1
|
Yang M, Liu J, Li J, Wen S, Hu Y, Lu W, Liu J, Huang P, Liu P. The rheumatoid arthritis drug auranofin exerts potent anti-lymphoma effect by stimulating TXNRD-mediated ROS generation and inhibition of energy metabolism. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103245. [PMID: 38909408 PMCID: PMC11254835 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the survival of lymphoma patients who experience disease progression or relapse remains very poor, new therapeutic approaches and effective drugs are urgently needed. Here we show that auranofin (AF), an anti-rheumatoid drug thought to inhibit thioredoxin reductases (TXNRDs) as its mechanism of action, exhibited potent activity against multiple cancer types, especially effective against B cell lymphoma. Surprisingly, a knockdown of TXNRD1 and TXNRD2 did not cause significant cytotoxicity, suggesting that abrogation of TXNRD enzyme per se was insufficient to cause cancer cell death. Further mechanistic study showed that the interaction of AF with TXNRD could convert this antioxidant enzyme to a ROS-generating molecule via disrupting its electron transport, leading to a leak of electrons that interact with molecular oxygen to form superoxide. AF also suppressed energy metabolism by inhibiting both mitochondria complex II and the glycolytic enzyme GAPDH, leading to a significant depletion of ATP and inhibition of cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, we found that the AF-mediated ROS stress could induce PD-L1 expression, revealing an unwanted effect of AF in causing immune suppression. We further showed that a combination of AF with anti-PD-1 antibody could enhance the anticancer activity in a syngeneic immune-competent mouse B-cell lymphoma model. Our study suggests that AF could be a potential drug for lymphoma treatment, and its combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors would be a logical strategy to increase the therapeutic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Yang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianan Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shijun Wen
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumin Hu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Lu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinyun Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Metabolic Innovation Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Platform of Metabolomics Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Peng Huang
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Metabolic Innovation Center, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Platform of Metabolomics Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Panpan Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Geri A, Massai L, Messori L. Protein Metalation by Medicinal Gold Compounds: Identification of the Main Features of the Metalation Process through ESI MS Experiments. Molecules 2023; 28:5196. [PMID: 37446857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold compounds form a new class of promising anticancer agents with innovative modes of action. It is generally believed that anticancer gold compounds, at variance with clinically established platinum drugs, preferentially target proteins rather than nucleic acids. The reactions of several gold compounds with a few model proteins have been systematically explored in recent years through ESI MS measurements to reveal adduct formation and identify the main features of those reactions. Here, we focus our attention on a group of five gold compounds of remarkable medicinal interest, i.e., Auranofin, Au(NHC)Cl, [Au(NHC)2]PF6, Aubipyc, and Auoxo6, and on their reactions with four different biomolecular targets, i.e., the proteins HEWL, hCA I, HSA and the C-terminal dodecapeptide of the enzyme thioredoxin reductase. Complete ESI MS data are available for those reactions due to previous experimental work conducted in our laboratory. From the comparative analysis of the ESI MS reaction profiles, some characteristic trends in the metallodrug-protein reactivity may be identified as detailed below. The main features are described and analyzed in this review. Overall, all these observations are broadly consistent with the concept that cytotoxic gold drugs preferentially target cancer cell proteins, with a remarkable selectivity for the cysteine and selenocysteine proteome. These interactions typically result in severe damage to cancer cell metabolism and profound alterations in the redox state, leading to eventual cancer cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Geri
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chiappetta G, Gamberi T, Faienza F, Limaj X, Rizza S, Messori L, Filomeni G, Modesti A, Vinh J. Redox proteome analysis of auranofin exposed ovarian cancer cells (A2780). Redox Biol 2022; 52:102294. [PMID: 35358852 PMCID: PMC8966199 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of Auranofin (AF) on protein expression and protein oxidation in A2780 cancer cells were investigated through a strategy based on simultaneous expression proteomics and redox proteomics determinations. Bioinformatics analysis of the proteomics data supports the view that the most critical cellular changes elicited by AF treatment consist of thioredoxin reductase inhibition, alteration of the cell redox state, impairment of the mitochondrial functions, metabolic changes associated with conversion to a glycolytic phenotype, induction of ER stress. The occurrence of the above cellular changes was extensively validated by performing direct biochemical assays. Our data are consistent with the concept that AF produces its effects through a multitarget mechanism that mainly affects the redox metabolism and the mitochondrial functions and results into severe ER stress. Results are discussed in the context of the current mechanistic knowledge existing on AF. Redox proteomics allows to underline cell adaptation mechanisms in response to Auranofin treatment in ovarian cancer cells. BRCA1 is one of the major candidates of the ovarian cancer cell adaptation to Auranofin treatment. Auranofin alters the oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial protein import machinery. TRAP1 C501 modulates Auranofin toxicity. Auranofin induces severe stress of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Chiappetta
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, SMBP, PDC CNRS UMR, 8249, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Tania Gamberi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy.
