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Lee LCC, Lo KKW. Shining New Light on Biological Systems: Luminescent Transition Metal Complexes for Bioimaging and Biosensing Applications. Chem Rev 2024. [PMID: 39052606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Luminescence imaging is a powerful and versatile technique for investigating cell physiology and pathology in living systems, making significant contributions to life science research and clinical diagnosis. In recent years, luminescent transition metal complexes have gained significant attention for diagnostic and therapeutic applications due to their unique photophysical and photochemical properties. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent development of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, with a focus on transition metal centers with a d6, d8, and d10 electronic configuration. We elucidate the structure-property relationships of luminescent transition metal complexes, exploring how their structural characteristics can be manipulated to control their biological behavior such as cellular uptake, localization, biocompatibility, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Furthermore, we introduce the various design strategies that leverage the interesting photophysical properties of luminescent transition metal complexes for a wide variety of biological applications, including autofluorescence-free imaging, multimodal imaging, organelle imaging, biological sensing, microenvironment monitoring, bioorthogonal labeling, bacterial imaging, and cell viability assessment. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges and perspectives of luminescent transition metal complexes for bioimaging and biosensing applications, as well as their use in disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Cho-Cheung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Units 1503-1511, 15/F, Building 17W, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Kenneth Kam-Wing Lo
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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2
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Oszajca M, Flejszar M, Szura A, Dróżdż P, Brindell M, Kurpiewska K. Exploring the coordination chemistry of ruthenium complexes with lysozymes: structural and in-solution studies. Front Chem 2024; 12:1371637. [PMID: 38638879 PMCID: PMC11024358 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1371637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive structural analysis of the adducts formed upon the reaction of two Ru(III) complexes [HIsq][trans-RuIIICl4(dmso)(Isq)] (1) and [H2Ind][trans-RuIIICl4(dmso)(HInd)] (2) (where HInd-indazole, Isq-isoquinoline, analogs of NAMI-A) and two Ru(II) complexes, cis-[RuCl2(dmso)4] (c) and trans-[RuCl2(dmso)4] (t), with hen-egg white lysozyme (HEWL). Additionally, the crystal structure of an adduct of human lysozyme (HL) with ruthenium complex, [H2Ind][trans-RuCl4(dmso)(HInd)] was solved. X-ray crystallographic data analysis revealed that all studied Ru complexes, regardless of coordination surroundings and metal center charge, coordinate to the same amino acids (His15, Arg14, and Asp101) of HEWL, losing most of their original ligands. In the case of the 2-HL adduct, two distinct metalation sites: (i) Arg107, Arg113 and (ii) Gln127, Gln129, were identified. Crystallographic data were supported by studies of the interaction of 1 and 2 with HEWL in an aqueous solution. Hydrolytic stability studies revealed that both complexes 1 and 2 liberate the N-heterocyclic ligand under crystallization-like conditions (pH 4.5) as well as under physiological pH conditions, and this process is not significantly affected by the presence of HEWL. A comparative examination of nine crystal structures of Ru complexes with lysozyme, obtained through soaking and co-crystallization experiments, together with in-solution studies of the interaction between 1 and 2 with HEWL, indicates that the hydrolytic release of the N-heterocyclic ligand is one of the critical factors in the interaction between Ru complexes and lysozyme. This understanding is crucial in shedding light on the tendency of Ru complexes to target diverse metalation sites during the formation and in the final forms of the adducts with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Oszajca
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Flejszar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszów University of Technology, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Szura
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Patrycja Dróżdż
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kurpiewska
- Department of Crystal Chemistry and Crystal Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Abirami A, Devan U, Ramesh R, Antony Joseph Velanganni A, Małecki JG. Exploring the cytotoxicity of dinuclear Ru(II) p-cymene complexes appended N, N'-bis(4-substituted benzoyl)hydrazines: insights into the mechanism of apoptotic cell death. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5167-5179. [PMID: 38380977 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04234k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a perilous life-threatening disease, and attempts are constantly being made to create multinuclear transition metal complexes that could lead to the development of potential anticancer medications and administration procedures. Hence, this work aims to design, synthesize, characterize, and assess the anticancer efficacy of ruthenium p-cymene complexes incorporating N,N'-bis(4-substituted benzoyl)hydrazine ligands. The formation of the new complexes (Ru2H1-Ru2H3) has been thoroughly established by elemental analysis, and FT-IR, UV-vis, NMR, and HR-MS spectral techniques. The solid-state molecular structures of the complexes Ru2H1 and Ru2H3 have been determined using the SC-XRD study, which confirms the N, O, and Cl-legged piano stool pseudo-octahedral geometry of each ruthenium(II) ion. The stability of these complexes in the solution state and their lipophilicity profile have been determined. Furthermore, the title complexes were tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against cancerous H460 (lung cancer cells), SkBr3 (breast cancer cells), HepG2 (liver cancer cells), and HeLa (cervical cancer cells) along with non-cancerous (HEK-293) cells. The IC50 results revealed that complex Ru2H3 exhibits potent activity against the proliferation of all four cancer cells and outscored the effect of the standard metallodrug cisplatin. This may be attributed to the presence of a couple of lipophilic electron-donating methoxy groups in the ligand scaffold and also the ruthenium(II) p-cymene motifs. Advantageously, all the complexes (Ru2H1-Ru2H3) displayed cytotoxic specificity only towards cancerous cells by leaving the off-target non-cancerous cells undamaged. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, Hoechst 33342, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) staining assays were used to investigate the apoptotic pathway and ROS levels in mitochondria. The results of western blot analysis confirmed that the complexes triggered apoptosis through an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway by upregulating Bax and downregulating Bcl-2 proteins. Finally, the extent of apoptosis triggered by the complex Ru2H3 was quantified with the aid of flow cytometry using the Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide (PI) double-staining technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunachalam Abirami
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Umapathy Devan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Rengan Ramesh
- Centre for Organometallic Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India.
