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Maurotti S, Geirola N, Frosina M, Mirarchi A, Scionti F, Mare R, Montalcini T, Pujia A, Tirinato L. Exploring the impact of lipid droplets on the evolution and progress of hepatocarcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1404006. [PMID: 38818407 PMCID: PMC11137176 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1404006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, the biological role of lipid droplets (LDs) has gained significant attention in the context of both physiological and pathological conditions. Considerable progress has been made in elucidating key aspects of these organelles, yet much remains to be accomplished to fully comprehend the myriad functions they serve in the progression of hepatic tumors. Our current perception is that LDs are complex and active structures managed by a distinct set of cellular processes. This understanding represents a significant paradigm shift from earlier perspectives. In this review, we aim to recapitulate the function of LDs within the liver, highlighting their pivotal role in the pathogenesis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) (Hsu and Loomba, 2024) and their contribution to the progression towards more advanced pathological stages up to hepatocellular carcinoma (HC) (Farese and Walther, 2009). We are aware of the molecular complexity and changes occurring in the neoplastic evolution of the liver. Our attempt, however, is to summarize the most important and recent roles of LDs across both healthy and all pathological liver states, up to hepatocarcinoma. For more detailed insights, we direct readers to some of the many excellent reviews already available in the literature (Gluchowski et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2020; Seebacher et al., 2020; Paul et al., 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Maurotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Nadia Geirola
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Miriam Frosina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angela Mirarchi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Scionti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosario Mare
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arturo Pujia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Tirinato
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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2
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Jones AK, Bajrami B, Campbell MK, Erzurumluoglu AM, Guo Q, Chen H, Zhang X, Zeveleva S, Kvaskoff D, Brunner AD, Muller S, Gathey V, Dave RM, Tanner JW, Rixen S, Struwe MA, Phoenix K, Klumph KJ, Robinson H, Veyel D, Muller A, Noyvert B, Bartholdy BA, Steixner-Kumar AA, Stutzki J, Drichel D, Omland S, Sheehan R, Hill J, Bretschneider T, Gottschling D, Scheidig AJ, Clement B, Giera M, Ding Z, Broadwater J, Warren CR. mARC1 in MASLD: Modulation of lipid accumulation in human hepatocytes and adipocytes. Hepatol Commun 2024; 8:e0365. [PMID: 38619429 PMCID: PMC11019821 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the gene MTARC1 (mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1) protect carriers from metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and cirrhosis. MTARC1 encodes the mARC1 enzyme, which is localized to the mitochondria and has no known MASH-relevant molecular function. Our studies aimed to expand on the published human genetic mARC1 data and to observe the molecular effects of mARC1 modulation in preclinical MASH models. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified a novel human structural variant deletion in MTARC1, which is associated with various biomarkers of liver health, including alanine aminotransferase levels. Phenome-wide Mendelian Randomization analyses additionally identified novel putatively causal associations between MTARC1 expression, and esophageal varices and cardiorespiratory traits. We observed that protective MTARC1 variants decreased protein accumulation in in vitro overexpression systems and used genetic tools to study mARC1 depletion in relevant human and mouse systems. Hepatocyte mARC1 knockdown in murine MASH models reduced body weight, liver steatosis, oxidative stress, cell death, and fibrogenesis markers. mARC1 siRNA treatment and overexpression modulated lipid accumulation and cell death consistently in primary human hepatocytes, hepatocyte cell lines, and primary human adipocytes. mARC1 depletion affected the accumulation of distinct lipid species and the expression of inflammatory and mitochondrial pathway genes/proteins in both in vitro and in vivo models. CONCLUSIONS Depleting hepatocyte mARC1 improved metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease-related outcomes. Given the functional role of mARC1 in human adipocyte lipid accumulation, systemic targeting of mARC1 should be considered when designing mARC1 therapies. Our data point to plasma lipid biomarkers predictive of mARC1 abundance, such as Ceramide 22:1. We propose future areas of study to describe the precise molecular function of mARC1, including lipid trafficking and subcellular location within or around the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K. Jones
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Besnik Bajrami
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Discovery Science Technologies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Morgan K. Campbell
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Abdullah Mesut Erzurumluoglu
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Qiusha Guo
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hongxing Chen
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Svetlana Zeveleva
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Kvaskoff
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Discovery Science Technologies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andreas-David Brunner
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Discovery Science Technologies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Stefanie Muller
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Vasudha Gathey
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rajvee M. Dave
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - James W. Tanner
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sophia Rixen
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michel A. Struwe
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology-Structural Biology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kathryn Phoenix
- Department of Biotherapeutics Discovery, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kaitlyn J. Klumph
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Heather Robinson
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel Veyel
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Discovery Science Technologies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Annkatrin Muller