| | - Fiorella Faienza
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Xhesika Limaj
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, SMBP, PDC CNRS UMR, 8249, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Rizza
- Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luigi Messori
- Metmed Lab, Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Filomeni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Redox Signaling and Oxidative Stress Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale G.B. Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Joelle Vinh
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, SMBP, PDC CNRS UMR, 8249, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75005, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gamberi T, Chiappetta G, Fiaschi T, Modesti A, Sorbi F, Magherini F. Upgrade of an old drug: Auranofin in innovative cancer therapies to overcome drug resistance and to increase drug effectiveness. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1111-1146. [PMID: 34850406 PMCID: PMC9299597 DOI: 10.1002/med.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Auranofin is an oral gold(I) compound, initially developed for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Currently, Auranofin is under investigation for oncological application within a drug repurposing plan due to the relevant antineoplastic activity observed both in vitro and in vivo tumor models. In this review, we analysed studies in which Auranofin was used as a single drug or in combination with other molecules to enhance their anticancer activity or to overcome chemoresistance. The analysis of different targets/pathways affected by this drug in different cancer types has allowed us to highlight several interesting targets and effects of Auranofin besides the already well-known inhibition of thioredoxin reductase. Among these targets, inhibitory-κB kinase, deubiquitinates, protein kinase C iota have been frequently suggested. To rationalize the effects of Auranofin by a system biology-like approach, we exploited transcriptomic data obtained from a wide range of cell models, extrapolating the data deposited in the Connectivity Maps website and we attempted to provide a general conclusion and discussed the major points that need further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gamberi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Giovanni Chiappetta
- Biological Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics GroupPlasticité du Cerveau UMR 8249 CNRSParisESPCI Paris‐PSLFrance
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Flavia Sorbi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Francesca Magherini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abogosh AK, Alghanem MK, Ahmad S, Al-Asmari A, As Sobeai HM, Sulaiman AAA, Fettouhi M, Popoola SA, Alhoshani A, Isab AA. A novel cyclic dinuclear gold(I) complex induces anticancer activity via an oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2760-2769. [PMID: 35083998 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03546k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
A new dinuclear cyclic gold(I) complex [Au2(DCyPA)2](PF6)2, 1, based on bis[2-(dicyclohexylphosphano)ethyl]amine (DCyPA) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. In the dinuclear complex cation [Au2(DCyPA)2]2+, the two gold(I) ions are bridged by the ligand bis[2-(dicyclohexylphosphano)ethyl]amine (DCyPA) giving rise to a 16-membered ring centrosymmetric metallacycle. The cytotoxicity of the complex was evaluated against the triple-negative human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231. In order to understand the mechanism of the cytotoxic behavior, a variety of assays, including Annexin V-FITC/Propidium iodide double staining, ROS production, and mitochondrial membrane potential and migration assays were carried out. The results indicated that complex 1 induced cytotoxicity via an oxidative stress-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Abogosh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meshal K Alghanem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Asmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Homood M As Sobeai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam A A Sulaiman
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Fettouhi
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
- Center for Refining and Advanced Chemicals, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saheed A Popoola
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alhoshani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anvarhusein A Isab
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Massai L, Cirri D, Marzo T, Messori L. Auranofin and its analogs as prospective agents for the treatment of colorectal cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2022; 5:1-14. [PMID: 35582525 PMCID: PMC8992591 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2021.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Today colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. This disease is poorly chemo-sensitive toward the existing medical treatments so that new and more effective therapeutic agents are urgently needed and intensely sought. Platinum drugs, oxaliplatin in particular, were reported to produce some significant benefit in CRC treatment, triggering the general interest of medicinal chemists and oncologists for metal-based compounds as candidate anti-CRC drugs. Within this frame, gold compounds and, specifically, the established antiarthritic drug auranofin with its analogs, form a novel group of promising anticancer agents. Owing to its innovative mechanism of action and its favorable pharmacological profile, auranofin together with its derivatives are proposed here as novel experimental agents for CRC treatment, capable of overcoming resistance to platinum drugs. Some encouraging results in this direction have already been obtained. A few recent studies demonstrate that the action of auranofin may be further potentiated through the preparation of suitable pharmaceutical formulations capable of protecting the gold pharmacophore from unselective reactivity or through the design of highly synergic drug combinations. The perspectives of the research in this field are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Damiano Cirri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
- CISUP - Centre for Instrumentation Sharing (Centro per l’Integrazione della Strumentazione Scientifica), University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
- University Consortium for Research in the Chemistry of Metal ions in Biological Systems (CIRCMSB), Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abdalbari FH, Telleria CM. The gold complex auranofin: new perspectives for cancer therapy. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:42. [PMID: 35201489 PMCID: PMC8777575 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced stages of cancer are highly associated with short overall survival in patients due to the lack of long-term treatment options following the standard form of care. New options for cancer therapy are needed to improve the survival of cancer patients without disease recurrence. Auranofin is a clinically approved agent against rheumatoid arthritis that is currently enrolled in clinical trials for potential repurposing against cancer. Auranofin mainly targets the anti-oxidative system catalyzed by thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), which protects the cell from oxidative stress and death in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria. TrxR is over-expressed in many cancers as an adaptive mechanism for cancer cell proliferation, rendering it an attractive target for cancer therapy, and auranofin as a potential therapeutic agent for cancer. Inhibiting TrxR dysregulates the intracellular redox state causing increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and stimulates cellular demise. An alternate mechanism of action of auranofin is to mimic proteasomal inhibition by blocking the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), which is critically important in cancer cells to prevent cell death when compared to non-cancer cells, because of its role on cell cycle regulation, protein degradation, gene expression, and DNA repair. This article provides new perspectives on the potential mechanisms used by auranofin alone, in combination with diverse other compounds, or in combination with platinating agents and/or immune checkpoint inhibitors to combat cancer cells, while assessing the feasibility for its repurposing in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farah H Abdalbari
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Carlos M Telleria
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Cancer Research Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Paiva REF, Peterson EJ, Du Z, Farrell NP. The leaving group in Au(I)-phosphine compounds dictates cytotoxic pathways in CEM leukemia cells and reactivity towards a Cys 2His 2 model zinc finger. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:16319-16328. [PMID: 32432260 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01136c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold(i)-phosphine "auranofin-like" compounds have been extensively explored as anticancer agents in the past decade. Although potent cytotoxic agents, the lack of selectivity towards tumorigenic vs. non-tumorigenic cell lines often hinders further application. Here we explore the cytotoxic effects of a series of (R3P)AuL compounds, evaluating both the effect of the basicity and bulkiness of the carrier phosphine (R = Et or Cy), and the leaving group L (Cl-vs. dmap). [Au(dmap)(Et3P)]+ had an IC50 of 0.32 μM against the CEM cell line, with good selectivity in relation to HUVEC. Flow cytometry indicates reduced G1 population and slight accumulation in G2, as opposed to auranofin, which induces a high population of cells with fragmented DNA. Protein expression profile sets [Au(dmap)(Et3P)]+ further apart from auranofin, with proteolytic degradation of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP), DNA strand-break induced phosphorylation of Chk2 Thr68 and increased p53 ser15 phosphorylation. The cytoxicity and observable biological effects correlate directly with the reactivity trend observed when using the series of gold(i)-phosphine compounds for targeting a model zinc finger, Sp1 ZnF3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphael E F de Paiva
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Sao Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gamberi T, Pratesi A, Messori L, Massai L. Proteomics as a tool to disclose the cellular and molecular mechanisms of selected anticancer gold compounds. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
10
|
Zoppi C, Massai L, Cirri D, Gabbiani C, Pratesi A, Messori L. Protein metalation by two structurally related gold(I) carbene complexes: An ESI MS study. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