| | - Arockiam Antony Joseph Velanganni
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024, India
| | - Jan Grzegorz Małecki
- Department of Crystallography, Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Reardon MM, Guerrero M, Alatrash N, MacDonnell FM. Exploration of the Pharmacophore for Cytoskeletal Targeting Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202300347. [PMID: 37574460 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) trisdiimine complexes of the formula, [Ru(dip)n (L-L)3-n ]2+ , where n=0-3; dip=4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline; L-L=2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) were prepared and tested for cytotoxicity in two cell lines (H358, MCF7). Cellular uptake and subcellular localization were determined by harvesting treated cells and determining the ruthenium concentration in whole or fractionated cells (cytosolic, nuclear, mitochondrial/ ER/Golgi, and cytoskeletal proteins) by Ru ICP-MS. The logP values for the chloride salts of these complexes were measured and the data were analyzed to determine the role of lipophilicity versus structure in the various biological assays. Cellular uptake increased with lipophilicity but shows the biggest jump when the complex contains two or more dip ligands. Significantly, preferential cytoskeletal localization is also correlated with increased cytotoxicity. All of the RPCs promote tubulin polymerization in vitro, but [Ru(dip)2 phen]2+ and [Ru(dip)3 ]2+ show the strongest activity. Analysis of the pellet formed by centrifugation of MTs formed in the presence of [Ru(dip)2 phen]2+ establish a binding stoichiometry of one RPC per tubulin heterodimer. Complexes of the general formula [Ru(dip)2 (L-L)]2+ possess the necessary characteristics to target the cytoskeleton in live cells and increase cytotoxicity, however the nature of the L-L ligand does influence the extent of the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Reardon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Matthew Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Nagham Alatrash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
| | - Frederick M MacDonnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, 700 Planetarium Place, Arlington, TX, 76109, USA
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Vinck R, Dömötör O, Karges J, Jakubaszek M, Seguin J, Tharaud M, Guérineau V, Cariou K, Mignet N, Enyedy ÉA, Gasser G. In Situ Bioconjugation of a Maleimide-Functionalized Ruthenium-Based Photosensitizer to Albumin for Photodynamic Therapy. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15510-15526. [PMID: 37708255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Maleimide-containing prodrugs can quickly and selectively react with circulating serum albumin following their injection in the bloodstream. The drug-albumin complex then benefits from longer blood circulation times and better tumor accumulation. Herein, we have applied this strategy to a previously reported highly phototoxic Ru polypyridyl complex-based photosensitizer to increase its accumulation at the tumor, reduce off-target cytotoxicity, and therefore improve its pharmacological profile. Specifically, two complexes were synthesized bearing a maleimide group: one complex with the maleimide directly incorporated into the bipyridyl ligand, and the other has a hydrophilic linker between the ligand and the maleimide group. Their interaction with albumin was studied in-depth, revealing their ability to efficiently bind both covalently and noncovalently to the plasma protein. A crucial finding is that the maleimide-functionalized complexes exhibited significantly lower cytotoxicity in noncancerous cells under dark conditions compared to the nonfunctionalized complex, which is a highly desirable property for a photosensitizer. The binding to albumin also led to a decrease in the phototoxicity of the Ru bioconjugates in comparison to the nonfunctionalized complex, probably due to a decreased cellular uptake. Unfortunately, this decrease in phototoxicity was not compensated by a dramatic increase in tumor accumulation, as was demonstrated in a tumor-bearing mouse model using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) studies. Consequently, this study provides valuable insight into the future design of in situ albumin-binding complexes for photodynamic therapy in order to maximize their effectiveness and realize their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Vinck
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Orsolya Dömötör
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7. H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Johanne Seguin
- Université Paris Cité, UTCBS, INSERM, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Biogéochimie à l'Anthropocène des Eléments et Contaminants Emergents, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Guérineau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Mignet
- Université Paris Cité, UTCBS, INSERM, CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7. H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, F-75005 Paris, France
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Ugwu DI, Conradie J. Anticancer properties of complexes derived from bidentate ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 246:112268. [PMID: 37301166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the abnormal division and multiplication of cells in an organ or tissue. It is the second leading cause of death globally. There are various types of cancer such as prostate, breast, colon, lung, stomach, liver, skin, and many others depending on the tissue or organ where the abnormal growth originates. Despite the huge investment in the development of anticancer agents, the transition of research to medications that improve substantially the treatment of cancer is less than 10%. Cisplatin and its analogs are ubiquitous metal-based anticancer agents notable for the treatment of various cancerous cells and tumors but unfortunately accompanied by large toxicities due to low selectivity between cancerous and normal cells. The improved toxicity profile of cisplatin analogs bearing bidentate ligands has motivated the synthesis of vast metal complexes of bidentate ligands. Complexes derived from bidentate ligands such as β-diketones, diolefins, benzimidazoles and dithiocarbamates have been reported to possess 20 to 15,600-fold better anticancer activity, when tested on cell lines, than some known antitumor drugs currently on the market, e.g. cisplatin, oxaliplatin, carboplatin, doxorubicin, and 5-fluorouracil. This work discusses the anticancer properties of various metal complexes derived from bidentate ligands, for possible application in chemotherapy. The results discussed were evaluated by the IC50 values as obtained from cell line tests on various metal-bidentate complexes. The structure-activity relationship study of the complexes discussed, revealed that hydrophobicity is a key factor that influences anticancer properties of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Izuchukwu Ugwu
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa; Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, South Africa.
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Balakrishnan N, Haribabu J, Dharmasivam M, Jayadharini JP, Anandakrishnan D, Swaminathan S, Bhuvanesh N, Echeverria C, Karvembu R. Influence of Indole- N Substitution of Thiosemicarbazones in Cationic Ru(II)(η 6-Benzene) Complexes on Their Anticancer Activity. Organometallics 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jebiti Haribabu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, Los Carreras 1579, 1532502 Copiapo, Chile
| | - Mahendiran Dharmasivam
- Department of Chemistry, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | | | - Dhanabalan Anandakrishnan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600025, India
| | - Srividya Swaminathan
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Cesar Echeverria
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Atacama, Los Carreras 1579, 1532502 Copiapo, Chile
| | - Ramasamy Karvembu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruchirappalli 620015, Tamil Nadu, India
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Gurgul I, Mazuryk O, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Łomzik M, Krasowska A, Pietrzyk P, Stochel G, Brindell M. Microwave-assisted synthesis and photodynamic activity of tris-heteroleptic Ru(II) complexes with asymmetric polypyridyl ligands. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gurgul I, Mazuryk O, Stachyra K, Olszanecki R, Lekka M, Łomzik M, Suzenet F, Gros PC, Brindell M. Impact of Polypyridyl Ru Complexes on Angiogenesis—Contribution to Their Antimetastatic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147708. [PMID: 35887054 PMCID: PMC9323615 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of polypyridyl Ru complexes to inhibit metastasis is a novel approach, and recent studies have shown promising results. We have reported recently that Ru (II) complexes gathering two 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dip) ligands and the one being 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) or its derivative with a 4-[3-(2-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl (bpy-NitroIm) or 5-(4-{4′-methyl-[2,2′-bipyridine]-4-yl}but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridine-2-carbaldehyde semicarbazone (bpy-SC) moieties can alter the metastatic cascade, among others, by modulating cell adhesion properties. In this work, we show further studies of this group of complexes by evaluating their effect on HMEC-1 endothelial cells. While all the tested complexes significantly inhibited the endothelial cell migration, Ru-bpy additionally interrupted the pseudovessels formation. Functional changes in endothelial cells might arise from the impact of the studied compounds on cell elasticity and expression of proteins (vinculin and paxillin) involved in focal adhesions. Furthermore, molecular studies showed that complexes modulate the expression of cell adhesion molecules, which has been suggested to be one of the factors that mediate the activation of angiogenesis. Based on the performed studies, we can conclude that the investigated polypyridyl Ru (II) complexes can deregulate the functionality of endothelial cells which may lead to the inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Gurgul
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.); (M.Ł.)
| | - Olga Mazuryk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.); (M.Ł.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Kamila Stachyra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (R.O.)
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegorzecka 16, 31-531 Krakow, Poland; (K.S.); (R.O.)
| | - Małgorzata Lekka
- Department of Biophysical Microstructures, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-31342 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michał Łomzik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.); (M.Ł.)
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Łódź, ul. Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Franck Suzenet
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Orléans, UMR-CNRS 7311, rue de Chartres, BP 6759, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | | | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (I.G.); (M.Ł.)
- Correspondence: (O.M.); (M.B.)
