1
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Kavukcu S, Ensarioğlu HK, Karabıyık H, Vatansever HS, Türkmen H. Cell Death Mechanism of Organometallic Ruthenium(II) and Iridium(III) Arene Complexes on HepG2 and Vero Cells. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:37549-37563. [PMID: 37841164 PMCID: PMC10569012 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to side effects and toxicity associated with platinum-derived metal-based drugs, extensive research has been conducted on ruthenium (Ru) complexes. We aim to synthesize a highly oil soluble Ru(II)-p-cymene complex (Ru1) with an aliphatic chain group, a bimetallic Ru(II)-p-cymene complex (Ru2) with N,S,S triple-coordination and a bimetallic Ir(III)-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl complex (Ir1) with S,S double-coordination. Subsequently, we investigate the effects of these complexes on Vero and HepG2 cell lines, focusing on cell death mechanisms. Characterization of the complexes is performed through nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The effective doses are determined using the (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide) (MTT) assay, applying different doses of the complexes to the two cell lines for 24 and 48 h, respectively. Immunoreactivities of Bax, Bcl2, caspase-3, RIP3, and RIPK1 are analyzed using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Notably, all the complexes (Ru1, Ru2, and Ir1) exhibit distinct cell death mechanisms, showing greater effectiveness than cisplatin. This study reveals the diverse mechanisms of action of Ru and Ir complexes based on different ligands. To the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first investigation of a novel RAED-type complex (Ru1) and unexpected bimetallic complexes (Ru2 and Ir1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hilal Kabadayı Ensarioğlu
- Manisa
Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine,
Department of Histology and Embryology, Manisa 45030, Turkey
| | - Hande Karabıyık
- Dokuz
Eylül University, Faculty of Science,
Department of Physics, Izmir 35390, Turkey
| | - Hafize Seda Vatansever
- Manisa
Celal Bayar University, Faculty of Medicine,
Department of Histology and Embryology, Manisa 45030, Turkey
- Near
East University, DESAM Institute, Mersin 10, Turkey 99138
| | - Hayati Türkmen
- Ege
University, Faculty of Science,
Department of Chemistry, Izmir 35100, Turkey
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2
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Colina-Vegas L, da Cruz B Silva M, de Souza Pereira C, Isis Barros A, Araújo Nobrega J, Navarro M, Rottmann M, D'Alessandro S, Basilico N, Azevedo Batista A, Moreira DRM. Antimalarial Agents Derived from Metal-Amodiaquine Complexes with Activity in Multiple Stages of the Plasmodium Life Cycle. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301642. [PMID: 37427863 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is the one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide. Chemically, quinolines are excellent ligands for metal coordination and are deployed as drugs for malaria treatment. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that metal complexes can be conjugated with antimalarial quinolines to be used as chemical tools to overcome the disadvantages of quinolines, improving their bioactive speciation, cellular distribution, and subsequently broadening the spectrum of activity to multiple stages of the complex Plasmodium life cycle. In this study, four novel complexes of ruthenium(II)- and gold(I)-containing amodiaquine (AQ) were synthesized, and a careful chemical characterization revealed the precise coordination site of AQ to the metals. Their speciation in solution was investigated, demonstrating the stability of the quinoline-metal bond. RuII - and AuI -AQ complexes were demonstrated to be potent and efficacious in inhibiting parasite growth in multiple stages of the Plasmodium life cycle as assayed in vitro and in vivo. These properties could be attributed to the ability of the metal-AQ complexes to reproduce the suppression of heme detoxification induced by AQ, while also inhibiting other processes in the parasite life cycle; this can be attributed to the action of the metallic species. Altogether, these findings indicate that metal coordination with antimalarial quinolines is a potential chemical tool for drug design and discovery in malaria and other infectious diseases susceptible to quinoline treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Legna Colina-Vegas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, CP 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline de Souza Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CP 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Ariane Isis Barros
- Departamento de Solos e Engenharia Rural, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, CEP 78060-900, MT, Brazil
| | - Joaquim Araújo Nobrega
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, CP 13565-90, SP, Brazil
| | - Maribel Navarro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, CP 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Matthias Rottmann
- Swiss Tropical & Public Health Institute, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Alzir Azevedo Batista
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, CP 13565-90, SP, Brazil
| | - Diogo R M Moreira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, CEP 40296-710, BA, Brazil
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3
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Bashir M, Mantoo IA, Arjmand F, Tabassum S, Yousuf I. An overview of advancement of organoruthenium(II) complexes as prospective anticancer agents. Coord Chem Rev 2023; 487:215169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
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4
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Binuclear Heteroleptic Ru(III) Dithiocarbamate Complexes: A Step towards Tunable Antiproliferative Agents. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10030037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Binuclear dithiocarbamate complexes of Ru(III) are promising candidates in the search for outstanding metal-based anticancer agents. While different dithiocarbamates have shown ligand-dependent cytotoxicity in homoleptic binuclear Ru(III) complexes, the properties of heteroleptic analogues with different dithiocarbamate (DTC) ligands have yet to be explored. We herein propose the introduction of heteroleptic ligands as tunable features for the development of improved ruthenium-based antiproliferative agents and report a synthetic strategy for their synthesis as well as the evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of a selection of binuclear heteroleptic Ru(III) compounds towards MDA-MB-231 and PC3 cells.