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Discovery Science Technologies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Boris Noyvert
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Boris Alexander Bartholdy
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Agnes A. Steixner-Kumar
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jan Stutzki
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Data Science Chapter, BI X GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Dmitriy Drichel
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Data Science Chapter, BI X GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Steffen Omland
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- Data Science Chapter, BI X GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Ryan Sheehan
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jon Hill
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tom Bretschneider
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Discovery Science Technologies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dirk Gottschling
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Axel J. Scheidig
- Department of Biology, Institute of Zoology-Structural Biology, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- Department of Drug Discovery Sciences, Discovery Science Technologies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- The Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Zhihao Ding
- Department of Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co., Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - John Broadwater
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Curtis R. Warren
- Department of Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
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Doman AJ, Perkins MV, Tommasi S, Mangoni AA, Nair PC. Recent advances in DDAH1 inhibitor design and discovery: insights from structure-activity relationships and X-ray crystal structures. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9619-9630. [PMID: 38525060 PMCID: PMC10958460 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08210e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signalling molecule which modulates several biological and pathological processes. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) plays a key role indirectly regulating NO concentrations in the body. It has been shown that DDAH1 inhibition may be an effective therapeutic strategy in certain pathological states in which excessive NO is produced. In recent years, specific DDAH1 inhibitors have shown promise in suppressing abnormal neovascularization in cancer. However, the available DDAH1 inhibitors lack potency and selectivity and are mostly arginine-based. Further, these inhibitors display unfavourable pharmacokinetics and have not been tested in humans. Thus, the development of potent, selective, and chemically diverse DDAH1 inhibitors is essential. In this review, we examine the structure activity relationships (SARs) and X-ray crystal structures of known DDAH1 inhibitors. Then, we discuss current challenges in the design and development of novel DDAH1 inhibitors and provide future directions for developing potent and chemically diverse compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Doman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network Adelaide Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University Adelaide Australia +61-8-82043155
| | - Michael V Perkins
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Sara Tommasi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network Adelaide Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University Adelaide Australia +61-8-82043155
| | - Arduino A Mangoni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network Adelaide Australia
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University Adelaide Australia +61-8-82043155
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
| | - Pramod C Nair
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders University Adelaide Australia +61-8-82043155
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University Adelaide Australia
- Cancer Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
- Discipline of Medicine, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
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4
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Smagris E, Shihanian LM, Mintah IJ, Bigdelou P, Livson Y, Brown H, Verweij N, Hunt C, Johnson RO, Greer TJ, Hartford SA, Hindy G, Sun L, Nielsen JB, Halasz G, Lotta LA, Murphy AJ, Sleeman MW, Gusarova V. Divergent role of Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component 1 (MARC1) in human and mouse. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011179. [PMID: 38437227 PMCID: PMC10939284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent human genome-wide association studies have identified common missense variants in MARC1, p.Ala165Thr and p.Met187Lys, associated with lower hepatic fat, reduction in liver enzymes and protection from most causes of cirrhosis. Using an exome-wide association study we recapitulated earlier MARC1 p.Ala165Thr and p.Met187Lys findings in 540,000 individuals from five ancestry groups. We also discovered novel rare putative loss of function variants in MARC1 with a phenotype similar to MARC1 p.Ala165Thr/p.Met187Lys variants. In vitro studies of recombinant human MARC1 protein revealed Ala165Thr substitution causes protein instability and aberrant localization in hepatic cells, suggesting MARC1 inhibition or deletion may lead to hepatoprotection. Following this hypothesis, we generated Marc1 knockout mice and evaluated the effect of Marc1 deletion on liver phenotype. Unexpectedly, our study found that whole-body Marc1 deficiency in mouse is not protective against hepatic triglyceride accumulation, liver inflammation or fibrosis. In attempts to explain the lack of the observed phenotype, we discovered that Marc1 plays only a minor role in mouse liver while its paralogue Marc2 is the main Marc family enzyme in mice. Our findings highlight the major difference in MARC1 physiological function between human and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriks Smagris
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Lisa M Shihanian
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Ivory J Mintah
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Parnian Bigdelou
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Yuliya Livson
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Heather Brown
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Niek Verweij
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Charleen Hunt
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | | | - Tyler J Greer
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Suzanne A Hartford
