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Buravchenko GI, Shchekotikhin AE. Quinoxaline 1,4-Dioxides: Advances in Chemistry and Chemotherapeutic Drug Development. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1174. [PMID: 37631089 PMCID: PMC10459860 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Oxides of heterocyclic compounds are the focus of medical chemistry due to their diverse biological properties. The high reactivity and tendency to undergo various rearrangements have piqued the interest of synthetic chemists in heterocycles with N-oxide fragments. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides are an example of an important class of heterocyclic N-oxides, whose wide range of biological activity determines the prospects of their practical use in the development of drugs of various pharmaceutical groups. Derivatives from this series have found application in the clinic as antibacterial drugs and are used in agriculture. Quinoxaline 1,4-dioxides present a promising class for the development of new drugs targeting bacterial infections, oncological diseases, malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and amoebiasis. The review considers the most important methods for the synthesis and key directions in the chemical modification of quinoxaline 1,4-dioxide derivatives, analyzes their biological properties, and evaluates the prospects for the practical application of the most interesting compounds.
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Transition Metal Complexes of Thiosemicarbazides, Thiocarbohydrazides, and Their Corresponding Carbazones with Cu(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Ag(I)-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041808. [PMID: 36838796 PMCID: PMC9962565 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on some interesting and recent applications of transition metals towards the complexation of thiosemicarbazides, thiocarbohydrazides, and their corresponding carbazones. We started the review with a description of the chosen five metals, including Cu[Cu(I), Cu(II], Co(II), Ni(II), Pd(II), and Ag(I) and their electronic configurations. The stability of the assigned complexes was also discussed. We shed light on different routes describing the synthesis of these ligands. We also reported on different examples of the synthesis of Cu(I), Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Ag(I), and Pd(II) of thiosemicarbazide and thiocarbohydrazide complexes (until 2022). This review also deals with a summary of the fruitful use of metal complexes of thiosemicarbazones and thiocarbazones ligands in the field of catalysis. Finally, this recent review focuses on the applications of these complexes related to their biological importance.
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Schwehr BJ, Hartnell D, Massi M, Hackett MJ. Luminescent Metal Complexes as Emerging Tools for Lipid Imaging. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2022; 380:46. [PMID: 35976575 PMCID: PMC9385838 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-022-00400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy is a key tool in the biological sciences, which finds use as a routine laboratory technique (e.g., epifluorescence microscope) or more advanced confocal, two-photon, and super-resolution applications. Through continued developments in microscopy, and other analytical methods, the importance of lipids as constituents of subcellular organelles, signalling or regulating molecules continues to emerge. The increasing recognition of the importance of lipids to fundamental cell biology (in health and disease) has prompted the development of protocols and techniques to image the distribution of lipids in cells and tissues. A diverse suite of spectroscopic and microscopy tools are continuously being developed and explored to add to the "toolbox" to study lipid biology. A relatively recent breakthrough in this field has been the development and subsequent application of metal-based luminescent complexes for imaging lipids in biological systems. These metal-based compounds appear to offer advantages with respect to their tunability of the photophysical properties, in addition to capabilities centred around selectively targeting specific lipid structures or classes of lipids. The presence of the metal centre also opens the path to alternative imaging modalities that might not be applicable to traditional organic fluorophores. This review examines the current progress and developments in metal-based luminescent complexes to study lipids, in addition to exploring potential new avenues and challenges for the field to take.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Schwehr
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - David Hartnell
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
| | - Mark J Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia. .,Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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4