11
|
Meier‐Menches SM, Neuditschko B, Zappe K, Schaier M, Gerner MC, Schmetterer KG, Del Favero G, Bonsignore R, Cichna‐Markl M, Koellensperger G, Casini A, Gerner C. An Organometallic Gold(I) Bis-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complex with Multimodal Activity in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Chemistry 2020; 26:15528-15537. [PMID: 32902006 PMCID: PMC7756355 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The organometallic AuI bis-N-heterocyclic carbene complex [Au(9-methylcaffeine-8-ylidene)2 ]+ (AuTMX2 ) was previously shown to selectively and potently stabilise telomeric DNA G-quadruplex (G4) structures. This study sheds light on the molecular reactivity and mode of action of AuTMX2 in the cellular context using mass spectrometry-based methods, including shotgun proteomics in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. In contrast to other metal-based anticancer agents, this organogold compound is less prone to form coordinative bonds with biological nucleophiles and is expected to exert its drug effects mainly by non-covalent interactions. Global protein expression changes of treated cancer cells revealed a multimodal mode of action of AuTMX2 by alterations in the nucleolus, telomeres, actin stress-fibres and stress-responses, which were further supported by pharmacological assays, fluorescence microscopy and cellular accumulation experiments. Proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD020560.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M. Meier‐Menches
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Benjamin Neuditschko
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Katja Zappe
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Martin Schaier
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Marlene C. Gerner
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaWaehringer Guertel 18–201090ViennaAustria
| | - Klaus G. Schmetterer
- Department of Laboratory MedicineMedical University of ViennaWaehringer Guertel 18–201090ViennaAustria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and ToxicologyFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Core Facility Multimodal ImagingFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Riccardo Bonsignore
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Margit Cichna‐Markl
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Gunda Koellensperger
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| | - Angela Casini
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of MunichLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christopher Gerner
- Department of Analytical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Core Facility Multimodal ImagingFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
- Joint Metabolome FacilityUniversity of Vienna and Medical University of ViennaWaehringer Str. 381090ViennaAustria
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Massai L, Zoppi C, Cirri D, Pratesi A, Messori L. Reactions of Medicinal Gold(III) Compounds With Proteins and Peptides Explored by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Complementary Biophysical Methods. Front Chem 2020; 8:581648. [PMID: 33195070 PMCID: PMC7609534 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.581648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) is a powerful investigative tool to analyze the reactions of metallodrugs with proteins and peptides and characterize the resulting adducts. Here, we have applied this type of approach to four experimental anticancer gold(III) compounds for which extensive biological and mechanistic data had previously been gathered, namely, Auoxo6, Au2phen, AuL12, and Aubipyc. These gold(III) compounds were reacted with two representative proteins, i.e., human serum albumin (HSA) and human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I), and with the C-terminal dodecapeptide of thioredoxin reductase. ESI MS analysis allowed us to elucidate the nature of the resulting metal-protein adducts from which the main features of the occurring metallodrug-protein reactions can be inferred. In selected cases, MS data were integrated and supported by independent 1HNMR and UV-Vis absorption measurements to gain an overall description of the occurring processes. From data analysis, it emerges that most of the investigated gold(III) complexes, endowed with an appreciable oxidizing character, undergo quite facile reduction to gold(I); the resulting gold(I) species tightly associate with the above proteins/peptides with a remarkable selectivity for free cysteine residues. In contrast, in the case of the less-oxidizing Aubipyc complex, the gold(III) oxidation state is conserved, and a gold(III) fragment still containing the original ligand is found to be associated with the target proteins. It is notable that the C-terminal dodecapeptide of thioredoxin reductase containing the characteristic -Gly-Cys-Sec-Gly metal-binding motif is able in all cases to trigger gold(III)-to-gold(I) reduction. Our investigation allowed us to identify in detail the nature of the gold fragments that ultimately bind the protein targets and determine the exact binding stoichiometry; some insight on the reaction kinetics was also gained. Notably, a few clear correlations could be established between the structure of the metal complexes and the nature of the resulting protein adducts. The mechanistic implications of these findings are analyzed and thoroughly discussed. Overall, the present results set the stage to better understand the real target biomolecules of these gold compounds and elucidate at the atomic level their interaction modes with proteins and peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlotta Zoppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Damiano Cirri
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Steel TR, Hartinger CG. Metalloproteomics for molecular target identification of protein-binding anticancer metallodrugs. Metallomics 2020; 12:1627-1636. [PMID: 33063808 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics has played an important role in elucidating the fundamental processes occuring in living cells. Translating these methods to metallodrug research ('metalloproteomics') has provided a means for molecular target identification of metal-based anticancer agents which should signifcantly advance the research field. In combination with biological assays, these techniques have enabled the mechanisms of action of metallodrugs to be linked to their interactions with molecular targets and aid understanding of their biological properties. Such investigations have profoundly increased our knowledge of the complex and dynamic nature of metallodrug-biomolecule interactions and have provided, at least for some compound types, a more detailed picture on their specific protein-binding patterns. This perspective highlights the progression of metallodrug proteomics research for the identification of non-DNA targets from standard analytical techniques to powerful metallodrug pull-down methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasha R Steel
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pinto G, D'Acierno M, Illiano A, Petruk G, Ferraro G, Merlino A, Monti DM, Godovac-Zimmermann J, Amoresano A. Label-free quantitative proteomics of the MCF-7 cellular response to a ferritin–metallodrug complex. Mol Omics 2020; 16:165-173. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Schematic summary of the experimental workflow based on label-free quantitative proteomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pinto
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| | | | - Anna Illiano
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Ganna Petruk
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| | | | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Histological, Biochemical, and Hematological Effects of Goniothalamin on Selective Internal Organs of Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Toxicol 2019; 2019:6493286. [PMID: 31178909 PMCID: PMC6507267 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6493286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Goniothalamin (GTN) is an isolated compound from several plants of the genus Goniothalamus, and its anticancer effect against several cancers was reported. However, there is no scientific data about effects of its higher doses on internal organs. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate the acute and subacute effects of higher doses of GTN on the hematology, biochemistry, and histology of selected internal organs of male Sprague-Dawley rats. In acute study, 35 rats were distributed in 5 groups (n=7) which were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with a single dose of either 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 mg/kg of GTN, while extra 7 rats serve as a normal control. In subacute study, 7 rats were IP-injected with a daily dose of 42 mg/kg of GTN for 14 days, while another 7 rats serve as a normal control group. The normal controls in both studies were IP-injected simultaneously with 2 ml/kg of 10% DMSO in PBS. At the end of both tests, rats were sacrificed to collect blood for hematology and biochemistry and harvest livers, kidneys, lungs, hearts, spleens, and brains for histology. During acute and subacute exposure, no abnormal changes were observed in the hematology, biochemistry, and histology of the internal organs. However, the 300, 400, and 500 mg/kg of GTN during acute exposure were associated with morbidities and mortalities. Ultimately, GTN could be safe up to the dose of 200 mg/kg, and the dose of 42 mg/kg of GTN was tolerated well.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Background:
Since the serendipitous discovery of the antitumor activity of cisplatin
there has been a continuous surge in studies aimed at the development of new cytotoxic
metal complexes. While the majority of these complexes have been designed to interact with
nuclear DNA, other targets for anticancer metallodrugs attract increasing interest. In cancer
cells the mitochondrial metabolism is deregulated. Impaired apoptosis, insensitivity to antigrowth
signals and unlimited proliferation have been linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. It
is therefore not surprising that mitochondria have emerged as a major target for cancer therapy.
Mitochondria-targeting agents are able to bypass resistance mechanisms and to (re-) activate
cell-death programs.
Methods:
Web-based literature searching tools such as SciFinder were used to search for reports
on cytotoxic metal complexes that are taken up by the mitochondria and interact with
mitochondrial DNA or mitochondrial proteins, disrupt the mitochondrial membrane potential,
facilitate mitochondrial membrane permeabilization or activate mitochondria-dependent celldeath
signaling by unbalancing the cellular redox state. Included in the search were publications
investigating strategies to selectively accumulate metallodrugs in the mitochondria.