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Kilincarslan SD, Sahin C, Mutlu D, Nasirli F, Arslan S, Dogan NM. Synthesis, Characterization, Antibiofilm and Anticancer Activity of New Ruthenium Complexes with 2,2'-Bipyridine-4,4'-Dicarboxamide. LETT ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178619666220329164106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
New ruthenium complexes bearing bipyridine ligands with different substituents (propyl, hexyl, isobutyl, and benzyl) were synthesized and characterized by MS, NMR, FTIR, and UV/Visible spectroscopy. Moreover, their cytotoxic, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-biofilm activities were evaluated. The electrochemical properties of the complexes have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of RuL1-RuL4 were found as (-5.45 eV)-(-5.46 eV) and (-2.98 eV)-(-3.01 eV), respectively. Cytotoxic activities of ruthenium complexes were investigated in Caco-2, HepG2, and HEK293 cells. It was found that RuL3 showed a cytotoxic effect on cancer cells without affecting non-cancerous cells at applied doses. The presence of the benzyl group may increase the cytotoxic effect of RuL3 compared to other derivatives that contain the alkyl group. The apoptotic effect of the RuL3 derivative was determined by using Arthur image-based cytometer. It found that RuL3 was induced apoptosis in Caco-2 (5-fold) and HepG2 (2-fold) cancer cells, respectively. All ruthenium complexes inhibited Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 biofilm, but RuL3 had a more pronounced effect. Moreover, RuL3 had biofilm inhibition and biofilm degradation effect while RuL1 and RuL4 demonstrated only biofilm inhibition. The fluorescent microscopy analysis confirmed the antibiofilm effect of ruthenium complexes. All of these results clearly showed that RuL3 showed cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cigdem Sahin
- Department of Chemistry, Art&Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Dogukan Mutlu
- Department of Biology, Art&Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Farid Nasirli
- Department of Biology, Art&Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Sevki Arslan
- Department of Biology, Art&Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nazime Mercan Dogan
- Department of Biology, Art&Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
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Lima M, Marchi RC, Cardoso C, Cook N, Pazin W, Kock F, Venancio T, Martí A, Carlos RM. Bidentate Coordination of 2Apy in cis‐[Ru(phen)2(2Apy)]2+ Aiming at Photobiological Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Lima
- IFPI: Instituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia do Piaui Chemistry BRAZIL
| | | | - Carolina Cardoso
- Instituto Federal de Educacao Ciencia e Tecnologia de Sao Paulo chemistry BRAZIL
| | | | | | - Flavio Kock
- UFSCar: Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Chemistry BRAZIL
| | - Tiago Venancio
- UFSCar: Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Chemistry BRAZIL
| | | | - Rose Maria Carlos
- Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos Química Rod Washington Luis Km 235 13565-905 São Carlos-SP BRAZIL
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12
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Mazuryk O, Janczy-Cempa E, Łagosz J, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Machnicka A, Krasowska A, Pietrzyk P, Stochel G, Brindell M. Relevance of the electron transfer pathway in photodynamic activity of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes containing 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline ligands under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1888-1900. [PMID: 35018930 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02908h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between the spectroscopic and photophysical properties of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes and their photodynamic activity in vitro. A series of Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes with 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dip) and 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)quinoxaline (dpq) and its derivatives were synthesized and characterized regarding their photophysical, biological, and photodynamic properties. The complexes were evaluated not only in the context of 1O2 generation but also regarding other types of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to assess the possibility of Ru(II) complexes to induce phototoxicity via various ROS using fluorescence and EPR spectroscopy. The compounds were found to be moderately cytotoxic with IC50 values ranging from 1 to 35 μM and retained their cytotoxic activity under hypoxic conditions. The unraveled phototoxic activity is based mainly on the generation of H2O2 and 1O2, highlighting the importance of electron-transfer processes in the observed photodynamic activity of Ru polypyridyl complexes. A combination of photodynamic activity with cytotoxicity under decreased dioxygen concentrations may help overcome the current photodynamic therapy (PDT) limitation. The findings highlight the need for broadening the scope of tested Ru-based photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mazuryk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Janczy-Cempa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Justyna Łagosz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Dorota Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Machnicka
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Aneta Krasowska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Pietrzyk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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13
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Miachin K, Del Solar V, El Khoury E, Nayeem N, Khrystenko A, Appelt P, Neary MC, Buccella D, Contel M. Intracellular Localization Studies of the Luminescent Analogue of an Anticancer Ruthenium Iminophosphorane with High Efficacy in a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Mouse Model. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19152-19164. [PMID: 34846878 PMCID: PMC9912119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The potential of ruthenium(II) compounds as an alternative to platinum-based clinical anticancer agents has been unveiled after extensive research for over 2 decades. As opposed to cisplatin, ruthenium(II) compounds have distinct mechanisms of action that do not rely solely on interactions with DNA. In a previous report from our group, we described the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of a cationic, water-soluble, organometallic ruthenium(II) iminophosphorane (IM) complex of p-cymene, ([(η6-p-cymene)Ru{(Ph3P═N-CO-2N-C5H4)-κ-N,O}Cl]Cl (1 or Ru-IM), that was found to be highly cytotoxic against a panel of cell lines resistant to cisplatin, including triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) MDA-MB-231, through canonical or caspase-dependent apoptosis. Studies on a MDA-MB-231 xenograft mice model (after 28 days of treatment) afforded an excellent tumor reduction of 56%, with almost negligible systemic toxicity, and a favored ruthenium tumor accumulation compared to other organs. 1 is known to only interact weakly with DNA, but its intracellular distribution and ultimate targets remain unknown. To gain insight on potential mechanisms for this highly efficacious ruthenium compound, we have developed two luminescent analogues containing the BOPIPY fluorophore (or a modification) in the IM scaffold with the general structure of [(η6-p-cymene)Ru{(BODIPY-Ph2P═N-CO-2-NC5H4)-κ-N,O}Cl]Cl {BODIPY-Ph2P = 8-[(4-diphenylphosphino)phenyl]-4,4-dimethyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-2,6-diethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (3a) and 4,4-difluoro-8-[4-[[2-[4-(diphenylphosphino)benzamido]ethyl]carbamoyl]phenyl]-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl,2,6-diethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (3b)}. We report on the synthesis, characterization, lipophilicity, stability, luminescence properties, and cell viability studies in the TNBC cell line MDA-MB-231, nonmalignant breast cells (MCF10a), and lung fibroblasts (IMR-90) of the new compounds. The ruthenium derivative 3b was studied by fluorescence confocal microscopy. These studies point to a preferential accumulation of the compound in the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and lysosomes. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis also confirms a greater ruthenium accumulation in the cytoplasmic fraction, including endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes, and a smaller percentage of accumulation in mitochondria and the nucleus. ICP-OES analysis of the parent compound 1 indicates that it accumulates preferentially in the mitochondria and cytoplasm. Subsequent experiments in 1-treated MDA-MB-231 cells demonstrate significant reactive oxygen species generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Miachin
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Virginia Del Solar
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Elsy El Khoury
- Department of Chemistry, New York University; New York, NY 10003
| | - Nazia Nayeem
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
| | - Anton Khrystenko
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
| | - Patricia Appelt
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
- Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, 81540-990 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Michelle C. Neary
- Chemistry Department, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10021
| | - Daniela Buccella
- Department of Chemistry, New York University; New York, NY 10003
| | - Maria Contel
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York; Brooklyn, NY 11210
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
- Chemistry, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
- Biochemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
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14