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5
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Marloye M, Inam H, Moore CJ, Mertens TR, Ingels A, Koch M, Nowicki MO, Mathieu V, Pritchard JR, Awuah SG, Lawler SE, Meyer F, Dufrasne F, Berger G. Self-assembled ruthenium and osmium nanosystems display a potent anticancer profile by interfering with metabolic activity. Inorg Chem Front 2022; 9:2594-2607. [PMID: 36311556 PMCID: PMC9610622 DOI: 10.1039/d2qi00423b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amphiphilic ruthenium and osmium complexes auto-assemble to nanosystems that poison mitochondria and show highly promising in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Marloye
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Haider Inam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Connor J. Moore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tyler R. Mertens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Aude Ingels
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marilin Koch
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michal O. Nowicki
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Véronique Mathieu
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- ULB Cancer Research Center (UCRC), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Justin R. Pritchard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Sean E. Lawler
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Franck Meyer
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Dufrasne
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilles Berger
- Microbiology, Bioorganic & Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Harvey Cushing Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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6
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Biancalana L, Zanda E, Hadiji M, Zacchini S, Pratesi A, Pampaloni G, Dyson PJ, Marchetti F. Role of the (pseudo)halido ligand in ruthenium(II) p-cymene α-amino acid complexes in speciation, protein reactivity and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15760-15777. [PMID: 34704998 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03274g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of the dimeric complexes [RuX2(η6-p-cymene)]2 (X = Br, I, SCN) with L-proline (ProH) and trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (HypH), in methanol in the presence of NaOH, afforded [RuX(κ2N,O-Pro)(η6-p-cymene)] (X = Br, 1b; I, 1c; SCN, 1d) and [RuX(κ2N,O-Hyp)(η6-p-cymene)] (X = Br, 2b; I, 2c; SCN, 2d), respectively. Alternatively, the one-pot, sequential addition of the appropriate α-amino carboxylate and X- salt to [RuCl2(η6-p-cymene)]2 led to [RuX(κ2N,O-Pro)(η6-p-cymene)] (X = N3, 1e; NO2, 1f; CN 1g) and [Ru(N3)(κ2N,O-Hyp)(η6-p-cymene)] (2e). Complexes [Ru(κ3N,O,O'-O2CCH(NH2)(R)O)(η6-p-cymene)] (R = CH2, 3h; R = CHMe, 4h; R = CH2CH2, 5h) were prepared from the reaction of [RuCl2(η6-p-cymene)]2 with the appropriate α-amino acid and NaOH in refluxing isopropanol. Treatment of the L-serine (SerH2) derivative [RuCl(κ2N,O-SerH)(η6-p-cymene)] (3a) with 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) in water at reflux produced [Ru(κ2N,O-Ser)(κP-PTA)(η6-p-cymene)]Cl ([3i]Cl). The products were isolated in good to excellent yields, and were characterized by elemental analysis, IR and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The structures of 1f and 2b-e were ascertained by X-ray diffraction studies. The behaviour of the complexes in water and cell culture medium was investigated by multinuclear NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy, revealing a considerable influence of the monodentate ligand on the aqueous chemistry. Complexes 1d-e, 2d-e, 3h, 4h and [3i]Cl, showing substantial inertness in aqueous media, were assessed for their cytotoxicity towards A2780 and A2780cisR cancer cell lines and the noncancerous HEK 293T cell line. A selection of compounds was also investigated for Ru uptake in A2780 cells and interactions with cytochrome c as a model protein. Combined, these studies provide insights into the previously debated role of the 'leaving' ligand on the biological activity of Ru(II) arene α-amino acid complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Biancalana
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Zanda
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mouna Hadiji
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- University of Bologna, Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pratesi
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Guido Pampaloni
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- University of Pisa, Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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7
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Synthesis, structure and anticancer properties of new biotin- and morpholine-functionalized ruthenium and osmium half-sandwich complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:535-549. [PMID: 34173882 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium (Ru) and osmium (Os) complexes are of sustained interest in cancer research and may be alternative to platinum-based therapy. We detail here three new series of ruthenium and osmium complexes, supported by physico-chemical characterizations, including time-dependent density functional theory, a combined experimental and computational study on the aquation reactions and the nature of the metal-arene bond. Cytotoxic profiles were then evaluated on several cancer cell lines although with limited success. Further investigations were, however, performed on the most active series using a genetic approach based on RNA interference and highlighted a potential multi-target mechanism of action through topoisomerase II, mitotic spindle, HDAC and DNMT inhibition.
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8
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Zanda E, Busto N, Biancalana L, Zacchini S, Biver T, Garcia B, Marchetti F. Anticancer and antibacterial potential of robust Ruthenium(II) arene complexes regulated by choice of α-diimine and halide ligands. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 344:109522. [PMID: 34029541 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several complexes of general formula [Ru(halide)(η6-p-cymene)(α-diimine)]+, in the form of nitrate, triflate and hexafluorophosphate salts, including a newly synthesized iodide compound, were investigated as potential anticancer drugs and bactericides. NMR and UV-Vis studies evidenced remarkable stability of the complexes in water and cell culture medium. In general, the complexes displayed strong cytotoxicity against A2780 and A549 cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the low micromolar range, and one complex (RUCYN) emerged as the most promising one, with a significant selectivity compared to the non-cancerous HEK293 cell line. A variable affinity of the complexes for BSA and DNA binding was ascertained by spectrophotometry/fluorimetry, circular dichroism, electrophoresis and viscometry. The performance of RUCYN appears associated to enhanced cell internalization, favored by two cyclohexyl substituents, rather than to specific interaction with the evaluated biomolecules. The chloride/iodide replacement, in one case, led to increased cellular uptake and cytotoxicity at the expense of selectivity, and tuned DNA binding towards intercalation. Complexes with iodide or a valproate bioactive fragment exhibited the best antimicrobial profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Zanda
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Natalia Busto
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain.
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, I-40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tarita Biver
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Begoña Garcia
- Universidad de Burgos, Departamento de Química, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001, Burgos, Spain
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy.
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9
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Vyas KM, Sharma D, Magani SKJ, Mobin SM, Mukhopadhyay S. In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity and antimetastatic properties of novel arene ruthenium(II)‐tetrazolato compounds on human cancer cell lines. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Komal M. Vyas
- Discipline of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore Khandwa Road, Simrol Indore 453552 India
- Department of Chemistry Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 India
| | - Deepu Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences Shiv Nadar University Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
| | - Sri Krishna Jayadev Magani
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences Shiv Nadar University Greater Noida Uttar Pradesh 201314 India
| | - Shaikh M. Mobin
- Discipline of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore Khandwa Road, Simrol Indore 453552 India
| | - Suman Mukhopadhyay
- Discipline of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Indore Khandwa Road, Simrol Indore 453552 India
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Khandwa Road, Simrol Indore 453552 India
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10
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Scoditti S, Vigna V, Dabbish E, Sicilia E. Iodido equatorial ligands influence on the mechanism of action of Pt(IV) and Pt(II) anti-cancer complexes: A DFT computational study. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:608-619. [PMID: 33469953 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A detailed computational exploration of the most relevant steps of iodido Pt(IV) complexes reduction and Pt(II) drugs mechanism of action and eventual deactivation is presented here inspired by the recent findings on iodido Pt(II) complexes and surprising re-evaluation of their cytotoxic activity. Pt(II) and Pt(IV) model systems are investigated and compared with cisplatin and its Pt(IV) derivative. Both monodeprotonated ascorbic acid and l-cysteine are used as reducing agents in the inner-sphere reduction mechanism of Pt(IV) complexes. Aquation mechanism of iodido Pt(II) complexes, interaction with guanine and sulfur containing compounds and reaction with the model protein hen egg white lysozyme are explored, due to a detected different behavior with respect to classical platinum drugs. The outcomes of such exploration allow to shed light on the role that the increased soft character together with bridging and leaving abilities of iodide over chloride could play in determining the cytotoxic profile of iodido Pt drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Scoditti
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Vigna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Eslam Dabbish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
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11
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Tsolis T, Nikolaou N, Ypsilantis K, Kougioumtzi A, Kordias D, Magklara A, Garoufis A. Synthesis, characterization, interactions with 9-MeG and cytotoxic activity of heterobimetallic Ru II-Pt II complexes bridged with 2, 2'-bipyrimidine. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 219:111435. [PMID: 33819801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The complexes [(η6-bz)Ru(bpm)Cl]PF6, (1)PF6, [(η6-bz)ClRu(μ-bpm)PtCl2]PF6, (2)PF6, [(η6-cym)ClRu(μ-bpm)PtCl2]PF6, (3)PF6, [(η6-cym)ClRu(μ-bpm)PdCl2]PF6, (4)PF6, [Pt(bpm)(cbdca)], (5) and [(η6-cym)ClRu(μ-bpm)Pt(cbdca)]PF6, (6)PF6, (bz = benzene, bpm = 2,2'-bipyrimidine, cym = p-cymene, cbdcaH2 = 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid),were synthesized and characterized by means of 1H NMR and high-resolution ESI mass spectrometry. The complexes were transformed to the corresponding chloride salts to become soluble in aqueous media, and to be studied regarding their biological properties. However, while the heterobimetallic complexes (3)Cl and (6)Cl were almost stable, (2)Cl and (4)Cl were decomposed. The interaction of 9-MeG (9-MeG = 9-methylguanine) with (3)Cl and (6)Cl revealed that it coordinates only to the platinum center through N7. Decomposition of the heterobimetallic complexes takes place after the coordination of 9-MeG, mainly forming the complex [Pt(bpm)(9-MeG-N7)Cl]+. Notably, the cytotoxic activity of (6)Cl in cancer cells was found to be moderate when compared to cisplatin, but higher in comparison with its corresponding monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Tsolis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Neofyta Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Anastasia Kougioumtzi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kordias
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angeliki Magklara
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Foundation for Research and Technology, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece; Institute of Biosciences, University Research Center of Ioannina (U.R.C.I.), Ioannina, Greece
| | - Achilleas Garoufis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece; University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece.