Results:
This review includes 241 references on antimitochondrial metal complexes, the use
of mitochondria-targeting carrier ligands and the formation of lipophilic cationic complexes.
Conclusion:
Recent developments in the design, cytotoxic potency, and mechanistic understanding
of antimitochondrial metal complexes, in particular of cyclometalated Au, Ru, Ir and
Pt complexes, Ru polypyridine complexes and Au-N-heterocyclic carbene and phosphine
complexes are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Erxleben
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Magherini F, Fiaschi T, Valocchia E, Becatti M, Pratesi A, Marzo T, Massai L, Gabbiani C, Landini I, Nobili S, Mini E, Messori L, Modesti A, Gamberi T. Antiproliferative effects of two gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells: a comparative proteomic study. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28042-28068. [PMID: 29963261 PMCID: PMC6021324 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Au(NHC) and Au(NHC)2, i.e. a monocarbene gold(I) complex and the corresponding bis(carbene) complex, are two structurally related compounds, endowed with cytotoxic properties against several cancer cell lines. Herein, we explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms at the basis of their cytotoxicity in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells. Through a comparative proteomic analysis, we demonstrated that the number of modulated proteins is far larger in Au(NHC)2-treated than in Au(NHC)-treated A2780 cells. Both gold compounds mainly affected proteins belonging to the following functional classes: protein synthesis, metabolism, cytoskeleton and stress response and chaperones. Particularly, Au(NHC)2 gave rise to an evident upregulation of several glycolytic enzymes. Moreover, only Au(NHC)2 triggered a net impairment of respiration and a metabolic shift towards glycolysis, suggesting that mitochondria are relevant cellular targets. We also found that both carbenes, similarly to the gold(I) compound auranofin, caused a strong inhibition of the seleno-enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). In conclusion, we highlighted that coordination of two carbene ligands to the same gold(I) center greatly enhances the antiproliferative effects of the resulting compound in comparison to the monocarbene derivative. Moreover, TrxR inhibition and metabolic impairment seem to play a major role in the Au(NHC)2 cytotoxicity. Overall, these antiproliferative effects were also confirmed on other two human ovarian cancer cell lines (i.e. SKOV3 and IGROV1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Magherini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Valocchia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tiziano Marzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Gabbiani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ida Landini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefania Nobili
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Mini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Gamberi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bertrand B, Williams MRM, Bochmann M. Gold(III) Complexes for Antitumor Applications: An Overview. Chemistry 2018; 24:11840-11851. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Bertrand
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 06CNRSInstitut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM) 4 Place Jussieu 75005 Paris France
| | | | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of ChemistryUniversity of East Anglia Norwich NR4 7TJ United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ferraro G, Monti DM, Amoresano A, Pontillo N, Petruk G, Pane F, Cinellu MA, Merlino A. Gold-based drug encapsulation within a ferritin nanocage: X-ray structure and biological evaluation as a potential anticancer agent of the Auoxo3-loaded protein. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:9518-21. [PMID: 27326513 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Auoxo3, a cytotoxic gold(iii) compound, was encapsulated within a ferritin nanocage. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography confirm the potential-drug encapsulation. The structure shows that naked Au(i) ions bind to the side chains of Cys48, His49, His114, His114 and Cys126, Cys126, His132, His147. The gold-encapsulated nanocarrier has a cytotoxic effect on different aggressive human cancer cells, whereas it is significantly less cytotoxic for non-tumorigenic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Nicola Pontillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Ganna Petruk
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pane
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Maria Agostina Cinellu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy and CIRCC, Consorzio Interuniversitario Reattività Chimica e Catalisi, Università di Bari, Via Celso Ulpiani 27, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy. and CNR Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, Via Mezzocannone 16, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Heinze K. Die Suche nach einkernigem Gold(II) und seine mögliche Rolle in Photokatalyse und Medizinalchemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heinze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Analytische Chemie; Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Heinze K. The Quest for Mononuclear Gold(II) and Its Potential Role in Photocatalysis and Drug Action. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16126-16134. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heinze
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Analytical Chemistry; Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz; Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Synthesis, Characterization, andin vitroCytotoxicity of Gold(I) Complexes of 2-(Diphenylphosphanyl)ethylamine and Dithiocarbamates. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
24
|
Fernández-Gallardo J, Elie BT, Sadhukha T, Prabha S, Sanaú M, Rotenberg SA, Ramos JW, Contel M. Heterometallic titanium-gold complexes inhibit renal cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5269-5283. [PMID: 27213034 PMCID: PMC4869729 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01753j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Following recent work on heterometallic titanocene-gold complexes as potential chemotherapeutics for renal cancer, we report here on the synthesis, characterization and stability studies of new titanocene complexes containing a methyl group and a carboxylate ligand (mba = S-C6H4-COO-) bound to gold(I)-phosphane fragments through a thiolate group ([(η-C5H5)2TiMe(μ-mba)Au(PR3)]. The compounds are more stable in physiological media than those previously reported and are highly cytotoxic against human cancer renal cell lines. We describe here preliminary mechanistic data involving studies on the interaction of selected compounds with plasmid (pBR322) DNA used as a model nucleic acid, and with selected protein kinases from a panel of 35 protein kinases having oncological interest. Preliminary mechanistic studies in Caki-1 renal cells indicate that the cytotoxic and anti-migration effects of the most active compound 5 ([(η-C5H5)2TiMe(μ-mba)Au(PPh3)] involve inhibition of thioredoxin reductase and loss of expression of protein kinases that drive cell migration (AKT, p90-RSK, and MAPKAPK3). The co-localization of both titanium and gold metals (1:1 ratio) in Caki-1 renal cells was demonstrated for 5 indicating the robustness of the heterometallic compound in vitro. Two compounds were selected for further in vivo studies on mice based on their selectivity in vitro against renal cancer cell lines when compared to non-tumorigenic human kidney cell lines (HEK-293T and RPTC) and the favourable preliminary toxicity profile in C57BL/6 mice. Evaluation of Caki-1 xenografts in NOD.CB17-Prkdc SCID/J mice showed an impressive tumor reduction (67%) after treatment for 28 days (3 mg/kg/every other day) with heterometallic compound 5 as compared with the previously described [(η-C5H5)2Ti{OC(O)-4-C6H4-P(Ph2)AuCI}2] 3 which was non-inhibitory. These findings indicate that structural modifications on the ligand scaffold affect the in vivo efficacy of this class of compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fernández-Gallardo
- Department of Chemistry , Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center , The City University of New York , Brooklyn , NY 11210 , USA .
| | - Benelita T. Elie
- Department of Chemistry , Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center , The City University of New York , Brooklyn , NY 11210 , USA .
