL-1β (3-fold), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (8-fold) in the SCI-VEH, compared to the Sham group. Muscle RING finger protein 1 mRNA was 2-fold greater in the RAP-031 group, compared to Sham-SCI. RAP-031 did not influence cytokine expression. Bone mineral density of the distal femur and proximal tibia were decreased post-SCI (-26% and -28%, respectively) and were not altered by RAP-031. In conclusion, MST inhibition increased supralesional muscle mass, but did not prevent sublesional muscle or bone loss, or the inflammation in paralyzed muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Graham
- 1 National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York.,5 Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | - Lauren Collier
- 1 National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York
| | - Yuanzhen Peng
- 1 National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York
| | - Juan C Saéz
- 3 Department of Physiology, Pontificia Universidad Católica , Santiago, Chile .,4 Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias de Valparaiso , Valparaiso, Chile
| | - William A Bauman
- 1 National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York.,2 Medical Service, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York.,5 Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York.,6 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | - Weiping Qin
- 1 National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York.,5 Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- 1 National Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York.,2 Medical Service, James J. Peters VA Medical Center , Bronx, New York.,5 Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York.,6 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York.,7 Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York
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15
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Khojastehpour L, Dehbozorgi M, Tabrizi R, Esfandnia S. Evaluating the anatomical location of the posterior superior alveolar artery in cone beam computed tomography images. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 45:354-8. [PMID: 26516028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the diameter, location, and frequency of the appearance of the posterior superior alveolar artery (PSAA) in preoperative cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. Two hundred and eleven pre-implant CBCT scans were reviewed. The following criteria were considered in all subjects: (1) the location of the artery: intra-sinus or below the membrane (type I), intraosseous (type II), or superficial (type III); (2) the distance between the lower border of the artery and the alveolar crest; (3) the bone height measured from the floor of the sinus to the crest of the ridge; (4) the distance from the lateral wall of the artery to the medial wall of the maxillary sinus; and (5) the diameter of the artery (in millimetres). The distance between the artery and the medial sinus wall, as well as the diameter of the artery, were greater in patients with an alveolar bone height ≤10mm than in those with a bone height >10mm. The distance from the artery to the medial sinus wall and the diameter of the artery were positively correlated with the number of missing teeth. It was also found that the diameter of the PSAA increased with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Khojastehpour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Dehbozorgi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - R Tabrizi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Marenzana M, Arnett TR. The Key Role of the Blood Supply to Bone. Bone Res 2013; 1:203-15. [PMID: 26273504 DOI: 10.4248/br201303001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the vascular supply for bone is well-known to orthopaedists but is still rather overlooked within the wider field of skeletal research. Blood supplies oxygen, nutrients and regulatory factors to tissues, as well as removing metabolic waste products such as carbon dioxide and acid. Bone receives up to about 10% of cardiac output, and this blood supply permits a much higher degree of cellularity, remodelling and repair than is possible in cartilage, which is avascular. The blood supply to bone is delivered to the endosteal cavity by nutrient arteries, then flows through marrow sinusoids before exiting via numerous small vessels that ramify through the cortex. The marrow cavity affords a range of vascular niches that are thought to regulate the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic and stromal cells, in part via gradients of oxygen tension. The quality of vascular supply to bone tends to decline with age and may be compromised in common pathological settings, including diabetes, anaemias, chronic airway diseases and immobility, as well as by tumours. Reductions in vascular supply are associated with bone loss. This may be due in part to the direct effects of hypoxia, which blocks osteoblast function and bone formation but causes reciprocal increases in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. Common regulatory factors such as parathyroid hormone or nitrates, both of which are potent vasodilators, might exert their osteogenic effects on bone via the vasculature. These observations suggest that the bone vasculature will be a fruitful area for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Marenzana
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London and Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford , UK
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London , UK
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17
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Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier JAM. Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions. Nutrients 2013; 5:3022-33. [PMID: 23912329 PMCID: PMC3775240 DOI: 10.3390/nu5083022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A tight control of magnesium homeostasis seems to be crucial for bone health. On the basis of experimental and epidemiological studies, both low and high magnesium have harmful effects on the bones. Magnesium deficiency contributes to osteoporosis directly by acting on crystal formation and on bone cells and indirectly by impacting on the secretion and the activity of parathyroid hormone and by promoting low grade inflammation. Less is known about the mechanisms responsible for the mineralization defects observed when magnesium is elevated. Overall, controlling and maintaining magnesium homeostasis represents a helpful intervention to maintain bone integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Via GB Grassi 74, Milan I-20157, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessandra Cazzaniga
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Via GB Grassi 74, Milan I-20157, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Walter Albisetti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Via Commenda 10, Milan I-20157, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Jeanette A. M. Maier
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, Via GB Grassi 74, Milan I-20157, Italy; E-Mails: (S.C.); (A.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-02-5031-9648; Fax: +39-02-5031-9659
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