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - George Hindy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Luanluan Sun
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Jonas B Nielsen
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Gabor Halasz
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Luca A Lotta
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Mark W Sleeman
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
| | - Viktoria Gusarova
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York, Unites States of America
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Burgmayer SJN, Kirk ML. Advancing Our Understanding of Pyranopterin-Dithiolene Contributions to Moco Enzyme Catalysis. Molecules 2023; 28:7456. [PMID: 38005178 PMCID: PMC10673323 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pyranopterin dithiolene ligand is remarkable in terms of its geometric and electronic structure and is uniquely found in mononuclear molybdenum and tungsten enzymes. The pyranopterin dithiolene is found coordinated to the metal ion, deeply buried within the protein, and non-covalently attached to the protein via an extensive hydrogen bonding network that is enzyme-specific. However, the function of pyranopterin dithiolene in enzymatic catalysis has been difficult to determine. This focused account aims to provide an overview of what has been learned from the study of pyranopterin dithiolene model complexes of molybdenum and how these results relate to the enzyme systems. This work begins with a summary of what is known about the pyranopterin dithiolene ligand in the enzymes. We then introduce the development of inorganic small molecule complexes that model aspects of a coordinated pyranopterin dithiolene and discuss the results of detailed physical studies of the models by electronic absorption, resonance Raman, X-ray absorption and NMR spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray crystallography, and chemical reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin L. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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6
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Tian Y, Wang B. Unraveling the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases through genome-wide association studies. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:1877-1885. [PMID: 37592846 PMCID: PMC10693931 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant health burden around the world, affecting approximately 25% of the population. Recent advances in human genetic databases have allowed for the identification of various single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with NAFLD-related traits. Investigating the functions of these genetic factors provides insight into the pathogenesis of NAFLD and potentially identifies novel therapeutic targets for NAFLD. In this review, we summarized current research on genes with NAFLD-associated mutations, highlighting phospholipid remodeling and spatially clustered loci as common pathological and genetic features of these mutations. These features suggest a complex yet intriguing mechanism of dissociated steatosis and insulin resistance, which is observed in a subset of patients and may lead to more precise therapy against NAFLD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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7
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Struwe MA, Scheidig AJ, Clement B. The mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component-from prodrug-activation mechanism to drug-metabolizing enzyme and onward to drug target. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105306. [PMID: 37778733 PMCID: PMC10637980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) is one of five known molybdenum enzymes in eukaryotes. mARC belongs to the MOSC domain superfamily, a large group of so far poorly studied molybdoenzymes. mARC was initially discovered as the enzyme activating N-hydroxylated prodrugs of basic amidines but has since been shown to also reduce a variety of other N-oxygenated compounds, for example, toxic nucleobase analogs. Under certain circumstances, mARC might also be involved in reductive nitric oxide synthesis through reduction of nitrite. Recently, mARC enzymes have received a lot of attention due to their apparent involvement in lipid metabolism and, in particular, because many genome-wide association studies have shown a common variant of human mARC1 to have a protective effect against liver disease. The mechanism linking mARC enzymes with lipid metabolism remains unknown. Here, we give a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about mARC enzymes, their substrates, structure, and apparent involvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Struwe
- Zoologisches Institut - Strukturbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Zoologisches Institut - Strukturbiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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8
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Rixen S, Indorf PM, Kubitza C, Struwe MA, Klopp C, Scheidig AJ, Kunze T, Clement B. Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide by Human Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component Enzymes. Molecules 2023; 28:6384. [PMID: 37687214 PMCID: PMC10489706 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC) is a human molybdoenzyme known to catalyze the reduction of various N-oxygenated substrates. The physiological function of mARC enzymes, however, remains unknown. In this study, we examine the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by the human mARC1 and mARC2 enzymes. Furthermore, we demonstrate an increased sensitivity toward H2O2 for HEK-293T cells with an MTARC1 knockout, which implies a role of mARC enzymes in the cellular response to oxidative stress. H2O2 is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed in all living cells involved in many physiological processes. Furthermore, H2O2 constitutes the first mARC substrate without a nitrogen-oxygen bond, implying that mARC enzymes may have a substrate spectrum going beyond the previously examined N-oxygenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Rixen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Patrick M. Indorf
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Christian Kubitza
- Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.K.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Michel A. Struwe
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
- Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.K.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Cathrin Klopp
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
- Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.K.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Axel J. Scheidig
- Department of Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (C.K.); (A.J.S.)