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Sarpaki S, Cortezon-Tamarit F, Exner RM, Song K, de Aguiar SRM, Ge H, Pourzand C, Paisey SJ, Kociok-Köhn G, Dilworth JR, Carroll L, Pascu SI. Functional, Aromatic, and Fluorinated Monothiosemicarbazones: Investigations into Their Structures and Activity toward the Gallium-68 Incorporation by Microwave Irradiation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13750-13777. [PMID: 35559172 PMCID: PMC9088960 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c07396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a new series of coordinating monothiosemicarbazones incorporating aromatic backbones, featuring O/N/S donor centers monosubstituted with different aliphatic, aromatic, fluorinated, and amine-functionalized groups at their N centers. Their ability to bind metal ions such as Zn(II) and Ga(III) was explored, and the formation of two different coordination isomers of the Zn(II) complex was demonstrated by X-ray diffraction studies using synchrotron radiation. These studies showed the planar geometry for the coordinated mono(thiosemicarbazone) ligand and that the metal center can adopt either a heavily distorted tetrahedral Zn center (placed in an N/S/S/N environment, with CN = 4) or a pseudo-octahedral geometry, where the Zn(II) center is in the O/N/S/S/N/O environment, and CN = 6. Furthermore, 2-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-3,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and cellular imaging in living cells were subsequently performed in two different cancer cell lines: PC-3 (a standard cell line derived from a bone metastasis of a stage IV prostate cancer) and EMT6 (a commercial murine mammary carcinoma cell line). The radiolabeling of new functional and aromatic monothiosemicarbazones with either gallium-68 (under pH control) or fluorine-18 is discussed. The potential of this class of compounds to act as synthetic scaffolds for molecular imaging agents of relevance to positron emission tomography was evaluated in vitro, and the cellular uptake of a simultaneously fluorinated and [68Ga]-labeled mono(thiosemicarbazone) was investigated and is reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Sarpaki
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rüdiger Maria Exner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Kexin Song
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Haobo Ge
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Charareh Pourzand
- Department
of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University
of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Centre
of Therapeutic Innovations, University of
Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen James Paisey
- Wales
Research and Diagnostic PET Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Cardiff, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Kociok-Köhn
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Robin Dilworth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Carroll
- Department
of Medicine, Imperial College, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United
Kingdom
- Russell
H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Sofia Ioana Pascu
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
- Centre
of Therapeutic Innovations, University of
Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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5
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Kirtani DU, Ghatpande NS, Suryavanshi KR, Kulkarni PP, Kumbhar AA. Fluorescent Copper(II) Complexes of Asymmetric Bis(Thiosemicarbazone)s: Electrochemistry, Cellular Uptake and Antiproliferative Activity. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepti U. Kirtani
- Department of Chemistry Savitribai Phule Pune University Ganeshkhind Road Pune 411007 India
| | - Niraj S. Ghatpande
- Bioprospecting Group Agharkar Research Institute Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Road Pune 411004 India
| | - Komal R. Suryavanshi
- Bioprospecting Group Agharkar Research Institute Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Road Pune 411004 India
| | - Prasad P. Kulkarni
- Bioprospecting Group Agharkar Research Institute Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Road Pune 411004 India
| | - Anupa A. Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry Savitribai Phule Pune University Ganeshkhind Road Pune 411007 India
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6
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Qin LQ, Liang CJ, Zhou Z, Qin QP, Wei ZZ, Tan MX, Liang H. Mitochondria-localizing curcumin-cryptolepine Zn(II) complexes and their antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 30:115948. [PMID: 33360578 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many metal complexes are potent candidates as mitochondrial-targeting agents. In this study, four novel Zn(II) complexes, [Zn(BPQA)Cl2] (Zn1), [Zn(BPQA)(Curc)]Cl (Zn2), [Zn(PQA)Cl2] (Zn3), and [Zn(PQA)(Curc)]Cl (Zn4), containing N,N-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)benzofuro[3,2-b]quinolin-11-amine (BPQA), N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)benzofuro[3,2-b]quinolin-11-amine (PQA), and curcumin (H-Curc) were synthesized. An MTT assay showed that Zn1-Zn4 had strong anticancer activities against SK-OV-3/DDP and T-24 tumor cells with IC50 values of 0.03-6.19 μM. Importantly, Zn1 and Zn2 displayed low toxicities against normal HL-7702 cells. Mechanism experiments demonstrated that probe Zn2 showed appreciable fluorescence in the red region of the spectrum, and substantial accumulation of Zn2 occurred in the mitochondria after treatment, indicating increases in Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species levels, loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and consequent induction of mitochondrial dysfunction at low concentrations. In addition, the probe Zn2 effectively (50.7%) inhibited the growth of T-24 bladder tumor cells in vivo. The probe Zn2 shows potential for use in cancer therapy while retaining the H-Curc as an imaging probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qin Qin
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Chun-Jie Liang
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Qi-Pin Qin
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China; State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Zu-Zhuang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Ming-Xiong Tan
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, PR China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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7