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12
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Mészáros JP, Pape VFS, Szakács G, Németi G, Dénes M, Holczbauer T, May NV, Enyedy ÉA. Half-sandwich organometallic Ru and Rh complexes of (N,N) donor compounds: effect of ligand methylation on solution speciation and anticancer activity. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8218-8231. [PMID: 34032247 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00808k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of half-sandwich polypyridyl complexes was synthesized and compared focusing on structural, cytotoxic and aqueous solution behaviour. The formula of the synthesized complexes is [M(arene)(N,N)Cl]Cl, where M: Ru or Rh, arene: p-cymene, toluene or C5Me5-, (N,N): 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmb), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) or 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (neo). The structures of five half-sandwich complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. It was found that introducing methyl groups next to the coordinating nitrogen atoms of the bidentate ligand causes steric congestion around the metal centre which changes the angle between ligand planes. The ligands and the Rh complexes showed significant cytotoxicity in A2780 and MES-SA cancer cell lines (IC50 = 0.1-56 μM) and in the cisplatin-resistant A2780cis cells. Paradoxically, phen and dmb as well as their half-sandwich Rh complexes showed increased toxicity against multidrug resistant MES-SA/Dx5 cells. In contrast, coordination to Ru caused loss of toxicity. Solution equilibrium constants showed that the studied metal complexes have high stability, and no dissociation was found for Ru and Rh complexes even at micromolar concentrations in a wide pH range. However, in the case of Ru complexes a slow and irreversible decomposition, namely arene loss, was also observed, which was more pronounced in light exposure in aqueous solution. In the case of neo, the methyl groups next to the nitrogen atoms significantly decrease the stability of complexes. For Rh complexes, the order of the stability constants corrected with ligand basicity (log K*): 9.78 (phen) > 9.01 (dmb) > 8.89 (bpy) > 3.93 (neo). The coordinated neo resulted in an enormous decrease in the chloride ion affinity of Ru compounds. Based on the results, a universal model was introduced for the prediction of chloride ion capability of half-sandwich Rh and Ru complexes. It combines the effects of the bidentate ligand and the M(arene) part using only two terms, performing multilinear regression procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- János P Mészáros
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary. and MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Veronika F S Pape
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary and Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary and Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gábor Németi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Márk Dénes
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra V May
- Centre for Structural Science, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary. and MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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13
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Gichumbi JM, Omondi B, Friedrich HB. Crystal structure of η 6- p-cymene-iodido-( N-isopropyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)methanimine-κ 2
N, N′)ruthenium(II) hexafluorophosphate(V), C 19H 26IN 2F 6Ru. Z KRIST-NEW CRYST ST 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/ncrs-2019-0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
C19H26IN2F6Ru, triclinic, P1̄ (no. 2), a = 9.240(2) Å, b = 10.019(3) Å, c = 12.689(3) Å, α = 78.921°, β = 81.596(10)°, γ = 83.654°, V = 1136.30(5) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0174, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0440, T = 173 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel M. Gichumbi
- Chuka University , Department of Physical Sciences , P.O. Box 109-60400, Chuka , Kenya
| | - Bernard Omondi
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Chemistry and Physics , P.O. Box X01, Pietermaritzburg Campus , Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
| | - Holger B. Friedrich
- University of KwaZulu-Natal , School of Chemistry and Physics , PO Box X54001, Westville Campus , Westville 4000, Durban, South Africa
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14
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Mondal A, Paira P. Hypoxia efficient and glutathione-resistant cytoselective ruthenium(ii)-p-cymene-arylimidazophenanthroline complexes: biomolecular interaction and live cell imaging. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12865-12878. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of ruthenium(ii)–arene-2-arylimidazophenanthroline based DNA targeting, cytoselective, hypoxia efficient and glutathione-resistant luminescent anticancer drugs have been developed which are also represented as HeLa cell imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashaparna Mondal
- Department of Chemistry
- School of advanced sciences
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
| | - Priyankar Paira
- Department of Chemistry
- School of advanced sciences
- Vellore Institute of Technology
- Vellore-632014
- India
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15
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Purkait K, Ruturaj, Mukherjee A, Gupta A. ATP7B Binds Ruthenium(II) p-Cymene Half-Sandwich Complexes: Role of Steric Hindrance and Ru-I Coordination in Rescuing the Sequestration. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15659-15670. [PMID: 31657924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II/III) complexes are predicted to be efficient alternatives to platinum drug-resistant cancers but have never been investigated for sequestration and efflux by Cu-ATPases (ATP7A or ATP7B) overexpressed in resistant cancer cells, although a major cause of platinum drug resistance is found to be sequestration of platinum chemotherapeutic agents by thiol donors glutathione (GSH) or the Cys-X-X-Cys (CXXC) motifs in the Cu-ATPases in cytosol. Here, we show for the first time that ATP7B efficiently sequesters ruthenium(II) η6-p-cymene complexes. We present seven complexes, [RuII(η6-p-cym)(L)X](PF6) (1-7; L = L1-L3, X = Cl, Br, and I), out of which two resists deactivation by the cellular thiol, glutathione (GSH). The results show that Ru-I coordination and a moderate steric factor increase resistance to GSH and the CXXC motif. RuII-I-coordinated 3 and 7 showed resistance to sequestration by ATP7B. 3 displays highest resistance against GSH and does not trigger ATP7B trafficking in the liver cancer cell line. It escapes ATP7B-mediated sequestration and triggers apoptosis. Thus, with a suitable bidentate ligand and iodido leaving group, RuII(η6-p-cym) complexes may display strong kinetic inertness to inhibit the ATP7B detoxification pathway. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry data show higher retention of 3 and 7 inside the cell with time compared to 4, supporting ATP7B-mediated sequestration.