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
| | - Bernd Clement
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany; (S.R.); (P.M.I.); (M.A.S.); (C.K.); (T.K.)
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9
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Klopp C, Struwe MA, Plieth C, Clement B, Scheidig AJ. New Design of an Activity Assay Suitable for High-Throughput Screening of Substrates and Inhibitors of the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC). Anal Chem 2023; 95:12452-12458. [PMID: 37549068 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) is one of the simplest molybdenum-containing enzymes. mARC is among a few known reducing enzymes playing an important role in drug metabolism in mammals. Here, an assay based on the fluorescence of NADH is reported for the rapid detection of substrates and potential inhibitors of mARC. So far unknown inhibitors might be useful for the development of drugs assigned to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and similar diseases. Kinetics of reactions catalyzed by mARC can be recorded with high sensitivity and precision. On a microtiter plate scale, the assay presented could be applied for high-throughput screening of substance libraries and detection of novel mARC substrate candidates. For instance, molnupiravir was also identified as a new substrate by this assay. For better comparison for such substances, the inhibitor or substrate-to-BAO ratio was introduced. After normalization of enzyme activities to the standard benzamidoxime, substrates can reproducibly be classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Klopp
- Pharmaceutical Institute - Medicinal Chemistry, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Zoological Institute - Structural Biology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michel A Struwe
- Pharmaceutical Institute - Medicinal Chemistry, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Zoological Institute - Structural Biology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Plieth
- Centre for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmaceutical Institute - Medicinal Chemistry, Kiel University, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Zoological Institute - Structural Biology, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Foteva V, Fisher JJ, Qiao Y, Smith R. Does the Micronutrient Molybdenum Have a Role in Gestational Complications and Placental Health? Nutrients 2023; 15:3348. [PMID: 37571285 PMCID: PMC10421405 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum is an essential trace element for human health and survival, with molybdenum-containing enzymes catalysing multiple reactions in the metabolism of purines, aldehydes, and sulfur-containing amino acids. Recommended daily intakes vary globally, with molybdenum primarily sourced through the diet, and supplementation is not common. Although the benefits of molybdenum as an anti-diabetic and antioxidant inducer have been reported in the literature, there are conflicting data on the benefits of molybdenum for chronic diseases. Overexposure and deficiency can result in adverse health outcomes and mortality, although physiological doses remain largely unexplored in relation to human health. The lack of knowledge surrounding molybdenum intake and the role it plays in physiology is compounded during pregnancy. As pregnancy progresses, micronutrient demand increases, and diet is an established factor in programming gestational outcomes and maternal health. This review summarises the current literature concerning varied recommendations on molybdenum intake, the role of molybdenum and molybdoenzymes in physiology, and the contribution these play in gestational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimira Foteva
- Mothers and Babies Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; (J.J.F.); (R.S.)
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Joshua J. Fisher
- Mothers and Babies Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; (J.J.F.); (R.S.)
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Yixue Qiao
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou 215000, China;
| | - Roger Smith
- Mothers and Babies Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW 2305, Australia; (J.J.F.); (R.S.)