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Oliveira CG, Romero-Canelón I, Silva MM, Coverdale JPC, Maia PIS, Batista AA, Castelli S, Desideri A, Sadler PJ, Deflon VM. Palladium(ii) complexes with thiosemicarbazones derived from pyrene as topoisomerase IB inhibitors. Dalton Trans 2020; 48:16509-16517. [PMID: 31670343 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02570g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
New palladium complexes with thiosemicarbazonate ligands derived from pyrene exhibit potent antiproliferative activity against A2780 and cisplatin-resistant A2780Cis human ovarian cancer cells, which is dependent on substituent groups of the thiosemicarbazone ligands. Cellular accumulation and distribution studies confirmed that palladium enters the cell nucleus. DNA and topoisomerase IB studies show that one complex is a potent TopIB inhibitor, with selectivity for cancer versus normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina G Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, Brazil.
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8
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Qin QP, Wei ZZ, Wang ZF, Huang XL, Tan MX, Zou HH, Liang H. Imaging and therapeutic applications of Zn(ii)-cryptolepine-curcumin molecular probes in cell apoptosis detection and photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:3999-4002. [PMID: 32154536 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00524j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel red Zn(ii) complex-based fluorescent probes featuring cryptolepine-curcumin derivatives, namely, [Zn(BQ)Cl2] (BQ-Zn) and [Zn(BQ)(Cur)]Cl (BQCur-Zn), were developed for the simple and fluorescent label-free detection of apoptosis, an important biological process. The probes could synergistically promote mitochondrion-mediated apoptosis and enhance tumor therapeutic effects in vitro and vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Pin Qin
- Guangxi Key Lab of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, 1303 Jiaoyudong Road, Yulin 537000, P. R. China.
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9
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Kadakia RT, Xie D, Martinez D, Yu M, Que EL. A dual-responsive probe for detecting cellular hypoxia using 19F magnetic resonance and fluorescence. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8860-8863. [PMID: 31219109 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00375d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report the first dual-responsive 19F MRI and fluorescence imaging probe for cellular hypoxia. The Cu2+-based probe exhibits no 19F MR signal and reduced fluorescence signal due to paramagnetic quenching; however, the probe turns-on in both modes following reduction to Cu+. This bimodal agent can differentiate hypoxic and normoxic cells in both modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul T Kadakia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th St. Stop A5300, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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10
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Walther T, Herzog R, Kaluđerović MR, Wagner C, Schmidt H, Kaluđerović GN. Traceable platinum(II) complexes with alkylene diamine-derived ligands: synthesis, characterization and in vitro studies. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1431392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Till Walther
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Renate Herzog
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Milena R. Kaluđerović
- Department of Oral, Maxillary, Facial and Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Wagner
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Harry Schmidt
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Goran N. Kaluđerović
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
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11
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Sivaraman G, Iniya M, Anand T, Kotla NG, Sunnapu O, Singaravadivel S, Gulyani A, Chellappa D. Chemically diverse small molecule fluorescent chemosensors for copper ion. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Brown OC, Baguña Torres J, Holt KB, Blower PJ, Went MJ. Copper complexes with dissymmetrically substituted bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands as a basis for PET radiopharmaceuticals: control of redox potential and lipophilicity. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:14612-14630. [PMID: 28703233 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02008b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper(ii) bis(thiosemicarbazone) derivatives have been used extensively in positron emission tomography (PET) to image hypoxia and blood flow and to radiolabel cells for cell tracking. These applications depend on control of redox potentials and lipophilicity of the bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes, which can be adjusted by altering peripheral ligand substituents. This paper reports the synthesis of a library of new dissymmetrically substituted bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands by controlling the condensation reactions between dicarbonyl compounds and 4-substituted-3-thiosemicarbazides or using acetal protection. Copper complexes of the new ligands have been prepared by reaction with copper acetate or via transmetallation of the corresponding zinc complexes, which are convenient precursors for the rapid synthesis of radio-copper complexes. Well-defined structure-activity relationships linking ligand alkylation patterns with redox potential and lipophilicity of the complexes are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver C Brown
- University of Kent, School of Physical Sciences, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK.