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16
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Sarkar A, Acharya S, Khushvant K, Purkait K, Mukherjee A. Cytotoxic Ru II-p-cymene complexes of an anthraimidazoledione: halide dependent solution stability, reactivity and resistance to hypoxia deactivation. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:7187-7197. [PMID: 30601545 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04687e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RuII-(η6-p-cymene) complexes of anthraimidazoldione (PAIDH) based ligand bearing the formula [RuII(η6-p-cymene)(PAIDH)(X)]+ (where, X = Cl, Br and I) showed excellent in vitro antiproliferative activity (IC50 range 1-2 μM) against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2), human pancreatic carcinoma (MIA PaCa-2) and triple negative human metastatic breast adenocarcinoma (MDA-MB-231). The ESI-MS and 1H NMR data show that the complexes are stable in aqueous solution at pH 7.4 (4 mM NaCl) with less than 10% hydrolysis in 24 h. However, when the coordinated halide is bromo (2) or iodo (3), the complex exchanges the halide with chloride in solution. The exchange is dependent on chloride concentration. Fastest chloride exchange was observed for the bromo complex 2 and slowest for the iodo complex 3 showing the higher kinetic inertness of the latter. Complex 3 exhibits the weakest interaction with glutathione (GSH) and 9-ethylguanine (9-EtG) in the series. ESI-MS studies of a 20% methanolic solution of 3 in 4 mM aqueous NaCl showed 80% intact complex even after 24 h of incubation with 9-EtG or GSH. 1-3 show similar in vitro cytotoxicity profile, but based on combined results from solution stability and cytotoxicity, the iodo complex 3 seems to be the best one in the series. There is no deterioration of toxicity under hypoxia or by induction of GSH in HepG2 cells. The low cytotoxicity of the complexes against difficult to treat triple negative breast carcinoma viz. MDA-MB-231 in vitro (IC50 = 1.5 ± 0.1 μM) is very encouraging, compared with cytotoxicity of clinical drug cisplatin (IC50 = 37.2 ± 2.5 μM). The complexes can alter mitochondrial membrane potential, arrest the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase and kill cells via apoptosis. They inhibit migration of the metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells at IC20 dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur campus-741246, India.
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17
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18
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Chai K, Jiang Y, Han T, Niu J, Yao L, Zhang H, Zeng M, Zhang L, Duan X, Wang J. Synthesis, DNA binding, topoisomerase I inhibition and antiproliferation activities of three new binuclear terpyridine platinum(II) complexes. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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19
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Ruthenium coordination compounds of biological and biomedical significance. DNA binding agents. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Brissos RF, Clavero P, Gallen A, Grabulosa A, Barrios LA, Caballero AB, Korrodi-Gregório L, Pérez-Tomás R, Muller G, Soto-Cerrato V, Gamez P. Highly Cytotoxic Ruthenium(II)-Arene Complexes from Bulky 1-Pyrenylphosphane Ligands. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:14786-14797. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa F. Brissos
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Clavero
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Gallen
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnald Grabulosa
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana B. Caballero
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luís Korrodi-Gregório
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez-Tomás
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Guillermo Muller
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Soto-Cerrato
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Campus Bellvitge, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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21
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Synthesis, characterization and interactions with 9-methylguanine of ruthenium(II) η6-arene complexes with aromatic diimines. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Martínez-Peña F, Infante-Tadeo S, Habtemariam A, Pizarro AM. Reversible pH-Responsive Behavior of Ruthenium(II) Arene Complexes with Tethered Carboxylate. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:5657-5668. [PMID: 29688005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Five complexes of formula [Ru(η6-C6H5CH2COOH)(XY)Cl]Cl/Na (XY = ethylenediamine (1), o-phenylenediamine (2), phenanthroline (3), and oxalato (4)) and [Ru(η6:κ1-C6H5CH2COO)(tmen)]Cl (tmen = N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, 5C) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Five new X-ray crystal structures ([Ru(η6-C6H5CH2COOH)(μ-Cl)Cl]2, 1, 3, 4, and 5C·PF6) have been determined, which are the first examples of ruthenium(II) structures with phenylacetic acid as arene ligand. Furthermore, 5C·PF6 is the first example of a five-membered tether ring with a Ru(η6:κ1-arene:O) bond. The tether ring in these complexes opens in acidic pH (<5) and closes reversibly in aqueous solution. The chlorido open-form undergoes aquation, and the aqua adduct can be observed (prior to ring closure) by NMR. The speciation has an attractive complexity in the pH range 0-12, showing interconversion of the three species (chlorido, aqua, and closed tether), dependent on the proton concentration and the nature of the XY chelating ligand. The closed tether version of 3, complex 3C, with σ-donor/π-acceptor phenanthroline as chelating ligand, opens up more readily (pH 4), while the tether ring in complex 5C hardly opens even at pH as low as 1. We have determined the p Ka of the pendant carboxylic group and that of the aqua adduct (ca. 3 and ca. 7, respectively), which can be finely tuned by the appropriate choice of XY. Complexes 1 and 2, which predominate in their inactive (closed-tether) form in intracellular conditions, show some cytotoxic activity (IC50 130 and 117 μM, respectively) in A2780 ovarian cancer cells. Complex 1 catalyzes the reduction through transfer hydrogenation of pyruvate to lactate and NAD+ to NADH in the presence of formate as H-source. Co-incubation with sodium formate decreases the IC50 value of 1 in A2780 cancer cells significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Infante-Tadeo
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9 , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9 , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , Madrid 28049 , Spain
| | - Ana M Pizarro
- IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9 , Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco , Madrid 28049 , Spain
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23
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Meier-Menches SM, Gerner C, Berger W, Hartinger CG, Keppler BK. Structure-activity relationships for ruthenium and osmium anticancer agents - towards clinical development. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:909-928. [PMID: 29170783 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00332c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer metallodrugs based on ruthenium and osmium are among the most investigated and advanced non-platinum metallodrugs. Inorganic drug discovery with these agents has undergone considerable advances over the past two decades and has currently two representatives in active clinical trials. As many ruthenium and osmium metallodrugs are prodrugs, a key question to be addressed is how the molecular reactivity of such metal-based therapeutics dictates the selectivity and the type of interaction with molecular targets. Within this frame, this review introduces the field by the examples of the most advanced ruthenium lead structures. Then, global structure-activity relationships are discussed for ruthenium and osmium metallodrugs with respect to in vitro antiproliferative/cytotoxic activity and in vivo tumor-inhibiting properties, as well as pharmacokinetics. Determining and validating global mechanisms of action and molecular targets are still major current challenges. Moreover, significant efforts must be invested in screening in vivo tumor models that mimic human pathophysiology to increase the predictability for successful preclinical and clinical development of ruthenium and osmium metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Meier-Menches