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Gurgul I, Mazuryk O, Łomzik M, Gros PC, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Brindell M. Unexplored features of Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes - towards combined cytotoxic and antimetastatic activity. Metallomics 2021; 12:784-793. [PMID: 32227043 DOI: 10.1039/d0mt00019a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The well-documented cytotoxic activity of coordinatively saturated and substitutionally inert polypyridyl Ru(ii) complexes substantiates their high potency as antiproliferative agents against primary tumors. However, the primary cause of cancer morbidity and mortality responsible for about 90% of cancer deaths is the occurrence of metastasis. Therefore, scientists have to concentrate their efforts on designing compounds affecting not only the primary tumor, but also efficiently inhibiting metastasis. Herein, we report two families of Ru(ii) polypyridyl complexes bearing 2,2'-bipyridine substituted by a semicarbazone 2-formylopyridine moiety as one of the ligands and 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-dipyridyl or 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline as auxiliary ligands. These complexes strengthen cells' adherent properties and inhibit the activity of metalloproteinases (MMPs) in vitro, which is relevant in anti-metastatic treatment. The in vitro studies were performed on human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) and human pancreatic cancer (PANC-1) cells, which have a well-documented invasive potential. The induced alteration of the tumor cells' adhesion properties correlated with the high cytotoxic effect exerted by the complexes and their excellent cellular uptake. It was also proved that both complexes directly inhibit M-MP2 and M-MP9 enzyme activities, which are essential for the development of tumor metastasis. The results of this study indicate that the biological properties of polypyridyl Ru(ii) complexes extend beyond the standard cytotoxic activity and represent an important step towards designing new anti-metastatic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Gurgul
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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15
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Kougioumtzi A, Chatziathanasiadou MV, Vrettos EI, Sayyad N, Sakka M, Stathopoulos P, Mantzaris MD, Ganai AM, Karpoormath R, Vartholomatos G, Tsikaris V, Lazarides T, Murphy C, Tzakos AG. Development of novel GnRH and Tat 48-60 based luminescent probes with enhanced cellular uptake and bioimaging profile. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9215-9224. [PMID: 34125130 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a clear need to develop photostable chromophores for bioimaging with respect to the classically utilized green fluorescent dye fluorescein. Along these lines, we utilized a phosphorescent carboxy-substituted ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl [Ru(bipy)2(mcb)]2+ (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridyl and mcb = 4-carboxy-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl) complex. We developed two luminescent peptide conjugates of the cell-penetrating peptide Tat48-60 consisting of either [Ru(bipy)2(mcb)]2+ or 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (5(6)-FAM) tethered on the Lys50 of the peptide through amide bond. We confirmed the efficient cellular uptake of both bioconjugates in HeLa cells by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry and proved that the ruthenium-based chromophore possesses enhanced photostability compared to a 5(6)-FAM-based peptide, after continuous laser scanning. Furthermore, we designed and developed a luminescent agent with high photostability, based on the ruthenium core, that could be selectively localized in cancer cells overexpressing the GnRH receptor (GnRH-R). To achieve this, we took advantage of the tumor-homing character of d-Lys6-GnRH which selectively recognizes the GnRH-R. The [Ru(bipy)2(mcb)]2+-d-Lys6-GnRH peptide conjugate was synthesized, and its cellular uptake was evaluated through flow cytometric analysis and live-cell imaging in HeLa and T24 bladder cancer cells as negative and positive controls of GnRH-R, respectively. Besides the selective targeting that the specific conjugate could offer, we also recorded high internalization levels in T24 bladder cancer cells. The ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl peptide-based conjugates we developed is an intriguing approach that offers targeted cell imaging in the Near Infrared region, and simultaneously paves the way for further advancements in the dynamic studies on cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kougioumtzi
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biomedical Research, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria V Chatziathanasiadou
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Eirinaios I Vrettos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Mariana Sakka
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Panagiotis Stathopoulos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Michalis D Mantzaris
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biomedical Research, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Ab Majeed Ganai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Rajshekhar Karpoormath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville), Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Georgios Vartholomatos
- Hematology Laboratory, Unit of Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110 Greece
| | - Vassilios Tsikaris
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Theodore Lazarides
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Carol Murphy
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology-Hellas, Department of Biomedical Research, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- University of Ioannina, Department of Chemistry, Section of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, 45110, Ioannina, Greece. and University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece
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16
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Photocytotoxic Activity of Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Phenanthroline-Hydrazone Ligands. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072084. [PMID: 33917290 PMCID: PMC8038675 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of two new polypyridyl-hydrazone Schiff bases, (E)-N′-(6-oxo-1,10-phenanthrolin-5(6H)-ylidene)thiophene-2-carbohydrazide (L1) and (E)-N′-(6-oxo-1,10-phenanthrolin-5(6H)-ylidene)furan-2-carbohydrazide (L2), and their two Ru(II) complexes of the general formula [RuCl(DMSO)(phen)(Ln)](PF6). Considering that hydrazides are a structural part of severa l drugs and metal complexes containing phenanthroline derivatives are known to interact with DNA and to exhibit antitumor activity, more potent anticancer agents can be obtained by covalently linking the thiophene acid hydrazide or the furoic acid hydrazide to a 1,10-phenanthroline moiety. These ligands and the Ru(II) complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, electronic, vibrational, 1H NMR, and ESI-MS spectroscopies. Ru is bound to two different N-heterocyclic ligands. One chloride and one S-bonded DMSO in cis-configuration to each other complete the octahedral coordination sphere around the metal ion. The ligands are very effective in inhibiting cellular growth in a chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, K562. Both complexes are able to interact with DNA and present moderate cytotoxic activity, but 5 min of UV-light exposure increases cytotoxicity by three times.
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17
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Mazuryk O, Stochel G, Brindell M. Variations in Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Urban Airborne Particulate Matter in Lung Epithelial Cells-Impact of Inorganic Fraction. Front Chem 2021; 8:581752. [PMID: 33392147 PMCID: PMC7773840 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.581752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with numerous negative effects on human health. The toxicity of organic components of air pollution is well-recognized, while the impact of their inorganic counterparts in the overall toxicity is still a matter of various discussions. The influence of airborne particulate matter (PM) and their inorganic components on biological function of human alveolar-like epithelial cells (A549) was investigated in vitro. A novel treatment protocol based on covering culture plates with PM allowed increasing the studied pollutant concentrations and prolonging their incubation time without cell exposure on physical suffocation and mechanical disturbance. PM decreased the viability of A549 cells and disrupted their mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium homeostasis. For the first time, the difference in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) profiles generated by organic and inorganic counterparts of PM was shown. Singlet oxygen generation was observed only after treatment of cells with inorganic fraction of PM, while hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical were induced after exposure of A549 cells to both PM and their inorganic fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mazuryk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grazyna Stochel
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Alves de Souza CE, Pires ADRA, Cardoso CR, Carlos RM, Cadena SMSC, Acco A. Antineoplastic activity of a novel ruthenium complex against human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03862. [PMID: 32405548 PMCID: PMC7210510 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel metal complexes have received much attention recently because of their potential anticancer activity. Notably, ruthenium-based complexes have emerged as good alternatives to the currently used platinum-based drugs for cancer therapy, with less toxicity and fewer side effects. The beneficial properties of Ru, which make it a highly promising therapeutic agent, include its variable oxidative states, low toxicity, and high selectivity for cancer cells. The present study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of a ruthenium complex, namely cis-[Ru(1,10-phenanthroline)2(imidazole)2]2+ (RuC), on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells and analyzed metabolic parameters. RuC reduced HepG2 and HeLa cell viability at all tested concentrations (10, 50, and 100 nmol/L) at 48 h of incubation, based on the MTT, Crystal violet, and neutral red assays. The proliferation capacity of HepG2 cells did not recover, whereas HeLa cell proliferation partially recovered after RuC treatment. RuC also inhibited all states of cell respiration and increased the levels of the metabolites pyruvate and lactate in both cell lines. The cytotoxicity of RuC was higher than cisplatin (positive control) in both lineages. These results indicate that RuC affects metabolic functions that are related to the energy provision and viability of HepG2 and HeLa cells and is a promising candidate for further investigations that utilize models of human cervical adenocarcinoma and mainly hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rose Maria Carlos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal São Carlos University, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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19