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13
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Oxoaporphine Metal Complexes (Co II, Ni II, Zn II) with High Antitumor Activity by Inducing Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis and S-phase Arrest in HepG2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46056. [PMID: 28436418 PMCID: PMC5402304 DOI: 10.1038/srep46056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new oxoaporphine Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) complexes 1–3 have been synthesized and fully characterized. 1–3 have similar mononuclear structures with the metal and ligand ratio of 1:2. 1–3 exhibited higher cytotoxicity than the OD ligand and cisplatin against HepG2, T-24, BEL-7404, MGC80–3 and SK-OV-3/DDP cells, with IC50 value of 0.23−4.31 μM. Interestingly, 0.5 μM 1–3 significantly caused HepG2 arrest at S-phase, which was associated with the up-regulation of p53, p21, p27, Chk1 and Chk2 proteins, and decrease in cyclin A, CDK2, Cdc25A, PCNA proteins. In addition, 1–3 induced HepG2 apoptosis via a caspase-dependent mitochondrion pathway as evidenced by p53 activation, ROS production, Bax up-regulation and Bcl-2 down-regulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytochrome c release, caspase activation and PARP cleavage. Furthermore, 3 inhibited tumor growth in HepG2 xenograft model, and displayed more safety profile in vivo than cisplatin.
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14
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Venkatachalam TK, Bernhardt PV, Noble CJ, Fletcher N, Pierens GK, Thurecht KJ, Reutens DC. Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of semicarbazones and their copper complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 162:295-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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15
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Cortezon-Tamarit F, Sarpaki S, Calatayud DG, Mirabello V, Pascu SI. Applications of "Hot" and "Cold" Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Metal Complexes in Multimodal Imaging. CHEM REC 2016; 16:1380-97. [PMID: 27149900 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The applications of coordination chemistry to molecular imaging has become a matter of intense research over the past 10 years. In particular, the applications of bis(thiosemicarbazonato) metal complexes in molecular imaging have mainly been focused on compounds with aliphatic backbones due to the in vivo imaging success of hypoxic tumors with PET (positron emission tomography) using (64) CuATSM [copper (diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone))]. This compound entered clinical trials in the US and the UK during the first decade of the 21(st) century for imaging hypoxia in head and neck tumors. The replacement of the ligand backbone to aromatic groups, coupled with the exocyclic N's functionalization during the synthesis of bis(thiosemicarbazones) opens the possibility to use the corresponding metal complexes as multimodal imaging agents of use, both in vitro for optical detection, and in vivo when radiolabeled with several different metallic species. The greater kinetic stability of acenaphthenequinone bis(thiosemicarbazonato) metal complexes, with respect to that of the corresponding aliphatic ATSM complexes, allows the stabilization of a number of imaging probes, with special interest in "cold" and "hot" Cu(II) and Ga(III) derivatives for PET applications and (111) In(III) derivatives for SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) applications, whilst Zn(II) derivatives display optical imaging properties in cells, with enhanced fluorescence emission and lifetime with respect to the free ligands. Preliminary studies have shown that gallium-based acenaphthenequinone bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes are also hypoxia selective in vitro, thus increasing the interest in them as new generation imaging agents for in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia Sarpaki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - David G Calatayud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Vincenzo Mirabello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Sofia I Pascu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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16