- University of Vienna, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Waehringer Str. 38, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Štarha P, Trávníček Z, Vančo J, Dvořák Z. Half-Sandwich Ru(II) and Os(II) Bathophenanthroline Complexes Containing a Releasable Dichloroacetato Ligand. Molecules 2018; 23:E420. [PMID: 29443934 PMCID: PMC6017048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on the preparation and thorough characterization of cytotoxic half-sandwich complexes [Ru(η⁶-pcym)(bphen)(dca)]PF₆ (Ru-dca) and [Os(η⁶-pcym)(bphen)(dca)]PF₆ (Os-dca) containing dichloroacetate(1-) (dca) as the releasable O-donor ligand bearing its own cytotoxicity; pcym = 1-methyl-4-(propan-2-yl)benzene (p-cymene), bphen = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (bathophenanthroline). Complexes Ru-dca and Os-dca hydrolyzed in the water-containing media, which led to the dca ligand release (supported by ¹H NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectra). Mass spectrometry studies revealed that complexes Ru-dca and Os-dca do not interact covalently with the model proteins cytochrome c and lysozyme. Both complexes exhibited slightly higher in vitro cytotoxicity (IC50 = 3.5 μM for Ru-dca, and 2.6 μM for Os-dca) against the A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells than cisplatin (IC50 = 5.9 μM), while their toxicity on the healthy human hepatocytes was found to be IC50 = 19.1 μM for Ru-dca and IC50 = 19.7 μM for Os-dca. Despite comparable cytotoxicity of complexes Ru-dca and Os-dca, both the complexes modified the cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial cytochrome c release by a different way, as revealed by flow cytometry experiments. The obtained results point out the different mechanisms of action between the complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Štarha
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Trávníček
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ján Vančo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics & Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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25
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Ganeshpandian M, Palaniandavar M, Muruganantham A, Ghosh SK, Riyasdeen A, Akbarsha MA. Ruthenium(II)–arene complexes of diimines: Effect of diimine intercalation and hydrophobicity on DNA and protein binding and cytotoxicity. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mani Ganeshpandian
- School of ChemistryBharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
| | | | - Amsaveni Muruganantham
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research CentreHomi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Swapan K. Ghosh
- Theoretical Chemistry Section, Bhabha Atomic Research CentreHomi Bhabha National Institute Mumbai 400 085 India
| | - Anvarbatcha Riyasdeen
- Mahatma Gandhi‐Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science EducationBharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mohammad Abdulkader Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi‐Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science EducationBharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024 Tamil Nadu India
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26
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Wołoszyn A, Pettinari C, Pettinari R, Badillo Patzmay GV, Kwiecień A, Lupidi G, Nabissi M, Santoni G, Smoleński P. Ru(ii)-(PTA) and -mPTA complexes with N 2-donor ligands bipyridyl and phenanthroline and their antiproliferative activities on human multiple myeloma cell lines. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:10073-10081. [PMID: 28731114 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel ruthenium(ii) 2,2'-bipyridyl (bpy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) derivatives containing PTA (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) or mPTA (N-methyl-1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane cation) have been synthesized and fully characterized. Three types of complexes have been obtained, neutral [Ru(N-N)(PTA)2Cl2] (1, N-N = bpy and 4, N-N = phen), monocationic [Ru(N-N)(PTA)3Cl][Cl] (2, N-N = bpy and 5, N-N = phen) and dicationic [Ru(N-N)(mPTA)Cl2][BF4]2 (3, N-N = bpy and 6, N-N = phen). The solid-state structures of four complexes have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cytotoxicity of the complexes has been evaluated in vitro against U266 and RPMI human multiple myeloma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Wołoszyn
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Claudio Pettinari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Pettinari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Kwiecień
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, ul. Borowska 211 A, 50-566 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Massimo Nabissi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Santoni
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino MC, Italy.
| | - Piotr Smoleński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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27
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Wang HY, Qian Y, Wang FX, Habtemariam A, Mao ZW, Sadler PJ, Liu HK. Ruthenium(II)-Arene Metallacycles: Crystal Structures, Interaction with DNA, and Cytotoxicity. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Nanjing Normal University; 210046, Jiang Su Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yong Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Nanjing Normal University; 210046, Jiang Su Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Fang-Xin Wang
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; 510275, Guang Dong Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Abraha Habtemariam
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Zong-Wan Mao
- School of Chemistry; Sun Yat-Sen University; 510275, Guang Dong Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of Chemistry; University of Warwick; Gibbet Hill Road CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Hong-Ke Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials; College of Chemistry and Materials Science; Nanjing Normal University; 210046, Jiang Su Nanjing P. R. China
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Half-Sandwich Ru(II) Halogenido, Valproato and 4-Phenylbutyrato Complexes Containing 2,2'-Dipyridylamine: Synthesis, Characterization, Solution Chemistry and In Vitro Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121725. [PMID: 27983703 PMCID: PMC6274116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Halogenido and carboxylato Ru(II) half-sandwich complexes of the general composition [Ru(η6-p-cym)(dpa)X]PF6 (1–5) were prepared and thoroughly characterized with various techniques (e.g., mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis); dpa = 2,2′-dipyridylamine; p-cym = p-cymene; X = Cl− (for 1), Br− (for 2), I− (for 3), valproate(1−) (for 4) or 4-phenylbutyrate(1−) (for 5). A single-crystal X-ray analysis showed a pseudo-octahedral piano-stool geometry of [Ru(η6-p-cym)(dpa)I]PF6 (3), with a η6-coordinated p-cymene, bidentate N-donor dpa ligand and iodido ligand coordinated to the Ru(II) atom. The results of the 1H-NMR solution behaviour studies proved that the complexes 1–5 hydrolyse were in the mixture of solvents used (10% MeOD-d4/90% D2O). Complexes 1–5 were in vitro inactive against the A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cell line, up to the highest tested concentration (IC50 > 100 μM).