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
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11
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Lewis LC, Chen L, Hameed LS, Kitchen RR, Maroteau C, Nagarajan SR, Norlin J, Daly CE, Szczerbinska I, Hjuler ST, Patel R, Livingstone EJ, Durrant TN, Wondimu E, BasuRay S, Chandran A, Lee WH, Hu S, Gilboa B, Grandi ME, Toledo EM, Erikat AH, Hodson L, Haynes WG, Pursell NW, Coppieters K, Fleckner J, Howson JM, Andersen B, Ruby MA. Hepatocyte mARC1 promotes fatty liver disease. JHEP Rep 2023; 5:100693. [PMID: 37122688 PMCID: PMC10133763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has a prevalence of ∼25% worldwide, with significant public health consequences yet few effective treatments. Human genetics can help elucidate novel biology and identify targets for new therapeutics. Genetic variants in mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 1 (MTARC1) have been associated with NAFLD and liver-related mortality; however, its pathophysiological role and the cell type(s) mediating these effects remain unclear. We aimed to investigate how MTARC1 exerts its effects on NAFLD by integrating human genetics with in vitro and in vivo studies of mARC1 knockdown. Methods Analyses including multi-trait colocalisation and Mendelian randomisation were used to assess the genetic associations of MTARC1. In addition, we established an in vitro long-term primary human hepatocyte model with metabolic readouts and used the Gubra Amylin NASH (GAN)-diet non-alcoholic steatohepatitis mouse model treated with hepatocyte-specific N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-siRNA to understand the in vivo impacts of MTARC1. Results We showed that genetic variants within the MTARC1 locus are associated with liver enzymes, liver fat, plasma lipids, and body composition, and these associations are attributable to the same causal variant (p.A165T, rs2642438 G>A), suggesting a shared mechanism. We demonstrated that increased MTARC1 mRNA had an adverse effect on these traits using Mendelian randomisation, implying therapeutic inhibition of mARC1 could be beneficial. In vitro mARC1 knockdown decreased lipid accumulation and increased triglyceride secretion, and in vivo GalNAc-siRNA-mediated knockdown of mARC1 lowered hepatic but increased plasma triglycerides. We found alterations in pathways regulating lipid metabolism and decreased secretion of 3-hydroxybutyrate upon mARC1 knockdown in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Collectively, our findings from human genetics, and in vitro and in vivo hepatocyte-specific mARC1 knockdown support the potential efficacy of hepatocyte-specific targeting of mARC1 for treatment of NAFLD. Impact and implications We report that genetically predicted increases in MTARC1 mRNA associate with poor liver health. Furthermore, knockdown of mARC1 reduces hepatic steatosis in primary human hepatocytes and a murine NASH model. Together, these findings further underscore the therapeutic potential of targeting hepatocyte MTARC1 for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shilpa R. Nagarajan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rahul Patel
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wan-Hung Lee
- Dicerna Pharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, MA, USA
| | - Sile Hu
- Novo Nordisk Research Centre Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
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12
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Yang J, Struwe M, Scheidig A, Mengell J, Clement B, Kirk ML. Active Site Structures of the Escherichia coli N-Hydroxylaminopurine Resistance Molybdoenzyme YcbX. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5315-5319. [PMID: 36971376 PMCID: PMC10544827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) data have been used to characterize the coordination environment for the catalytic Mo site of Escherichia coli YcbX in two different oxidation states. In the oxidized state, the Mo(VI) ion is coordinated by two terminal oxo ligands, a thiolate S atom from cysteine, and two S donors from the bidentate pyranopterin ene-1,2-dithiolate (pyranopterin dithiolene). Upon reduction, it is the more basic equatorial oxo ligand that is protonated, with a Mo-Oeq bond distance that is best described as either a short Mo4+-OH2 bond or a long Mo4+-OH bond. Mechanistic implications for substrate reduction are discussed in light of these structural details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
| | - Michel Struwe
- Zoologisches Institut – Strukturbiologie, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel Scheidig
- Zoologisches Institut – Strukturbiologie, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Joshua Mengell
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin L. Kirk
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, MSC03 2060, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001
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Association of MARC1, ADCY5, and BCO1 Variants with the Lipid Profile, Suggests an Additive Effect for Hypertriglyceridemia in Mexican Adult Men. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911815. [PMID: 36233117 PMCID: PMC9569691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported that the Mexican population is highly susceptible to dyslipidemia. The MARC1, ADCY5, and BCO1 genes have recently been involved in lipidic abnormalities. This study aimed to analyze the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2642438, rs56371916, and rs6564851 on MARC1, ADCY5, and BCO1 genes, respectively, with the lipid profile in a cohort of Mexican adults. We included 1900 Mexican adults from the Health Workers Cohort Study. Demographic and clinical data were collected through a structured questionnaire and standardized procedures. Genotyping was performed using a predesigned TaqMan assay. A genetic risk score (GRS) was created on the basis of the three genetic variants. Associations analysis was estimated using linear and logistic regression. Our results showed that rs2642438-A and rs6564851-A alleles had a risk association for hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 1.57, p = 0.013; and OR = 1.33, p = 0.031, respectively), and rs56371916-C allele a trend for low HDL-c (OR = 1.27, p = 0.060) only in men. The GRS revealed a significant association for hypertriglyceridemia (OR = 2.23, p = 0.022). These findings provide evidence of an aggregate effect of the MARC1, ADCY5, and BCO1 variants on the risk of hypertriglyceridemia in Mexican men. This knowledge could represent a tool for identifying at-risk males who might benefit from early interventions and avoid secondary metabolic traits.