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Stacy AE, Palanimuthu D, Bernhardt PV, Kalinowski DS, Jansson PJ, Richardson DR. Zinc(II)-Thiosemicarbazone Complexes Are Localized to the Lysosomal Compartment Where They Transmetallate with Copper Ions to Induce Cytotoxicity. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4965-84. [PMID: 27023111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As the di-2-pyridylketone thiosemicarbazone (DpT) and 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (ApT) series show potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo, we synthesized their fluorescent zinc(II) complexes to assess their intracellular distribution. The Zn(II) complexes generally showed significantly greater cytotoxicity than the thiosemicarbazones alone in several tumor cell-types. Notably, specific structure-activity relationships demonstrated the importance of the di-2-pyridyl pharmacophore in their activity. Confocal fluorescence imaging and live cell microscopy showed that the Zn(II) complex of our lead compound, di-2-pyridylketone 4-cyclohexyl-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (DpC), which is scheduled to enter clinical trials, was localized to lysosomes. Under lysosomal conditions, the Zn(II) complexes were shown to transmetallate with copper ions, leading to redox-active copper complexes that induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cytotoxicity. This is the first study to demonstrate direct lysosomal targeting of our novel Zn(II)-thiosemicarbazone complexes that mediate their activity via transmetalation with copper ions and LMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra E Stacy
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Blackburn Building (D06), Level 5, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Duraippandi Palanimuthu
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Blackburn Building (D06), Level 5, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Danuta S Kalinowski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Blackburn Building (D06), Level 5, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Blackburn Building (D06), Level 5, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Blackburn Building (D06), Level 5, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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17
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Mohamed Subarkhan M, Prabhu RN, Raj Kumar R, Ramesh R. Antiproliferative activity of cationic and neutral thiosemicarbazone copper(ii) complexes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new copper(ii) thiosemicarbazone complexes were synthesized and characterized. The DNA/protein binding and antiproliferative activity of the complexes have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. N. Prabhu
- Department of Chemistry
- Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College
- Tiruchirappalli 620 005
- India
| | - R. Raj Kumar
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620 024
- India
| | - R. Ramesh
- School of Chemistry
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620 024
- India
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18
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Stefani C, Al-Eisawi Z, Jansson PJ, Kalinowski DS, Richardson DR. Identification of differential anti-neoplastic activity of copper bis(thiosemicarbazones) that is mediated by intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and lysosomal membrane permeabilization. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:20-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Hickey JL, James JL, Henderson CA, Price KA, Mot AI, Buncic G, Crouch PJ, White JM, White AR, Smith TA, Donnelly PS. Intracellular Distribution of Fluorescent Copper and Zinc Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Complexes Measured with Fluorescence Lifetime Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:9556-67. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janine L. James
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Katherine A. Price
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Alexandra I. Mot
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Peter J. Crouch
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Anthony R. White
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
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20
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Targeting protein kinase and DNA molecules by diimine–phthalate complexes in antiproliferative activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:837-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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Ingle SA, Kate AN, Kumbhar AA, Khan AA, Rao SS, Gejji SP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of copper(ii) pyrenethiosemicarbazone. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra00020c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A fluorescent Cu(ii) pyrenethiosemicarbazone complex exhibits enhanced DNA-cleavage and cytotoxicity on photoexcitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwarna A. Ingle
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune-411007