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29
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Rogala P, Jabłońska – Wawrzycka A, Kazimierczuk K, Borek A, Błażejczyk A, Wietrzyk J, Barszcz B. Synthesis, crystal structure and cytotoxic activity of ruthenium(II) piano-stool complex with N,N-chelating ligand. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Pettinari R, Marchetti F, Petrini A, Pettinari C, Lupidi G, Smoleński P, Scopelliti R, Riedel T, Dyson PJ. From Sunscreen to Anticancer Agent: Ruthenium(II) Arene Avobenzone Complexes Display Potent Anticancer Activity. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Piotr Smoleński
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, ul. F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tina Riedel
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Dyson
- Institut
des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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31
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Cross JM, Blower TR, Gallagher N, Gill JH, Rockley KL, Walton JW. Anticancer Ru
II
and Rh
III
Piano‐Stool Complexes that are Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Chempluschem 2016; 81:1276-1280. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201600413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine M. Cross
- Department of Chemistry Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom
| | - Tim R. Blower
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Gallagher
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health Durham University Wolfson Research Institute Queen's Campus Stockton on Tees TS17 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Jason H. Gill
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health Durham University Wolfson Research Institute Queen's Campus Stockton on Tees TS17 6BH United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly L. Rockley
- School of Medicine, Pharmacy and Health Durham University Wolfson Research Institute Queen's Campus Stockton on Tees TS17 6BH United Kingdom
| | - James W. Walton
- Department of Chemistry Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE United Kingdom
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32
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Tsolis T, Papavasileiou KD, Divanis SA, Melissas VS, Garoufis A. How half sandwich ruthenium compounds interact with DNA while not being hydrolyzed; a comparative study. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 160:12-23. [PMID: 27118026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Tsolis
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D Papavasileiou
- Institute of Biology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Ave., GR-116 35 Athens, Greece
| | - Spyridon A Divanis
- Section of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasilios S Melissas
- Section of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Achilleas Garoufis
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, GR-451 10 Ioannina, Greece.
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33
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Iida J, Bell-Loncella ET, Purazo ML, Lu Y, Dorchak J, Clancy R, Slavik J, Cutler ML, Shriver CD. Inhibition of cancer cell growth by ruthenium complexes. J Transl Med 2016; 14:48. [PMID: 26867596 PMCID: PMC4751662 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0797-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies suggest that certain transition metal complexes, such as cisplatin, are efficacious for treating various cancer types, including ovarian, lung, and breast. Methods In order to further evaluate ruthenium (Ru) complexes as potential anti-cancer agents, we synthesized and evaluated Ru-arene complexes. Two complexes with the general formula [Ru (η6-p-cym) (N–N) Cl]+ were tested for their abilities to inhibit cancer cells. Results The complex with o-phenylenediamine as the N–N ligand (o-PDA) significantly inhibited growth of breast (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, SKBR-3, and SUM149), lymphoma (Raji), melanoma (Bowes), and osteosarcoma (HT1080); however, the complex with o-benzoquinonediimine (o-BQDI) was ineffective except for SUM149. In contrast, o-PDA failed to inhibit growth of human breast epithelial cells, MCF-10A. Treatment of MDA-MBA-231 cells with o-PDA resulted in a significant reduction of productions of PDGF-AA, GM-CSF, and VEGF-A proteins at the transcriptional levels. Finally, we demonstrated that o-PDA synergistically inhibited MDA-MB-231 cell growth with cyclophosphamide but not doxorubicin or paclitaxel. Conclusion These results suggest that Ru-arene complexes are promising anti-cancer drugs that inhibit progression and metastasis by blocking multiple processes for breast and other types of cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0797-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Iida
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, 620 7th Street, Windber, PA, 15963, USA. .,Murtha Cancer Center, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA.
| | - Elisabeth T Bell-Loncella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, 450 Schoolhouse Road, Johnstown, PA, 15904, USA.
| | - Marc L Purazo
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, 620 7th Street, Windber, PA, 15963, USA.
| | - Yifeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, 450 Schoolhouse Road, Johnstown, PA, 15904, USA.
| | - Jesse Dorchak
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, 620 7th Street, Windber, PA, 15963, USA.
| | - Rebecca Clancy
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, 620 7th Street, Windber, PA, 15963, USA.
| | - Julianna Slavik
- Department of Cell Biology, Windber Research Institute, 620 7th Street, Windber, PA, 15963, USA.
| | - Mary Lou Cutler
- Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University for Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20184, USA. .,Murtha Cancer Center, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA.
| | - Craig D Shriver
- Department of Surgery, Walter-Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA. .,Murtha Cancer Center, 8901 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20889, USA.
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34
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Is matching ruthenium with dithiocarbamato ligands a potent chemotherapeutic weapon in oncology? Future Med Chem 2016; 8:211-26. [PMID: 26807601 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, several metal-based compounds have been designed and biologically investigated worldwide in order to obtain chemotherapeutics with a better toxicological profile and comparable or higher antiblastic activity than the clinically-established platinum-based drugs. In this context, researchers have addressed their attention to alternative nonplatinum derivatives able to maximize the anticancer activity of the new drugs and to minimize the side effects. Among them, a number of ruthenium complexes have been developed, including the compounds NAMI-A and KP1019, now in clinical trials. Here, we report the results collected so far for a particular class of ruthenium complexes - the ruthenium(II/III)-dithiocarbamates - which proved more potent than cisplatin in vitro, even at nanomolar concentrations, against a wide panel of human tumor cell lines.