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Karges J, Heinemann F, Jakubaszek M, Maschietto F, Subecz C, Dotou M, Vinck R, Blacque O, Tharaud M, Goud B, Viñuelas Zahı́nos E, Spingler B, Ciofini I, Gasser G. Rationally Designed Long-Wavelength Absorbing Ru(II) Polypyridyl Complexes as Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:6578-6587. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b13620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Karges
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Franz Heinemann
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Jakubaszek
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
- PSL University, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Federica Maschietto
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Chloé Subecz
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mazzarine Dotou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Robin Vinck
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mickaël Tharaud
- Université de Paris, Institut de physique du globe de Paris, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Goud
- PSL University, Institut Curie, CNRS UMR 144, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Emilio Viñuelas Zahı́nos
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica e Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Theoretical Chemistry and Modelling, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France
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20
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Mazuryk O, Gajda-Morszewski P, Brindell M. Versatile Impact of Serum Proteins on Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes Properties - Opportunities and Obstacles. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 20:1052-1059. [PMID: 31092177 DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666190513090851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes have been extensively studied for the past few decades as promising anticancer agents. Despite the expected intravenous route of administration, the interaction between Ru(II) polypyridyl compounds and serum proteins is not well characterized and vast majority of the available literature data concerns determination of the binding constant. Ru-protein adducts can modify the biological effects of the Ru complexes influencing their cytotoxic and antimicrobial activity as well as introduce significant changes in their photophysical properties. More extensive research on the interaction between serum proteins and Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes is important for further development of Ru(II) polypyridyl compounds towards their application in anticancer therapy and diagnostics and can open new opportunities for already developed complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Mazuryk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30- 387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Gajda-Morszewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30- 387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 2, 30- 387, Krakow, Poland
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21
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Chintakuntla N, Putta VR, Mallepally RR, K N, Vuradi RK, Kotha LR, Singh SS, Sirasani S. Synthesis, structural characterization, in vitro DNA binding, and antitumor activity properties of Ru(II) compounds containing 2(2,6-dimethoxypyridine-3-yl)-1H-imidazo(4,5-f)[1, 10]phenanthroline. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 39:760-791. [PMID: 31983278 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2019.1694685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The octahedral Ru(II) complexes containing the 2(2,6-dimethoxypyridine-3-yl)-1H-imidazo(4,5-f)[1, 10]phenanthroline ligand of type [Ru(N-N)2(L)]2+, where N-N = phen (1,10-phenanthroline) (1), bpy (2,2'-bipyridine) (2), and dmb (4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine) (3); L(dmpip) = (2(2,6-dimethoxypyridine-3-yl)1Himidazo(4,5-f)[1, 10]phenanthroline), have been synthesized and characterized by UV-visible absorption, molar conductivity, elemental analysis, mass, IR, and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The physicochemical properties of the Ru(II) complexes were determined by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The DNA binding studies have been explored by UV-visible absorption, fluorescence titrations, and viscosity measurements. The supercoiled pBR322 DNA cleavage efficiency of Ru(II) complexes 1-3 was investigated. The antimicrobial activity of Ru(II) complexes was done against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The in vitro anticancer activities of all the complexes were investigated by cell viability assay, apoptosis, cellular uptake, mitochondrial membrane potential detection, and semi-quantitative PCR on HeLa cells. The result indicates that the synthesized Ru(II) complexes probably interact with DNA through an intercalation mode of binding with complex 1 having slightly stronger DNA binding affinity and anticancer activity than 2 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagamani Chintakuntla
- Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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22
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Khan TA, Bhar K, Thirumoorthi R, Roy TK, Sharma AK. Design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the anticancer activity of water-soluble half-sandwich ruthenium(ii) arene halido complexes. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj03663f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis, crystal structure determination, DFT studies, experimental and theoretical evaluation of DNA/BSA interactions and cytotoxicity studies of three piano-stool Ru(ii)(p-cymene)chloride complexes (1–3) are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A. Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy
- Central University of Rajasthan
- District Ajmer
- India
| | - Kishalay Bhar
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy
- Central University of Rajasthan
- District Ajmer
- India
| | - Ramalingam Thirumoorthi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy
- Central University of Rajasthan
- District Ajmer
- India
| | - Tapta Kanchan Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Sciences
- Central University of Jammu
- Jammu-181143
- India
| | - Anuj K. Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy
- Central University of Rajasthan
- District Ajmer
- India
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23
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Synthesis, characterization, apoptosis, ROS, autophagy and western blotting studies of cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2019.107594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Alatrash N, Issa FH, Bawazir NS, West SJ, Van Manen-Brush KE, Shelor CP, Dayoub AS, Myers KA, Janetopoulos C, Lewis EA, MacDonnell FM. Disruption of microtubule function in cultured human cells by a cytotoxic ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complex. Chem Sci 2019; 11:264-275. [PMID: 34040721 PMCID: PMC8133002 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05671h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of malignant and non-malignant cultured human cell lines with a cytotoxic IC50 dose of ∼2 μM tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(ii) chloride (RPC2) retards or arrests microtubule motion as tracked by visualizing fluorescently-tagged microtubule plus end-tracking proteins. Immunofluorescent microscopic images of the microtubules in fixed cells show substantial changes to cellular microtubule network and to overall cell morphology upon treatment with RPC2. Flow cytometry with MCF7 and H358 cells reveals only minor elevations of the number of cells in G2/M phase, suggesting that the observed cytotoxicity is not tied to mitotic arrest. In vitro studies with purified tubulin reveal that RPC2 acts to promote tubulin polymerization and when imaged by electron microscopy, these microtubules look normal in appearance. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements show an associative binding constant of 4.8 × 106 M-1 for RPC2 to preformed microtubules and support a 1 : 1 RPC2 to tubulin dimer stoichiometry. Competition experiments show RPC2 does not compete for the taxane binding site. Consistent with this tight binding, over 80% of the ruthenium in treated cells is co-localized with the cytoskeletal proteins. These data support RPC2 acting as an in vivo microtubule stabilizing agent and sharing many similarities with cells treated with paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Alatrash
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
| | - Faiza H Issa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
| | - Nada S Bawazir
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | - Savannah J West
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University Starkville MS 39762 USA
| | | | - Charles P Shelor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
| | - Adam S Dayoub
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences Philadelphia PA 19104 USA
| | | | - Edwin A Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University Starkville MS 39762 USA
| | - Frederick M MacDonnell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington Arlington TX 76019 USA
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New Heteroleptic Ruthenium(II) Complexes with Sulfamethoxypyridazine and Diimines as Potential Antitumor Agents. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112154. [PMID: 31181667 PMCID: PMC6600252 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new complexes of Ru(II) with mixed ligands were prepared: [Ru(bpy)2smp](PF6) (1) and [Ru(phen)2smp](PF6) (2), in which smp = sulfamethoxypyridazine; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine; phen = 1,10-phenanthroline. The complexes have been characterized by elemental and conductivity analyses; infrared, NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopies; and X-ray diffraction of single crystal. Structural analyses reveal a distorted octahedral geometry around Ru(II) that is bound to two bpy (in 1) or two phen (in 2) via their two heterocyclic nitrogens and to two nitrogen atoms from sulfamethoxypyridazine—one of the methoxypyridazine ring and the sulfonamidic nitrogen, which is deprotonated. Both complexes inhibit the growth of chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. The interaction of the complexes with bovine serum albumin and DNA is described. DNA footprinting using an oligonucleotide as substrate showed the complexes’ preference for thymine base rich sites. It is worth notifying that the complexes interact with the Src homology SH3 domain of the Abl tyrosine kinase protein. Abl protein is involved in signal transduction and implicated in the development of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of the interaction of complex 2 with the Abl-SH3 domain showed that the most affected residues were T79, G97, W99, and Y115.