- Biology PhD Program , The Graduate Center , The City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue , New York , NY 10016 , USA
| | - Tanmoy Sadhukha
- Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , MN 55455 , USA
| | - Swayam Prabha
- Department of Pharmaceutics , College of Pharmacy , University of Minnesota , MN 55455 , USA
- Center for Translational Drug Delivery , University of Minnesota , MN 55455 , USA
| | - Mercedes Sanaú
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Valencia , Burjassot , Valencia , 46100 , Spain
| | - Susan A. Rotenberg
- Biology PhD Program , The Graduate Center , The City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue , New York , NY 10016 , USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Queens College , The City University of New York , Flushing , NY 11367 , USA
| | - Joe W. Ramos
- Cancer Biology Program , University of Hawaii Cancer Center , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI 96813 , USA
| | - María Contel
- Department of Chemistry , Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center , The City University of New York , Brooklyn , NY 11210 , USA .
- Biology PhD Program , The Graduate Center , The City University of New York , 365 Fifth Avenue , New York , NY 10016 , USA
- Cancer Biology Program , University of Hawaii Cancer Center , University of Hawaii at Manoa , Honolulu , HI 96813 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wang Y, Wang H, Li H, Sun H. Metallomic and metalloproteomic strategies in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of metallodrugs. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:437-47. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02814g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the mechanistic studies of metallodrugs by metallomic and metalloproteomic approaches will improve our understanding of the mechanism of action and allow more metallodrugs to be developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| | - Hongzhe Sun
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Hong Kong
- Hong Kong
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fernández-Gallardo J, Elie BT, Sulzmaier FJ, Sanaú M, Ramos JW, Contel M. Organometallic Titanocene-Gold Compounds as Potential Chemotherapeutics in Renal Cancer. Study of their Protein Kinase Inhibitory Properties. Organometallics 2014; 33:6669-6681. [PMID: 25435644 PMCID: PMC4245150 DOI: 10.1021/om500965k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Early-late transition metal TiAu2 compounds [(η-C5H5)2Ti{OC(O)CH2PPh2AuCl}2] (3) and new [(η-C5H5)2Ti{OC(O)-4-C6H4PPh2AuCl}2] (5) were evaluated as potential anticancer agents in vitro against renal and prostate cancer cell lines. The compounds were significantly more effective than monometallic titanocene dichloride and gold(I) [{HOC(O)RPPh2}AuCl] (R = -CH2- 6, -4-C6H4- 7) derivatives in renal cancer cell lines, indicating a synergistic effect of the resulting heterometallic species. The activity on renal cancer cell lines (for 5 in the nanomolar range) was considerably higher than that of cisplatin and highly active titanocene Y. Initial mechanistic studies in Caki-1 cells in vitro coupled with studies of their inhibitory properties on a panel of 35 kinases of oncological interest indicate that these compounds inhibit protein kinases of the AKT and MAPKAPK families with a higher selectivity toward MAPKAPK3 (IC503 = 91 nM, IC505 = 117 nM). The selectivity of the compounds in vitro against renal cancer cell lines when compared to a nontumorigenic human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK-293T) and the favorable preliminary toxicity profile on C57black6 mice indicate that these compounds (especially 5) are excellent candidates for further development as potential renal cancer chemotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Fernández-Gallardo
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Benelita T. Elie
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Florian J. Sulzmaier
- Cancer
Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - Mercedes Sanaú
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Joe W. Ramos
- Cancer
Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| | - María Contel
- Department
of Chemistry, Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Cancer
Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96813, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Varghese E, Büsselberg D. Auranofin, an anti-rheumatic gold compound, modulates apoptosis by elevating the intracellular calcium concentration ([ca2+]I) in mcf-7 breast cancer cells. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:2243-58. [PMID: 25383481 PMCID: PMC4276964 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6042243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Auranofin, a transition metal complex is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis but is also an effective anti-cancer drug. We investigate the effects of Auranofin in inducing cell death by apoptosis and whether these changes are correlated to changes of intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in breast cancer cells (MCF-7). Cytotoxicity of Auranofin was evaluated using MTS assay and the Trypan blue dye exclusion method. With fluorescent dyes SR-FLICA and 7-AAD apoptotic death and necrotic death were differentiated by Flow cytometry. A concentration dependent decrease in the viability occurred and cells were shifted to the apoptotic phase. Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) was recorded using florescence microscopy and a calcium sensitive dye (Fluo-4 AM) with a strong negative correlation (r = −0.713) to viability. Pharmacological modulators 2-APB (50 μM), Nimodipine (10 μM), Caffeine (10 mM), SKF 96365(20 μM) were used to modify calcium entry and release. Auranofin induced a sustained increase of [Ca2+]i in a concentration and time dependent manner. The use of different blockers of calcium channels did not reveal the source for the rise of [Ca2+]i. Overall, elevation of [Ca2+]i by Auranofin might be crucial for triggering Ca2+-dependent apoptotic pathways. Therefore, in anti-cancer therapy, modulating [Ca2+]i should be considered as a crucial factor for the induction of cell death in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Varghese
- Weil Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144 Doha, Qatar.
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Weil Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar Foundation-Education City, P.O. Box 24144 Doha, Qatar.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Micale N, Schirmeister T, Ettari R, Cinellu MA, Maiore L, Serratrice M, Gabbiani C, Massai L, Messori L. Selected cytotoxic gold compounds cause significant inhibition of 20S proteasome catalytic activities. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 141:79-82. [PMID: 25217719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Six structurally diverse cytotoxic gold compounds are reported to cause profound and differential inhibition of the three main catalytic activities of purified 20S proteasome whilst auranofin, an established gold(I) drug in clinical use, is nearly ineffective. In particular, the gold(I) complex [(pbiH)Au(PPh3)]PF6, turns out to be the most potent inhibitor of all three enzyme activities with sub-micromolar IC50 values. The present results further support the view that proteasome inhibition may play a major--yet not exclusive--role in the cytotoxic actions of gold based anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Micale
- Department of Drug Sciences and Health Products, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy.