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35
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Khamrang T, Kartikeyan R, Velusamy M, Rajendiran V, Dhivya R, Perumalsamy B, Akbarsha MA, Palaniandavar M. Synthesis, structures, and DNA and protein binding of ruthenium(ii)-p-cymene complexes of substituted pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine: enhanced cytotoxicity of complexes of ligands appended with a carbazole moiety. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23663d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of ruthenium-arene complexes appended with carbazole moiety correlates with their DNA binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themmila Khamrang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Eastern Hill University
- Shillong 793022
- India
| | - Radhakrishnan Kartikeyan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences
- Central University of Tamil Nadu
- Thiruvarur 610101
- India
| | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry
- North Eastern Hill University
- Shillong 793022
- India
| | - Venugopal Rajendiran
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences
- Central University of Tamil Nadu
- Thiruvarur 610101
- India
| | - Rajakumar Dhivya
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science Education
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620024
- India
| | - Balaji Perumalsamy
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science Education
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620024
- India
| | - Mohammad Abdulkadher Akbarsha
- Mahatma Gandhi-Doerenkamp Center for Alternatives to Use of Animals in Life Science Education
- Bharathidasan University
- Tiruchirappalli 620024
- India
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36
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Colina-Vegas L, Villarreal W, Navarro M, de Oliveira CR, Graminha AE, Maia PIDS, Deflon VM, Ferreira AG, Cominetti MR, Batista AA. Cytotoxicity of Ru(II) piano–stool complexes with chloroquine and chelating ligands against breast and lung tumor cells: Interactions with DNA and BSA. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 153:150-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Nikolić S, Opsenica DM, Filipović V, Dojčinović B, Aranđelović S, Radulović S, Grgurić-Šipka S. Strong in Vitro Cytotoxic Potential of New Ruthenium–Cymene Complexes. Organometallics 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nikolić
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan M. Opsenica
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk Filipović
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Dojčinović
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sandra Aranđelović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Radulović
- Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Grgurić-Šipka
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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38
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Seršen S, Kljun J, Kryeziu K, Panchuk R, Alte B, Körner W, Heffeter P, Berger W, Turel I. Structure-Related Mode-of-Action Differences of Anticancer Organoruthenium Complexes with β-Diketonates. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3984-96. [PMID: 25856666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A series of organoruthenium(II) chlorido complexes with fluorinated O,O-ligands [(η(6)-p-cymene)Ru(F3C-acac-Ar)Cl] (1a-6a) and their respective 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (pta) derivatives [(η(6)-p-cymene)Ru(F3C-acac-Ar)pta]PF6 (1b-6b) were synthesized and fully characterized in both solution and solid state. All complexes were inactive against nonmalignant keratinocytes but displayed variable activity against cancer cell models (ovarian, osteosarcoma). Compounds with a ligand containing the 4-chlorophenyl substituent (6a and 6b) exhibited the strongest anticancer effects. Despite a marginally lower cellular Ru accumulation compared to the chlorido complexes, pta analogues showed higher activity especially in the osteosarcoma model. Reduction of glutathione levels by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) significantly enhanced the activity of all compounds with the most pronounced effects being observed for the pta series resulting in IC50 values down to the nanomolar range. While all chlorido complexes potently induce reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and apoptosis, the respective pta compounds widely lacked ROS production but blocked cell cycle progression in G0/G1 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Seršen
- †Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- †Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kushtrim Kryeziu
- ‡Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rostyslav Panchuk
- §Institute of Cell Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Lviv, 79005, Ukraine
| | - Beatrix Alte
- ‡Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilfried Körner
- ∥Department of Environmental Geosciences, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Heffeter
- ‡Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- ‡Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iztok Turel
- †Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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39
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Purkait K, Karmakar S, Bhattacharyya S, Chatterjee S, Dey SK, Mukherjee A. A hypoxia efficient imidazole-based Ru(ii) arene anticancer agent resistant to deactivation by glutathione. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:5969-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt03983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[RuII(η6-p-cym)(L)Cl](PF6) is slow to hydrolyze and shows better anticancer activity in hypoxia with strong resistance to deactivation by l-glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kallol Purkait
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Subhendu Karmakar
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Sudipta Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Saptarshi Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Suman Kr Dey
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
| | - Arindam Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata
- Mohanpur-741246
- India
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40
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Pages BJ, Ang DL, Wright EP, Aldrich-Wright JR. Metal complex interactions with DNA. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3505-26. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02700k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing numbers of DNA structures are being revealed using a diverse range of transition metal complexes and biophysical spectroscopic techniques. Here we present a review of metal complex-DNA interactions in which several binding modes and DNA structural forms are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Pages
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - Dale L. Ang
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - Elisé P. Wright
- School of Medicine
- University of Western Sydney
- Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC
- Australia
| | - Janice R. Aldrich-Wright
- Nanoscale Organisation and Dynamics Group
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Locked Bag 1797 Penrith South DC
- Australia
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41
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Betanzos-Lara S, Chmel NP, Zimmerman MT, Barrón-Sosa LR, Garino C, Salassa L, Rodger A, Brumaghim JL, Gracia-Mora I, Barba-Behrens N. Redox-active and DNA-binding coordination complexes of clotrimazole. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:3673-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c4dt02883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The coordination compounds bind to DNA by two different binding modes depending on the concentration, sequence of the DNA, and the structure of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Betanzos-Lara
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
| | - Nikola P. Chmel
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick CV4 7AL Coventry
- England
- UK
| | | | - Lidia R. Barrón-Sosa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry and NIS Centre of Excellence
- University of Turin
- 10125 Turin
- Italy
| | - Luca Salassa
- CIC biomaGUNE
- 20009 Donostia
- Spain
- Kimika Fakultatea
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
| | - Alison Rodger
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick CV4 7AL Coventry
- England
- UK
| | | | - Isabel Gracia-Mora
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
| | - Norah Barba-Behrens
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- México
- Mexico
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42
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Islam N, Pandith AH. Analysis of vibrational spectra (FT-IR and VCD) and nonlinear optical properties of [Ru(L)3]2+ complexes. J COORD CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2014.961921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nasarul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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43
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Tsolis T, Manos MJ, Karkabounas S, Zelovitis I, Garoufis A. Synthesis, X-ray structure determination, cytotoxicity and interactions with 9-methylguanine, of ruthenium(II) η6-arene complexes. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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44
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Pivetta T, Trudu F, Valletta E, Isaia F, Castellano C, Demartin F, Tuveri R, Vascellari S, Pani A. Novel copper(II) complexes as new promising antitumour agents. A crystal structure of [Cu(1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione)2(OH2)(OClO3)](ClO4). J Inorg Biochem 2014; 141:103-113. [PMID: 25238635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic properties of copper(II) complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) can be modified by substitution in the phen backbone. For this purpose, Cu(II) complexes with phen, 1,10-phenanthrolin-5,6-dione (phendione) and 1,10-phenanthrolin-5,6-diol (phendiol) have been synthesised and characterised. The crystal structure of [Cu(phendione)2(OH2)(OClO3)](ClO4) is discussed. The complex formation equilibria between Cu(II) and phen or phendione were studied by potentiometric measurements at 25 and 37°C in 0.1 M ionic strength (NaCl). The antitumour activity of the compounds has been tested in vitro against a panel of tumour (DU-145, HEP-G2, SK-MES-1, CCRF-CEM, CCRF-SB) and normal (CRL-7065) human cell lines. The studied compounds generally present an antiproliferative effect greater than that of cisplatin. The phen and phendione ligands present a similar antiproliferative effect against all the tested cells. Phendiol presents an antiproliferative effect 1.3 to 18 times greater than that of phen or phendione for leukemic, lung, prostatic and fibroblast cells, while it presents less activity towards hepatic cells. Complexes with two ligands are more cytotoxic towards all the tested cell lines than complexes with one ligand and are generally more cytotoxic than the ligand alone. Complexes [Cu(phendiol)2(OH2)](ClO4)2 and [Cu(phendione)2(OH2)(OClO3)](ClO4) appear to be the most active compounds for the treatment of SK-MES-1 and HEP-G2 cells, respectively, being at least 18 times more cytotoxic than cisplatin. The studied Cu(II) complexes are characterised by a strong DNA affinity and were found to interact with DNA mainly by groove binding or electrostatic interactions. The complexes appear to act on cells with a mechanism different from that of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Pivetta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy.