- India
| | - Anup N. Kate
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune-411007
- India
| | - Anupa A. Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune-411007
- India
| | - Ayesha A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune-411007
- India
| | - Soniya S. Rao
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune-411007
- India
| | - Shridhar P. Gejji
- Department of Chemistry
- Savitribai Phule Pune University
- Pune-411007
- India
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22
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Shen C, New EJ. What has fluorescent sensing told us about copper and brain malfunction? Metallomics 2015; 7:56-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00288a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the development and application of fluorescent sensors for studying copper in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Shen
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- , Australia
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23
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Grubman A, White AR, Liddell JR. Mitochondrial metals as a potential therapeutic target in neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2159-73. [PMID: 24206195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition metals are critical for enzyme function and protein folding, but in excess can mediate neurotoxic oxidative processes. As mitochondria are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage due to radicals generated during ATP production, mitochondrial biometal homeostasis must therefore be tightly controlled to safely harness the redox potential of metal enzyme cofactors. Dysregulation of metal functions is evident in numerous neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, stroke, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Friedrich's ataxia. This review describes the mitochondrial metal defects in these disorders and highlights novel metal-based therapeutic approaches that target mitochondrial metal homeostasis in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grubman
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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24
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Ferreira MF, Pereira G, Martins AF, Martins CIO, Prata MIM, Petoud S, Toth E, Ferreira PMT, Martins JA, Geraldes CFGC. Ln[DO3A-N-α-(pyrenebutanamido)propionate] complexes: optimized relaxivity and NIR optical properties. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:3162-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52958d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Kate AN, Kumbhar AA, Khan AA, Joshi PV, Puranik VG. Monitoring Cellular Uptake and Cytotoxicity of Copper(II) Complex Using a Fluorescent Anthracene Thiosemicarbazone Ligand. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 25:102-14. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anup N. Kate
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
| | | | - Ayesha A. Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
| | - Pranaya V. Joshi
- Centre
for Materials Characterization, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
| | - Vedavati G. Puranik
- Centre
for Materials Characterization, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
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26
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Calatayud DG, López-Torres E, Mendiola MA. A Fluorescent Dissymmetric Thiosemicarbazone Ligand Containing a Hydrazonequinoline Arm and Its Complexes with Cadmium and Mercury. Eur J Inorg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201200815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Copper (Cu) is essential for development and proliferation, yet the cellular requirements for Cu in these processes are not well defined. We report that Cu plays an unanticipated role in the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway. Ablation of the Ctr1 high-affinity Cu transporter in flies and mouse cells, mutation of Ctr1, and Cu chelators all reduce the ability of the MAP kinase kinase Mek1 to phosphorylate the MAP kinase Erk. Moreover, mice bearing a cardiac-tissue-specific knockout of Ctr1 are deficient in Erk phosphorylation in cardiac tissue. in vitro investigations reveal that recombinant Mek1 binds two Cu atoms with high affinity and that Cu enhances Mek1 phosphorylation of Erk in a dose-dependent fashion. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggest that Cu is important for promoting the Mek1-Erk physical interaction that precedes the phosphorylation of Erk by Mek1. These results demonstrate a role for Ctr1 and Cu in activating a pathway well known to play a key role in normal physiology and in cancer.