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria A Cinellu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Maiore
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, S.S. 554, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Maria Serratrice
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Chiara Gabbiani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, via Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Laboratory of "Metals in Medicine" (METMED), Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Laboratory of "Metals in Medicine" (METMED), Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Apoptotic effects of dipyrido [3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine (dppz) Au(III) complex against diethylnitrosamine/phenobarbital induced experimental hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5109-21. [PMID: 24756331 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of dipyrido [3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine (dppz) Au(III) complex ([Au(dppz)Cl2]Cl) on apoptosis during chemically induced hepatocellular carcinoma. 48 male Spraque-Dawley rats were divided into six groups; group I (control), group II [Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)], group III ([Au(dppz)Cl2]Cl), group IV [diethylnitrosamine + Phenobabital (DEN + PB)], group V (DEN + PB + [Au(dppz)Cl2]Cl (2nd week)), and group VI (DEN + PB + [Au(dppz)Cl2]Cl (7th week). The rats in groups IV through VI were administrated with DEN in a single dose of intraperitoneal 175 mg/kg. After 2 weeks of DEN administration, these groups of rats were given daily PB in a dose of 500 ppm. In group V, after two weeks of DEN administration, [Au(dppz)Cl2]Cl complex (2 mg/kg) was given once a week by intraperitoneal injection. In the group VI, the rats were given a dose of 2 mg/kg [Au(dppz)Cl2]Cl complex once a week, 7 weeks after DEN administration. At the end of the study, blood and tissue samples were collected from the rats to determine levels of serum AST, ALT, and LDH, and caspase 3, p53, Bax, Bcl-2 and DNA fragmentation in liver. AST, ALT, LDH, and Bcl-2 levels were higher in group IV, compared to group I, but caspase 3 and p53 levels were lower. In group V, caspase 3, p53, Bax, and DNA fragmentation levels were higher than those of group IV. Caspase 3 and p53 levels increased in group VI compared with group IV. In conclusion, [Au(dppz)Cl2]Cl complex induced apoptosis by elevating levels of caspase 3, p53, Bax, and DNA fragmentation.
Collapse
|
30
|
Gamberi T, Massai L, Magherini F, Landini I, Fiaschi T, Scaletti F, Gabbiani C, Bianchi L, Bini L, Nobili S, Perrone G, Mini E, Messori L, Modesti A. Proteomic analysis of A2780/S ovarian cancer cell response to the cytotoxic organogold(III) compound Aubipy(c). J Proteomics 2014; 103:103-20. [PMID: 24705091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Aubipyc is an organogold(III) compound endowed with encouraging anti-proliferative properties in vitro that is being evaluated pre-clinically as a prospective anticancer agent. A classical proteomic approach is exploited here to elucidate the mechanisms of its biological actions in A2780 human ovarian cancer cells. Based on 2-D gel electrophoresis separation and subsequent mass spectrometry identification, a considerable number of differentially expressed proteins were highlighted in A2780 cancer cells treated with Aubipyc. Bioinformatic analysis of the groups of up-regulated and down-regulated proteins pointed out that Aubipyc primarily perturbs mitochondrial processes and the glycolytic pathway. Notably, some major alterations in the glycolytic pathway were validated through Western blot and metabolic investigations. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first proteomic analysis regarding Aubipyc cytotoxicity in A2780/S ovarian cancer cell line. Aubipyc is a promising gold(III) compound which manifests an appreciable cytotoxicity toward the cell line A2780, being able to overcome resistance to platinum. The proteomic study revealed for Aubipyc different cellular alterations with respect to cisplatin as well as to other gold compound such as auranofin. Remarkably, the bioinformatic analysis of proteomic data pointed out that Aubipyc treatment affected, directly or indirectly, several glycolytic enzymes. These data suggest a new mechanism of action for this gold drug and might have an impact on the use of gold-based drug in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Gamberi
- Department of Clinical and Preclinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Magherini
- Department of Clinical and Preclinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Ida Landini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Fiaschi
- Department of Clinical and Preclinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Gabbiani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Functional Proteomic Section, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Bini
- Functional Proteomic Section, Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Stefania Nobili
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Perrone
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Mini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Modesti
- Department of Clinical and Preclinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mullick AB, Chang YM, Ghiviriga I, Abboud KA, Tan W, Veige AS. Human cancerous and healthy cell cytotoxicity studies of a chiral μ-dicarbene-digold(I) metallamacrocycle. Dalton Trans 2014; 42:7440-6. [PMID: 23459659 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt32844a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A novel eighteen membered chiral macrocyclic dicarbene-digold complex [(μ-diNHC)Au(I)]2[OTF]2 (8-(+/-)) was synthesized and characterized. Starting with enantiopure diNHC imidazolium salt ligand precursors enables access to the enantiopure versions of the digold(I) metallamacrocycles, 8-(+) and 8-(-). In vitro cytotoxicity studies indicate 8-(+/-) is moderately cytotoxic to both healthy and cancerous cell-lines, with no specificity. Confocal microscopy indicates the digold metallamacrocycle penetrates the cell membrane and causes cell death via apoptosis, as evidenced by DNA electrophoresis. The complex 8-(+/-) is characterized by a combination of NMR techniques (gDQCOSY, gHSQC, gHMBC and ROESY), single crystal X-ray diffraction, and combustion analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita B Mullick
- University of Florida, Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Al-Maythalony BA, Monim-ul-Mehboob M, Altaf M, Wazeer MIM, Isab AA, Altuwaijri S, Ahmed A, Dhuna V, Bhatia G, Dhuna K, Kamboj SS. Some new [(thione)2Au(diamine)]Cl3 complexes: synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, computational and in vitro cytotoxic studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 115:641-647. [PMID: 23876928 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in oncology are focused on developing new complexes of gold(III) with various ligands that show augmented anti-proliferative potential and reduced toxicity as compared to cis-platin. In this study, new Au(III) complexes of the type [(thione)2Au(diamine)]Cl3 are reported, where thione=1,3-imidazolidine-2-thione (Imt), 1,3-Diazinane-2-thione (Diaz) and diamine=1,2-diaminoethane (en), 1,3-diaminopropane (pn) or 1,4-diaminobutane (bn). The solid state IR as well as (13)C and (15)N NMR data indicate that Au(III) center is bonded via sulfur of thiocarbonyl SC site of the thiones and also chelated by the diamines from the trans side of coordinated thiones. Spectroscopic data are evaluated by comparisons with calculated data from the built and optimized structure by GAUSSIAN 09 at the RB3LYP level with LanL2DZ bases set. These new Au(III) complexes based on mixed thione and diamine ligands are very similar to the square planar structure of tetracoordinate [Au(en)2]Cl3complex. In this study, cytotoxicity data for these gold(III) complexes against C6 glioma cell lines are also reported, and the results indicate some complexes have cytotoxicity comparable to cis-platin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bassem A Al-Maythalony
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Metal-Based Compounds as Prospective Antileishmanial Agents: Inhibition of Trypanothione Reductase by Selected Gold Complexes. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1634-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
34
|
The molecular mechanisms of antimetastatic ruthenium compounds explored through DIGE proteomics. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 118:94-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
35
|