| | - Federica Trudu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Elisa Valletta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Francesco Isaia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Carlo Castellano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Demartin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Milano, Via C. Golgi, 19-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Rossana Tuveri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Sarah Vascellari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
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45
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Kumari R, Bhowmick S, Das N, Das P. Binding and interaction of di- and tri-substituted organometallic triptycene palladium complexes with DNA. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:1221-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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46
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Han BJ, Jiang GB, Wang J, Li W, Huang HL, Liu YJ. The studies on bioactivity in vitro of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes towards human lung carcinoma A549 cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07102f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three complexes were synthesized and characterized. The cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cellular uptake, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle arrest and western blot analysis were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jie Han
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Bin Jiang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ji Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Liang Huang
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutical
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou, P.R. China
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47
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Hummer AA, Rompel A. The use of X-ray absorption and synchrotron based micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate anti-cancer metal compounds in vivo and in vitro. Metallomics 2013; 5:597-614. [PMID: 23558305 DOI: 10.1039/c3mt20261e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and micro-synchrotron based X-ray fluorescence (micro-SXRF) are element specific spectroscopic techniques and have been proven to be valuable tools for the investigation of changes in the chemical environment of metal centres. XAS allows the determination of the oxidation state, the coordination motif of the probed element, the identity and the number of adjacent atoms and the absorber-ligand distances. It is further applicable to nearly all types of samples independent of their actual physical state (solid, liquid, gaseous) down to μM concentrations. Micro-SXRF can provide information on the distribution and concentration of multiple elements within a sample simultaneously, allowing for the chemical state of several elements within subcellular compartments to be probed. Modern third generation synchrotrons offer the possibility to investigate the majority of the biologically relevant elements. The biological mode of action of metal-based compounds often involves interactions with target and/or transport molecules. The presence of reducing agents may also give rise to changes in the coordination sphere and/or the oxidation state. XAS and micro-SXRF are ideal techniques for investigating these issues. This tutorial review introduces the use of XAS and micro-SXRF techniques into the field of inorganic medicinal chemistry. The results obtained for platinum, ruthenium, gallium, gold and cobalt compounds within the last few years are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred A Hummer
- Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Universität Wien, Althanstr. 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
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48
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Lin GJ, Jiang GB, Xie YY, Huang HL, Liang ZH, Liu YJ. Cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial membrane potential, and Western blotting analysis of ruthenium(II) complexes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2013; 18:873-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-013-1032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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49
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Busto N, Valladolid J, Martínez-Alonso M, Lozano HJ, Jalón FA, Manzano BR, Rodríguez AM, Carrión MC, Biver T, Leal JM, Espino G, García B. Anticancer activity and DNA binding of a bifunctional Ru(II) arene aqua-complex with the 2,4-diamino-6-(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine ligand. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:9962-74. [PMID: 23957818 DOI: 10.1021/ic401197a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and full characterization of the new aqua-complex [(η(6)-p-cymene)Ru(OH2)(κ(2)-N,N-2-pydaT)](BF4)2, [2](BF4)2, and the nucleobase derivative [(η(6)-p-cymene)Ru(9-MeG)(κ(2)-N,N-2-pydaT)](BF4)2, [4](PF6)2, where 2-pydaT = 2,4-diamino-6-(2-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine and 9-MeG = 9-methylguanine, are reported here. The crystal structures of both [4](PF6)2 and the chloro complex [(η(6)-p-cymene)RuCl(κ(2)-N,N-2-pydaT)](PF6), [1](PF6), have been elucidated by X-ray diffraction. The former provided relevant information regarding the interaction of the metallic fragment [(η(6)-p-cymene)Ru(κ(2)-N,N-2-pydaT)](2+) and a simple model of DNA. NMR and kinetic absorbance studies have proven that the aqua-complex [2](BF4)2 binds to the N7 site of guanine in nucleobases, nucleotides, or DNA. A stable bifunctional interaction (covalent and partially intercalated) between the [(η(6)-p-cymene)Ru(κ(2)-N,N-2-pydaT)](2+) fragment and CT-DNA has been corroborated by kinetic, circular dichroism, viscometry, and thermal denaturation experiments. The reaction mechanism entails the very fast formation of the Ru-O-(PO3) linkage prior to the fast intercalation of the 2-pydaT fragment. Then, a Ru-N7-(G) covalent bond is formed at the expense of the Ru-O-(PO3) bond, yielding a bifunctional complex. The dissociation rate of the intercalated fragment is slow, and this confers additional interest to [2](BF4)2 in view of the likely correlation between slow dissociation and biological activity, on the assumption that DNA is the only biotarget. Furthermore, [2](BF4)2 displays notable pH-dependent cytotoxic activity in human ovarian carcinoma cells (A2780, IC50 = 11.0 μM at pH = 7.4; IC50 = 6.58 μM at pH = 6.5). What is more, complex [2](BF4)2 is not cross-resistant with cisplatin, exhibiting a resistance factor, RF(A2780cis), of 0.28, and it shows moderate selectivity toward the cancer cell lines, in particular, A2780cis (IC50 = 3.0 5 ± 0.08 μM), relative to human lung fibroblast cells (MRC-5; IC50 = 24 μM), the model for healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Busto
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos s.n., 09001, Burgos, Spain
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50
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He L, Liao SY, Tan CP, Ye RR, Xu YW, Zhao M, Ji LN, Mao ZW. Ruthenium-Arene-β-Carboline Complexes as Potent Inhibitors of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 1: Synthesis, Characterization and Anticancer Mechanism Studies. Chemistry 2013; 19:12152-60. [PMID: 23878093 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201301389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of Ru(II)-arene complexes (1-6) of the general formula [(η(6)-arene)Ru(L)Cl]PF6 (arene=benzene or p-cymene; L=bidentate β-carboline derivative, an indole alkaloid with potential cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) inhibitory activities) is reported. All the complexes were fully characterized by classical analytical methods, and three were characterized by X-ray crystallography. Hydrolytic studies show that β-carboline ligands play a vital role in their aqueous behaviour. These complexes are highly active in vitro, with the most active complex 6 displaying a 3- to 12-fold higher anticancer activity than cisplatin against several cancer cell lines. Interestingly, the complexes are able to overcome cross-resistance to cisplatin, and show much lower cytotoxicity against normal cells. Complexes 1-6 may directly target CDK1, because they can block cells in the G2M phase, down-regulate the expression of CDK1 and cyclin B1, and inhibit CDK1/cyclin B in vitro. Further mechanism studies show that the complexes can effectively induce apoptosis through mitochondrial-related pathways and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275 (P. R. China), Fax: (+86) 20-8411-2245
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