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28
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Synthesis, crystal structures, and biological evaluation of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of 2-benzoylpyridine Schiff bases derived from S-methyl- and S-phenyldithiocarbazates. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 106:117-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Paterson BM, Donnelly PS. Copper complexes of bis(thiosemicarbazones): from chemotherapeutics to diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3005-18. [PMID: 21409228 DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecules known as bis(thiosemicarbazones) derived from 1,2-diones can act as tetradentate ligands for Cu(II), forming stable, neutral complexes. As a family, these complexes possess fascinating biological activity. This critical review presents an historical perspective of their progression from potential chemotherapeutics through to more recent applications in nuclear medicine. Methods of synthesis are presented followed by studies focusing on their potential application as anti-cancer agents and more recent investigations into their potential as therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. The Cu(II) complexes are of sufficient stability to be used to coordinate copper radioisotopes for application in diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Detailed understanding of the coordination chemistry has allowed careful manipulation of the metal based properties to engineer specific biological activities. Perhaps the most promising complex radiolabelled with copper radioisotopes to date is Cu(II)(atsm), which has progressed to clinical trials in humans (162 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Paterson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
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30
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Dayal D, Palanimuthu D, Shinde SV, Somasundaram K, Samuelson AG. A novel zinc bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex for live cell imaging. J Biol Inorg Chem 2011; 16:621-32. [PMID: 21384247 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-011-0764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent zinc complexes have recently attracted a lot of interest owing to their vast applications in cellular imaging. We report the synthesis as well as physical, chemical and biological studies of a novel zinc glyoxalbis(4-methyl-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone), [Zn(GTSC)]₃, complex. As compared with the well-studied zinc biacetylbis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone), Zn(ATSM), complex, which was used as a reference, [Zn(GTSC)]₃ had 2.5-fold higher fluorescence. When cellular fluorescence was measured using flow cytometry, we observed that [Zn(GTSC)]₃ had 3.4-fold to 12-fold higher fluorescence than Zn(ATSM) in various cell lines (n = 9) of different tissue origin. Confocal fluorescence microscopy results showed that [Zn(GTSC)]₃ appeared to have a nuclear localization within 30 min of addition to MCF7 cells. Moreover, [Zn(GTSC)]₃ showed minimal cytotoxicity compared with Zn(ATSM), suggesting that [Zn(GTSC)]₃ may be less deleterious to cells when used as an imaging agent. Our data suggest that the novel [Zn(GTSC)]₃ complex can potentially serve as a biocompatible fluorescent imaging agent for live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Dayal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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31
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Roy S, Roy S, Saha S, Majumdar R, Dighe RR, Jemmis ED, Chakravarty AR. Cobalt(ii) complexes of terpyridine bases as photochemotherapeutic agents showing cellular uptake and photocytotoxicity in visible light. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:1233-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt00223b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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32
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Price KA, Crouch PJ, Lim S, Paterson BM, Liddell JR, Donnelly PS, White AR. Subcellular localization of a fluorescent derivative of CuII(atsm) offers insight into the neuroprotective action of CuII(atsm). Metallomics 2011; 3:1280-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mt00092f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Buncic G, Hickey JL, Schieber C, White JM, Crouch PJ, White AR, Xiao Z, Wedd AG, Donnelly PS. Water-soluble Bis(thiosemicarbazonato)copper(II) Complexes. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch10463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of four new water-soluble bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands and their copper(ii) complexes is presented and their potential to be new ligands for copper radiopharmaceuticals is discussed. The ligands and complexes have been characterized by a combination of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The electrochemical behaviour of two of the copper(ii) complexes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and revealed that both complexes exhibited a quasi-reversible redox process attributed to a CuII/CuI process. Two of the new ligands were radiolabelled with positron-emitting 64Cu with a view to assessing their potential as ligands that bind radioactive copper isotopes for application in diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals. The cellular uptake of the copper complexes was investigated in SH-SY5Y cells.
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34
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Hueting R, Christlieb M, Dilworth JR, García Garayoa E, Gouverneur V, Jones MW, Maes V, Schibli R, Sun X, Tourwé DA. Bis(thiosemicarbazones) as bifunctional chelators for the room temperature 64-copper labeling of peptides. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:3620-32. [PMID: 20354615 DOI: 10.1039/b925128f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of new carboxylate functionalised bis(thiosemicarbazone) ligands and their Cu(II) complexes have been prepared, fully characterised and radiolabeled in high yield with both (64)Cu and (99m)Tc. Conjugation to a bombesin derivative was achieved using standard solid phase synthetic methodologies and the (64)Cu-labeled conjugate was shown to have good tumour uptake in mice with xenografted PC-3 tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Hueting
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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