Ahmed A, Al Tamimi DM, Isab AA, Alkhawajah AMM, Shawarby MA. Histological changes in kidney and liver of rats due to gold (III) compound [Au(en)Cl(2)]Cl. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51889. [PMID: 23300573 PMCID: PMC3531431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Development of novel metallodrugs with enhanced anti-proliferative potential and reduced toxicity has become the prime focus of the evolving medicinal chemistry. In this regards, gold (III) complexes with various ligands are being extensively investigated. In the current study renal and hepatic toxicity of a newly developed gold (III) compound [Au(en)Cl2]Cl was assessed by histopathological evaluation of liver and kidney specimens of rats exposed to the compound. Methods Male rats (n = 42) weighing 200–250 gram were injected single, varying doses of gold (III) compound [(dichlorido(ethylenediamine)aurate((III)]chloride [Au(en)Cl2]Cl in the acute toxicity component of the study. In the sub-acute toxicity part, a dose of 32.2 mg/kg (equivalent to 1/10 of LD50) was administered intraperitoneally for 14 consecutive days before sacrificing the animals. After autopsy, the renal and hepatic tissues were preserved in buffered formalin. Processing of the samples was followed by histopathological evaluation. The results were compared with the normal controls (n = 11). Results A dose of 32.2 mg/kg (1/10 of LD50) revealed no renal tubular necrosis. The predominant histopathological finding was mild pyelitis, a prominence of eosinophils and mild congestion. The hepatic lesions comprised varying extents of ballooning degeneration with accompanying congestion and focal portal inflammation. Conclusion Gold (III) compound [Au(en)Cl2]Cl causes minimal histological changes in kidney and liver of rats, reflecting its relative safety as compared to other clinically established antineoplastic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam & King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (AA); (AI)
| | - Dalal M. Al Tamimi
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam & King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anvarhusein A. Isab
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: (AA); (AI)
| | | | - Mohamed A. Shawarby
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Dammam & King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Chemistry and biology of three representative gold(III) compounds as prospective anticancer agents. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
37
|
Trávníček Z, Starha P, Vančo J, Silha T, Hošek J, Suchý P, Pražanová G. Anti-inflammatory active gold(I) complexes involving 6-substituted-purine derivatives. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4568-79. [PMID: 22541000 DOI: 10.1021/jm201416p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The gold(I) complexes of the general formula [Au(L(n))(PPh(3))]·xH(2)O (1-8; n = 1-8 and x = 0-1.5), where L(n) stands for a deprotonated form of the benzyl-substituted derivatives of 6-benzylaminopurine, were prepared, thoroughly characterized (elemental analyses, FT-IR, Raman and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, ESI+ mass spectrometry, conductivity, DFT calculations), and studied for their in vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-activated macrophages (derived from THP-1 cell line) and using the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model on rats. The obtained results indicate that the representative complexes (1, 3, 6) exhibit a strong ability to reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1 without influence on the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA in the LPS-activated macrophages. The complexes also significantly influence the formation of edema, caused by the intraplantar application of polysaccharide λ-carrageenan to rats in vivo. All the tested complexes showed similar or better biological effects as compared with Auranofin, but contrary to Auranofin they were found to be less cytotoxic in vitro. The obtained results clearly indicate that the gold(I) complexes behave as very effective anti-inflammatory agents and could prove to be useful for the treatment of difficult to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Trávníček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17 listopadu 1192/12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Guidi F, Landini I, Puglia M, Magherini F, Gabbiani C, Cinellu MA, Nobili S, Fiaschi T, Bini L, Mini E, Messori L, Modesti A. Proteomic analysis of ovarian cancer cell responses to cytotoxic gold compounds. Metallomics 2012; 4:307-14. [PMID: 22322463 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt00083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapy is the primary treatment for human ovarian cancer. Overcoming platinum resistance has become a critical issue in the current chemotherapeutic strategies of ovarian cancer as drug resistance is the main reason for treatment failure. Cytotoxic gold compounds hold great promise to reach this goal; however, their modes of action are still largely unknown. To shed light on the underlying molecular mechanisms, we performed 2-DE and MS analysis to identify differential protein expression in a cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cell line (A2780/R) following treatment with two representative gold compounds, namely Auranofin and Auoxo6. It is shown that Auranofin mainly acts by altering the expression of Proteasome proteins while Auoxo6 mostly modifies proteins related to mRNA splicing, trafficking and stability. We also found that Thioredoxin-like protein 1 expression is greatly reduced after treatment with both gold compounds. These results are highly indicative of the likely sites of action of the two tested gold drugs and of the affected cellular functions. The implications of the obtained results are thoroughly discussed in the frame of current knowledge on cytotoxic gold agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Guidi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, viale G. Morgagni, 50, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Guidi F, Puglia M, Gabbiani C, Landini I, Gamberi T, Fregona D, Cinellu MA, Nobili S, Mini E, Bini L, Modesti PA, Modesti A, Messori L. 2D-DIGE analysis of ovarian cancer cell responses to cytotoxic gold compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 8:985-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c1mb05386h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
40
|
Casini A. Exploring the mechanisms of metal-based pharmacological agents via an integrated approach. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 109:97-106. [PMID: 22342074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The peculiar chemical properties of metal-based drugs impart innovative pharmacological profiles to this class of therapeutic and diagnostic agents, most likely in relation to novel molecular mechanisms still poorly understood. However, inorganic drugs have been scarcely considered for medicinal applications with respect to classical organic compounds due to the prejudice of the relevant toxic effects evidenced in certain cases. Thus, the development of improved metallodrugs requires clearer understanding of their physiological processing and molecular basis of actions. Among the various issues in the area of medicinal inorganic chemistry, the possibility of target elucidation is essential for the identification of new therapeutic applications for metal compounds or as molecular biological tools. Here we present the results of our recent research in the field, which in our opinion constitute the basis of a systematic and interdisciplinary approach to address some of the critical issues in the study of the molecular mechanisms of metallodrugs' action via the implementation of high-resolution biophysical techniques coupled with more pharmacological methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Casini
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. ,
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lessa JA, Guerra JC, de Miranda LF, Romeiro CF, Da Silva JG, Mendes IC, Speziali NL, Souza-Fagundes EM, Beraldo H. Gold(I) complexes with thiosemicarbazones: Cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines and inhibition of thioredoxin reductase activity. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1729-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
42
|
Palanichamy K, Sreejayan N, Ontko AC. Overcoming cisplatin resistance using gold(III) mimics: anticancer activity of novel gold(III) polypyridyl complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 106:32-42. [PMID: 22112837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gold(III) compounds have been recognized as anticancer agents due to their structural and electronic similarities with currently employed platinum(II) species. An added benefit to gold(III) agents is the ability to overcome cisplatin resistance. This work identified four gold(III) compounds, [Au(Phen)Cl(2)]PF(6), [Au(DPQ)Cl(2)]PF(6), [Au(DPPZ)Cl(2)]PF(6), and [Au(DPQC)Cl(2)]PF(6), (Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, DPQ = dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline, DPPZ = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c] phenazine, DPQC = dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f] cyclohexyl quinoxaline) that exhibited anticancer activity in both cisplatin sensitive and cisplatin resistant ovarian cancer cells. Two of these compounds, [Au(DPQ)Cl(2)]PF(6) (AQ) and [Au(DPPZ)Cl(2)]PF(6) (AZ), displayed exceptional anticancer activity and were the focus of more intensive mechanistic study. At the molecular level, AQ and AZ formed DNA adducts, generated free radicals, and upregulated pro-apoptotic signaling molecules (p53, caspases, PARP, death effectors). Taken together, these two novel gold(III) polypyridyl complexes exhibit potent antitumor activity in cisplatin resistant cancer cells. These activities may be mediated, in part, by the activation of apoptotic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamalakannan Palanichamy