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Similarities and differences in d 6 low-spin ruthenium, rhodium and iridium half-sandwich complexes: synthesis, structure, cytotoxicity and interaction with biological targets. J Biol Inorg Chem 2019; 24:591-606. [PMID: 31115765 PMCID: PMC6598960 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-019-01665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we discussed the similarities and differences in d6 low-spin half-sandwich ruthenium, rhodium and iridium complexes containing 2,2′-biimidazole (H2biim). Three new complexes, {[RuCl(H2biim)(η6-p-cymene)]PF6}2·H2O (1), [(η5-Cp)RhCl(H2biim)]PF6 (2), and [(η5-Cp)IrCl(H2biim)]PF6 (3), were fully characterized by CHN, X-ray diffraction analysis, UV–Vis, FTIR, and 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectroscopies. The complexes exhibit a typical pseudooctahedral piano-stool geometry, in which the aromatic arene ring (p-cymene or Cp) forms the seat, while the bidentate 2,2′-biimidazole and chloride ion form the three legs of the piano stool. Moreover, the cytotoxic activities of the compounds were examined in the LoVo, HL-60, MV-4-11, MCF-7 human cancer cell lines and BALB/3T3 normal mouse fibroblasts. Notably, the investigated complexes showed no cytotoxic effects towards the normal BALB/3T3 cell line compared to cisplatin, which has an IC50 value of 2.20 µg. Importantly, 1 displayed the highest activity against HL-60 (IC50 4.35 µg). To predict a binding mode, we explored the potential interactions of the metal complexes with CT-DNA and protein using UV absorption and circular dichroism. The obtained data suggest that the complexes could interact with CT-DNA via an outside binding mode. Moreover, binding of the complexes with the GSH via UV–Vis and ESI mass spectra was determined. Comparative studies have shown that the rhodium complex (2) is the most GSH reactive, which is probably responsible for its deactivation towards LoVo and MCF-7 tumour cells. The influence of the metal ion on the biological activity of isostructural Rh(III) and Ir(III) complexes was an important goal of the presented investigation.
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Guillon CD, Jan YH, Foster N, Ressner J, Heck DE, Laskin JD, Heindel ND. Synthetically modified methoxsalen for enhanced cytotoxicity in light and dark reactions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 29:619-622. [PMID: 30638875 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Linear furocoumarins, also known as psoralens, are clinically useful photo-activated pharmaceuticals employed to address hyperproliferative skin diseases. Seven diverse cytotoxic pharmacophores have been synthetically attached to 8-methoxypsoralen via a 5-amino functionality. The resulting unique set of compounds was evaluated for dark and light toxicity against PAM212 keratinocytes in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Natalie Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - Joel Ressner
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - Diane E Heck
- Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rutgers University School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ned D Heindel
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
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Banaspati A, Das D, Choudhury CJ, Bhattacharyya A, Goswami TK. Photocytotoxic copper(II) complexes of N-salicylyl-l-tryptophan and phenanthroline bases. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 191:60-68. [PMID: 30468943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Four ternary copper(II) complexes of N-salicylyl-l-Tryptophan (Sal-TrpH) and phenanthroline bases of general formula [Cu(Sal-Trp)(L)], where L is 1,10-phenanthroline (phen, 1), dipyrido[3,2-d:2',3'-f]quinoxaline (dpq, 2), dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (dppz, 3) and 2-(anthracen-1-yl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (aip, 4), were synthesized and fully characterized. The complexes were evaluated for their affinity for biomolecules and photocytotoxic activities. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies of complex 1 revealed that it has a square pyramidal CuN3O2 core with the phenolate oxygen of salicylaldehyde occupying the axial coordination site in the solid state. Complexes 1-4 displayed the Cu(II)-Cu(I) redox couples at ~-0.3 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference electrode in DMF-0.1 M [Bun4N](ClO4). A Cu(II)-based weak d-d band ~650 nm and a moderately strong ligand to metal charge transfer band at ~430 nm were observed in DMF-Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2) (1:4 v/v). The complexes are efficient binders to calf thymus DNA and model proteins such as bovine serum albumin and lysozyme. They cleave supercoiled plasmid DNA efficiently when exposed to 446 and 660 nm laser radiation. They are cytotoxic to HeLa (human cervical cancer) and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cells showing significant enhancement of cytotoxicity upon photo-excitation with low energy visible light. The complexes are found to kill cancer cells through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as confirmed by DCFDA (2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate) assay. The apoptotic cell death induced by complex 4 was confirmed by Annexin V-Fluorescein isothiocyanate-Propidium iodide assay. Confocal microscopic images using 4 showed its primary cytosolic localization in the HeLa and MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Banaspati
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
| | - Dhananjay Das
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India
| | | | - Arnab Bhattacharyya
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Tridib K Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India.
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29
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Arora K, Herroon M, Al-Afyouni MH, Toupin NP, Rohrabaugh TN, Loftus LM, Podgorski I, Turro C, Kodanko JJ. Catch and Release Photosensitizers: Combining Dual-Action Ruthenium Complexes with Protease Inactivation for Targeting Invasive Cancers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14367-14380. [PMID: 30278123 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual action agents containing a cysteine protease inhibitor and Ru-based photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) were designed, synthesized, and validated in 2D culture and 3D functional imaging assays of triple-negative human breast cancer (TNBC). These combination agents deliver and release Ru-based PDT agents to tumor cells and cause cancer cell death upon irradiation with visible light, while at the same time inactivating cathespin B (CTSB), a cysteine protease strongly associated with invasive and metastatic behavior. In total five Ru-based complexes were synthesized with the formula [Ru(bpy)2(1)](O2CCF3)2 (3), where bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and 1 = a bipyridine-based epoxysuccinyl inhibitor; [Ru(tpy)(NN)(2)](PF6)2, where tpy = terpiridine, 2 = a pyridine-based epoxysuccinyl inhibitor and NN = 2,2'-bipyridine (4); 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (5); benzo[ i]dipyrido[3,2- a:2',3'- c]phenazine (6); and 3,6-dimethylbenzo[ i]dipyrido[3,2- a:2',3'- c]phenazine (7). Compound 3 contains a [Ru(bpy)3]2+ fluorophore and was designed to track the subcellular localization of the conjugates, whereas compounds 4-7 were designed to undergo either photoactivated ligand dissociation and/or singlet oxygen generation. Photochemical studies confirmed that complexes 5 and 7 undergo photoactivated ligand dissociation, whereas 6 and 7 generate singlet oxygen. Inhibitors 1-7 all potently and irreversibly inhibit CTSB. Compounds 4-7 were evaluated against MDA-MB-231 TNBC and MCF-10A breast epithelial cells in 2D and 3D culture for effects on proteolysis and cell viability under dark and light conditions. Collectively, these data reveal that 4-7 potently inhibit dye-quenched (DQ) collagen degradation, whereas only compound 7 causes efficient cell death under light conditions, consistent with its ability to release a Ru(II)-based photosensitizer and to also generate 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Arora
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Mackenzie Herroon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Malik H Al-Afyouni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Nicholas P Toupin
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States
| | - Thomas N Rohrabaugh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Lauren M Loftus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Jeremy J Kodanko
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University , 5101 Cass Avenue , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States.,Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
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Morawska K, Popławski T, Ciesielski W, Smarzewska S. Electrochemical and spectroscopic studies of the interaction of antiviral drug Tenofovir with single and double stranded DNA. Bioelectrochemistry 2018; 123:227-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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31
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Poynton FE, Bright SA, Blasco S, Williams DC, Kelly JM, Gunnlaugsson T. The development of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes and conjugates for in vitro cellular and in vivo applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7706-7756. [PMID: 29177281 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00680b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(ii) [Ru(ii)] polypyridyl complexes have been the focus of intense investigations since work began exploring their supramolecular interactions with DNA. In recent years, there have been considerable efforts to translate this solution-based research into a biological environment with the intention of developing new classes of probes, luminescent imaging agents, therapeutics and theranostics. In only 10 years the field has expanded with diverse applications for these complexes as imaging agents and promising candidates for therapeutics. In light of these efforts this review exclusively focuses on the developments of these complexes in biological systems, both in cells and in vivo, and hopes to communicate to readers the diversity of applications within which these complexes have found use, as well as new insights gained along the way and challenges that researchers in this field still face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergus E Poynton
- School of Chemistry and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI), Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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de Melo ACC, Santana JMSVP, da Costa Nunes KJR, de Amorim Marques M, de Oliveira GAP, Moraes AH, Pereira-Maia EC. Interactions of ruthenium(II) compounds with sulfasalazine and N,N′-heterocyclic ligands with proteins. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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In vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative evaluation of bis(4′-(4-tolyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)copper(II) complex against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma tumors. J Biol Inorg Chem 2017; 22:1109-1122. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-017-1488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Łomzik M, Mazuryk O, Rutkowska-Zbik D, Stochel G, Gros PC, Brindell M. New ruthenium compounds bearing semicarbazone 2-formylopyridine moiety: Playing with auxiliary ligands for tuning the mechanism of biological activity. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 175:80-91. [PMID: 28738277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Two ruthenium(II) complexes Ru1 and Ru2 bearing as a one ligand 2,2'-bipyridine substituted by a semicarbazone 2-formylopyridine moiety (bpySC: 5-(4-{4'-methyl-[2,2'-bipyridine]-4-yl}but-1-yn-1-yl)pyridine-2-carbaldehyde semicarbazone) and as the others 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dip), respectively, as auxiliary ligands have been prepared. Their biological activity has been studied on murine colon carcinoma (CT26) and human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines. The anti-proliferative activity was dependent on the presence of bpy or dip in the complex, with one order of magnitude higher cytotoxicity for Ru2 (dip ligands). Ru1 (bpy ligands) exhibited a distinct increase in cytotoxicity going from 24 to 72h of incubation with cells as was not observed for Ru2. Even though both studied compounds were powerful apoptosis inducing agents, the mechanism of their action was entirely different. Ru1-incubated A549 cells showed a notable increase in cells number in the S-phase of the cell cycle, with concomitant decrease in the G2/M phase, while Ru2 promoted a cell accumulation in the G0/G1 phase. In contrast, Ru1 induced marginal oxidative stress in A549 cell lines even upon increasing the incubation time. Even though Ru1 preferably accumulated in lysosomes it triggered the apoptotic cellular death via an intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Ru1-incubated A549 cells showed swelling and enlarging of the mitochondria. It was not observed in case of Ru2 for which mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum were found as primarily localization site. Despite this the apoptosis induced by Ru2 was caspase-independent. All these findings point to a pronounced role of auxiliary ligands in tuning the mode of biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Łomzik
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR SRSMC, HecRIn, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France
| | - Olga Mazuryk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Dorota Rutkowska-Zbik
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Stochel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Philippe C Gros
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, UMR SRSMC, HecRIn, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy, France.