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vergara E, Cerrada E, Clavel C, Casini A, Laguna M. Thiolato gold(I) complexes containing water-soluble phosphane ligands: a characterization of their chemical and biological properties. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:10927-35. [PMID: 21904768 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10892a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiolate gold(I) derivatives bearing water soluble phosphanes--namely sodium triphenylphosphane monosulfonate (TPPMS), sodium triphenylphosphane trisulfonate (TPPTS), 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) and 3,7-diacetyl-1,3,7-triaza-5-phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA)--is reported and the compounds studied for their luminescence properties in the solid state. Two of these derivatives, [Au(SMe(2)pyrim)(PTA)] and [Au(SBenzoxazole)(DAPTA)], are also structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. Strong antiproliferative effects are observed for most of the compounds in the human ovarian carcinoma cell lines (A2780/S) and its cisplatin-resistant variant (A2780/R), which depend on both the type of thiolate and phosphane ligands. ICP-MS studies were also performed to evaluate the influence of the gold uptake on the cytotoxic potency of the compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vergara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH)-C.S.I.C, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jungwirth U, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG, Berger W, Heffeter P. Anticancer activity of metal complexes: involvement of redox processes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1085-127. [PMID: 21275772 PMCID: PMC3371750 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cells require tight regulation of the intracellular redox balance and consequently of reactive oxygen species for proper redox signaling and maintenance of metal (e.g., of iron and copper) homeostasis. In several diseases, including cancer, this balance is disturbed. Therefore, anticancer drugs targeting the redox systems, for example, glutathione and thioredoxin, have entered focus of interest. Anticancer metal complexes (platinum, gold, arsenic, ruthenium, rhodium, copper, vanadium, cobalt, manganese, gadolinium, and molybdenum) have been shown to strongly interact with or even disturb cellular redox homeostasis. In this context, especially the hypothesis of "activation by reduction" as well as the "hard and soft acids and bases" theory with respect to coordination of metal ions to cellular ligands represent important concepts to understand the molecular modes of action of anticancer metal drugs. The aim of this review is to highlight specific interactions of metal-based anticancer drugs with the cellular redox homeostasis and to explain this behavior by considering chemical properties of the respective anticancer metal complexes currently either in (pre)clinical development or in daily clinical routine in oncology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Jungwirth
- Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Timerbaev A, Pawlak K, Gabbiani C, Messori L. Recent progress in the application of analytical techniques to anticancer metallodrug proteomics. Trends Analyt Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
46
|
Vela L, Contel M, Palomera L, Azaceta G, Marzo I. Iminophosphorane-organogold(III) complexes induce cell death through mitochondrial ROS production. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1306-13. [PMID: 21864808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gold compounds are being investigated as potential antitumor drugs. Some gold(III) derivatives have been shown to induce cell death in solid tumors but their mechanism of action differs from that of cisplatin, since most of these compounds do not bind to DNA. We have explored cellular events triggered by three different iminophosphorane-organogold(III) compounds in leukemia cells (a neutral compound with two chloride ligands [Au{κ(2)-C,N-C(6)H(4)(PPh(2)=N(C(6)H(5))-2}Cl(2)] 1, and two cationic compounds with either a dithiocarbamate ligand [Au{κ(2)-C,N-C(6)H(4)(PPh(2)=N(C(6)H(5))-2}(S(2)CN-Me(2))]PF(6)2, or a water-soluble phosphine and a chloride ligand [Au{κ(2)-C,N-C(6)H(4)(PPh(2)=N(C(6)H(5))-2}(P{Cp(m-C(6)H(4)-SO(3)Na)(2)}(3)) Cl]PF(6)3). All three compounds showed higher toxicity against leukemia cells when compared to normal T-lymphocytes. Compounds 1 and 2 induced both necrosis and apoptosis, while 3 was mainly apoptotic. Necrotic cell death induced by 1 and 2 was Bax/Bak- and caspase-independent, while apoptosis induced by 3 was Bax/Bak-dependent. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production at the mitochondrial level was a critical step in the antitumor effect of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vela
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ho MY, Chiou ML, Du WS, Chang FY, Chen YH, Weng YJ, Cheng CC. Inductive properties of polypyridyl ruthenium complexes significantly regulate various protein distributions in Escherichia coli. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:902-10. [PMID: 21513691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium complexes with similar octahedral structures but different intrinsic inductive properties significantly influence the total cellular protein distributions, which may affect different metabolic pathways. A systematic study of the relationship between ruthenium complexes and Escherichia coli was undertaken, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis and the identification of various proteins by mass data mining. Based on the low similarities (<40%) between the total protein distributions, the inductive properties of the ruthenium complexes are relevant to the formation of the protein-Ru interaction in addition to the Ru-DNA interaction. Two major protein functions in E. coli BL21 that were reduced by compound 1 were oxidoreductases and transporters, corresponding to 29% and 25% of the 24 down-regulated proteins. The main biological processes of the proteins down-regulated by compound 1 were related to carbohydrate reactions, including in transport, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis. All four ruthenium complexes shared similar up-regulated proteins, including clpB and kpyk1, and down-regulated similar proteins, including ompA and ybbN. This result supports that the presence of Ru-protein interactions is a major factor affecting bacteria growth, and particularly transport and carbohydrate-related reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yi Ho
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Barreiro E, Casas JS, Couce MD, Laguna A, López-de-Luzuriaga JM, Monge M, Sánchez A, Sordo J, Varela JM, López EMV. A Dinuclear Gold(I)-Silver(I) Derivative of 2-Cyclopentylidene-2-sulfanylacetic Acid and Related Complexes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Properties and Antitumor Activity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
49
|
Rubbiani R, Kitanovic I, Alborzinia H, Can S, Kitanovic A, Onambele LA, Stefanopoulou M, Geldmacher Y, Sheldrick WS, Wolber G, Prokop A, Wölfl S, Ott I. Benzimidazol-2-ylidene Gold(I) Complexes Are Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibitors with Multiple Antitumor Properties. J Med Chem 2010; 53:8608-18. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100801e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Rubbiani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Igor Kitanovic
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hamed Alborzinia
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Suzan Can
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Kitanovic
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Liliane A. Onambele
- Department of Paedriatric Oncology, Childrens Hospital Cologne, Amsterdamer Strasse 59, 50735 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Stefanopoulou
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Yvonne Geldmacher
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - William S. Sheldrick
- Lehrstuhl für Analytische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wolber
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Strasse 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aram Prokop
- Department of Paedriatric Oncology, Childrens Hospital Cologne, Amsterdamer Strasse 59, 50735 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Wölfl
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|