| | - Małgorzata Brindell
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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Belej D, Jurasekova Z, Nemergut M, Wagnieres G, Jancura D, Huntosova V. Negligible interaction of [Ru(Phen) 3] 2+ with human serum albumin makes it promising for a reliable invivo assessment of the tissue oxygenation. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 174:37-44. [PMID: 28599130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between a ruthenium - based water soluble oxygen probe ([Ru(Phen)3]2+, phen - phenanthroline) and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated with the aim of describing the influence of HSA on the [Ru(Phen)3]2+ luminescence properties. Nowadays, several oxygen sensitive luminescent probes are used to determine the oxygen level in different compartments of living organisms. However, they can interact, depending on their hydrophilic/hydrophobic characters, with various serum proteins, and/or lipids, during their utilization for invivo oxygen measurement. Since HSA is the most abundant serum protein in most biological organisms, its presence may affect the spectral properties of the employed probes and, consequently, the determination of the oxygen concentration. Having this in mind, we have applied several spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques to study [Ru(Phen)3]2+ - HSA mixtures. Only a negligible effect of HSA on the absorption and luminescence spectra of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ was observed. In addition, differential scanning calorimetric studies showed that [Ru(Phen)3]2+ does not significantly influence HSA thermal stability. Importantly, [Ru(Phen)3]2+ retained a reliable luminescence lifetime sensitivity to the oxygen concentration in solutions supplemented with HSA and in U87 MG cancer cells. Finally, the biodistribution of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ in the presence of serum proteins in the blood stream of chick embryo's chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) was investigated. Fast [Ru(Phen)3]2+ and similar extravasations were observed in the presence or absence of CAM-serum. We can conclude that HSA-[Ru(Phen)3]2+ complex interaction does not significantly influence the potential of [Ru(Phen)3]2+ to be a suitable candidate for a reliable oxygen probe in living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Belej
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Jurasekova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Michal Nemergut
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Georges Wagnieres
- Laboratory of Organometallic and Medicinal Chemistry, ISIC, EPFL, Station 6, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.
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Nitroimidazole derivatives of polypyridyl ruthenium complexes: Towards understanding their anticancer activity and mode of action. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 101:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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37
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Michlewska S, Ionov M, Shcharbin D, Maroto-Díaz M, Gomez Ramirez R, Javier de la Mata F, Bryszewska M. Ruthenium metallodendrimers with anticancer potential in an acute promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL60). Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Yano T, Hishida S, Nakai M, Nakabayashi Y. Anticancer activity of heterodinuclear ruthenium(II)–platinum(II) complexes as photochemotherapeutic agents. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Wan D, Lai SH, Yang HH, Tang B, Zhang C, Yin H, Zeng CC, Liu YJ. Synthesis, characterization and anticancer effect of the ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes on HepG2 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 165:246-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Dąbrowski JM, Pucelik B, Regiel-Futyra A, Brindell M, Mazuryk O, Kyzioł A, Stochel G, Macyk W, Arnaut LG. Engineering of relevant photodynamic processes through structural modifications of metallotetrapyrrolic photosensitizers. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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41
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Siewert B, van Rixel VHS, van Rooden EJ, Hopkins SL, Moester MJB, Ariese F, Siegler MA, Bonnet S. Chemical Swarming: Depending on Concentration, an Amphiphilic Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complex Induces Cell Death via Two Different Mechanisms. Chemistry 2016; 22:10960-8. [PMID: 27373895 PMCID: PMC5096026 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure and in vitro cytotoxicity of the amphiphilic ruthenium complex [3](PF6 )2 are reported. Complex [3](PF6 )2 contains a Ru-S bond that is stable in the dark in cell-growing medium, but is photosensitive. Upon blue-light irradiation, complex [3](PF6 )2 releases the cholesterol-thioether ligand 2 and an aqua ruthenium complex [1](PF6 )2 . Although ligand 2 and complex [1](PF6 )2 are by themselves not cytotoxic, complex [3](PF6 )2 was unexpectedly found to be as cytotoxic as cisplatin in the dark, that is, with micromolar effective concentrations (EC50 ), against six human cancer cell lines (A375, A431, A549, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and U87MG). Blue-light irradiation (λ=450 nm, 6.3 J cm(-2) ) had little influence on the cytotoxicity of [3](PF6 )2 after 6 h of incubation time, but it increased the cytotoxicity of the complex by a factor 2 after longer (24 h) incubation. Exploring the unexpected biological activity of [3](PF6 )2 in the dark elucidated an as-yet unknown bifaceted mode of action that depended on concentration, and thus, on the aggregation state of the compound. At low concentration, it acts as a monomer, inserts into the membrane, and can deliver [1](2+) inside the cell upon blue-light activation. At higher concentrations (>3-5 μm), complex [3](PF6 )2 forms supramolecular aggregates that induce non-apoptotic cell death by permeabilizing cell membranes and extracting lipids and membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Siewert
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands), FAX
| | - Vincent H S van Rixel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands), FAX
| | - Eva J van Rooden
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands), FAX
| | - Samantha L Hopkins
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands), FAX
| | - Miriam J B Moester
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Freek Ariese
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Small Molecule X-ray Crystallography Facility, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands), FAX.
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Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity studies of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes on A549 cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 161:295-303. [PMID: 27288660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Four new ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(N-N)2(bddp)](ClO4)21-4 (N-N=dmb: 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine 1, bpy: 2,2'-bipyridine 2, phen: 1,10-phenanthroline 3 and dmp: 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline 4, bddp=benzilo[2,3-b]-1,4-diazabenzo[i]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ESI-MS and (1)H NMR. The cytotoxicity in vitro of the complexes against BEL-7402, HeLa, MG-63 and A549 cell lines was investigated by MTT method. The complexes show high cytotoxic activity toward the selected cell lines with an IC50 value ranging from 5.3±0.6 to 15.7±3.6μM. The apoptosis was studied with acridine orange (AO)/ethdium bromide (EB) and Hoechst 33258 staining methods. The cellular uptake was investigated with DAPI staining method. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential were performed under fluorescent microscope and flow cytometry. The complexes can induce an increase in the ROS levels and a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The comet assay was studied with fluorescent microscope. The percentage in apoptotic and necrotic cells and cell cycle arrest were assayed by flow cytometry. The effects of the complexes on the expression of caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins were studied by western blot analysis. The results show that the complexes induce apoptosis in A549 cells through an ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway, which was accompanied by regulating the expression of Bcl-2 family proteins.
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Liu SH, Zhu JW, Xu HH, Wang Y, Liu YM, Liang JB, Zhang GQ, Cao DH, Lin YY, Wu Y, Guo QF. Protein-binding, cytotoxicity in vitro and cell cycle arrest of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 161:77-82. [PMID: 26956530 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxic activity of two Ru(II) complexes against A549, BEL-7402, HeLa, PC-12, SGC-7901 and SiHa cell lines was investigated by MTT method. Complexes 1 and 2 show moderate cytotoxicity toward BEL-7402 cells with an IC50 value of 53.9 ± 3.4 and 39.3 ± 2.1 μM. The effects of the complexes inducing apoptosis, cellular uptake, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential in BEL-7402 cells have been studied by fluorescence microscopy. The percentages of apoptotic and necrotic cells and cell cycle arrest were studied by flow cytometry. The BSA-binding behaviors were investigated by UV/visible and fluorescent spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Jian-Wei Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Hui-Hua Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Ya-Min Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Jun-Bo Liang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Gui-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Di-Hua Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Yang-Yang Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
| | - Qi-Feng Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510180, PR China.
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Byrne A, Dolan C, Moriarty RD, Martin A, Neugebauer U, Forster RJ, Davies A, Volkov Y, Keyes TE. Osmium(II) polypyridyl polyarginine conjugate as a probe for live cell imaging; a comparison of uptake, localization and cytotoxicity with its ruthenium(II) analogue. Dalton Trans 2016. [PMID: 26197944 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01833a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A first investigation into the application of a luminescent osmium(ii) bipyridine complex to live cell imaging is presented. Osmium(ii) (bis-2,2-bipyridyl)-2(4-carboxylphenyl) imidazo[4,5f][1,10]phenanthroline was prepared and conjugated to octaarginine, a cell penetrating peptide. The photophysics, cell uptake and cytotoxicity of this osmium complex conjugate were performed and compared with its ruthenium analogue. Cell uptake and distribution of both ruthenium and osmium conjugates were very similar with rapid transmembrane transport of the osmium probe (complete within approx. 20 min) and dispersion throughout the cytoplasm and organelles. The near-infrared (NIR) emission of the osmium complex (λmax 726 nm) coincides well with the biological optical window and this facilitated luminescent and luminescence lifetime imaging of the cell which was well resolved from cell autofluorescence. The large Stokes shift of the emission also permitted resonance Raman mapping of the dye within CHO cells. Rather surprisingly, the osmium conjugate exhibited very low cytotoxicity when incubated both in the dark and under visible irradiation. This was attributed to the remarkable stability of this complex which was reflected by the complete absence of photo-bleaching of the complex even under extended continuous irradiation. In addition, when compared to its ruthenium analogue its luminescence was short-lived in water therefore rendering it insensitive to O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling Byrne
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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45
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Tracking antitumor metallodrugs: promising agents with the Ru(II)- and Fe(II)-cyclopentadienyl scaffolds. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:527-44. [PMID: 27096164 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.16.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the field of metal complexes for the treatment of cancer diseases has attracted increasing interest due to the urgency in finding more efficient and selective treatments. Owing to their wide structural diversity, organometallic complexes appear as potential alternatives to the design of new anticancer candidates. Herein, we review recent progress in our work toward the development of new drugs based on Ru(II)- and Fe(II)-cyclopentadienyl scaffolds. Their design and chemical properties are reviewed and correlated with their biological effects, in particular the key role that coligands play in the overall behavior of the complex.
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Lai SH, Li W, Wang XZ, Zhang C, Zeng CC, Tang B, Wan D, Liu YJ. Apoptosis, autophagy, cell cycle arrest, cell invasion and BSA-binding studies in vitro of ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11391e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Four new ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes were synthesized and characterized. The anticancer activity was investigated by cytotoxicity in vitro, apoptosis, comet assay, ROS, autophagy, cell invasion and western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hai Lai
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Chuan-Chuan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Bing Tang
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Dan Wan
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P.R. China
| | - Yun-Jun Liu
- School of Pharmacy
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University
- Guangzhou
- P.R. China
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47
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Lai SH, Jiang GB, Yao JH, Li W, Han BJ, Zhang C, Zeng CC, Liu YJ. Cytotoxic activity, DNA damage, cellular uptake, apoptosis and western blot analysis of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complex against human lung decarcinoma A549 cell. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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48
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Wragg A, Gill MR, McKenzie L, Glover C, Mowll R, Weinstein JA, Su X, Smythe C, Thomas JA. Serum Albumin Binding Inhibits Nuclear Uptake of Luminescent Metal-Complex-Based DNA Imaging Probes. Chemistry 2015; 21:11865-71. [PMID: 26133680 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The DNA binding and cellular localization properties of a new luminescent heterobimetallic Ir(III) Ru(II) tetrapyridophenazine complex are reported. Surprisingly, in standard cell media, in which its tetracationic, isostructural Ru(II) Ru(II) analogue is localized in the nucleus, the new tricationic complex is poorly taken up by live cells and demonstrates no nuclear staining. Consequent cell-free studies reveal that the Ir(III) Ru(II) complex binds bovine serum albumin, BSA, in Sudlow's Site I with a similar increase in emission and binding affinity to that observed with DNA. Contrastingly, in serum-free conditions the complex is rapidly internalized by live cells, where it localizes in cell nuclei and functions as a DNA imaging agent. The absence of serum proteins also greatly alters the cytotoxicity of the complex, where high levels of oncosis/necrosis are observed due to this enhanced uptake. This suggests that simply increasing the lipophilicity of a DNA imaging probe to enhance cellular uptake can be counterproductive as, due to increased binding to serum albumin protein, this strategy can actually disrupt nuclear targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Wragg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chemistry, Sheffield S3 7HF (UK), Fax: (+44) 114-222-9346
| | - Martin R Gill
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN (UK)
| | - Luke McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chemistry, Sheffield S3 7HF (UK), Fax: (+44) 114-222-9346
| | - Caroline Glover
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chemistry, Sheffield S3 7HF (UK), Fax: (+44) 114-222-9346
| | - Rachel Mowll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chemistry, Sheffield S3 7HF (UK), Fax: (+44) 114-222-9346
| | - Julia A Weinstein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chemistry, Sheffield S3 7HF (UK), Fax: (+44) 114-222-9346
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Material Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 117602
| | - Carl Smythe
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN (UK)
| | - Jim A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chemistry, Sheffield S3 7HF (UK), Fax: (+44) 114-222-9346.
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49
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Wang C, Wu Q, Zeng Y, Huang D, Yu C, Wang X, Mei W. Synthesis, characterization and DNA-binding properties of Ru(II) complexes coordinated by ofloxacin as potential antitumor agents. J COORD CHEM 2015; 68:1489-1499. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2015.1020797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Zeng
- Shenzhen Institute of Gerontology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dongwei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuqin Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xicheng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Mei
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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