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Zapiter J, Harmer JR, Struwe M, Scheidig A, Clement B, Bernhardt PV. Enzyme Electrode Biosensors for N-Hydroxylated Prodrugs Incorporating the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9208-9215. [PMID: 35700342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component 1 and 2 (mARC1 and mARC2) were immobilised on glassy carbon electrodes using the crosslinker glutaraldehyde. Voltammetry was performed in the presence of the artificial electron transfer mediator methyl viologen, whose redox potential lies negative of the enzymes' MoVI/V and MoV/IV redox potentials which were determined from optical spectroelectrochemical and EPR measurements. Apparent Michaelis constants obtained from catalytic limiting currents at various substrate concentrations were comparable to those previously reported in the literature from enzymatic assays. Kinetic parameters for benzamidoxime reduction were determined from cyclic voltammograms simulated using Digisim. pH dependence and stability of the enzyme electrode with time were also determined from limiting catalytic currents in saturating concentrations of benzamidoxime. The same electrode remained active after at least 9 days. Fabrication of this versatile and cost-effective biosensor is effective in screening new pharmaceutically important substrates and mARC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Zapiter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R Harmer
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Michel Struwe
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel 24118, Germany.,Zoologisches Institut/Strukturbiologie, Am Botanischen Garten 11, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Axel Scheidig
- Zoologisches Institut/Strukturbiologie, Am Botanischen Garten 11, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, Kiel 24118, Germany
| | - Paul V Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Vasto S, Di Gaudio F, Raso M, Sabatino L, Caldarella R, De Pasquale C, Di Rosa L, Baldassano S. Impact on Glucose Homeostasis: Is Food Biofortified with Molybdenum a Workable Solution? A Two-Arm Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:1351. [PMID: 35405964 PMCID: PMC9002377 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is expected to increase up to 700 million people worldwide with type 2 diabetes being the most frequent. The use of nutritional interventions is one of the most natural approaches for managing the disease. Minerals are of paramount importance in order to preserve and obtain good health and among them molybdenum is an essential component. There are no studies about the consumption of biofortified food with molybdenum on glucose homeostasis but recent studies in humans suggest that molybdenum could exert hypoglycemic effects. The present study aims to assess if consumption of lettuce biofortified with molybdenum influences glucose homeostasis and whether the effects would be due to changes in gastrointestinal hormone levels and specifically Peptide YY (PYY), Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), Glucagon-Like Peptide 2 (GLP-2), and Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP). A cohort of 24 people was supplemented with biofortified lettuce for 12 days. Blood and urine samples were obtained at baseline (T0) and after 12 days (T2) of supplementation. Blood was analyzed for glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, β-cell function, and insulin sensitivity, PYY, GLP-1, GLP-2 and GIP. Urine samples were tested for molybdenum concentration. The results showed that consumption of lettuce biofortified with molybdenum for 12 days did not affect beta cell function but significantly reduced fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and increased insulin sensitivity in healthy people. Consumption of biofortified lettuce did not show any modification in urine concentration of molybdenum among the groups. These data suggest that consumption of lettuce biofortified with molybdenum improves glucose homeostasis and PYY and GIP are involved in the action mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Vasto
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
- Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Gaudio
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D’Alessandro, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Maria Raso
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Section, Quality Control and Chemical Risk (CQRC), Department PROMISE, University Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Leo Sabatino
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, “P. Giaccone” University Hospital, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Claudio De Pasquale
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (L.S.); (C.D.P.)
| | - Luigi Di Rosa
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
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Skrajnowska D, Jagielska A, Ruszczyńska A, Idkowiak J, Bobrowska-Korczak B. Effect of Copper and Selenium Supplementation on the Level of Elements in Rats' Femurs under Neoplastic Conditions. Nutrients 2022; 14:1285. [PMID: 35334941 PMCID: PMC8951585 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effect of long-term supplementation with selenium and copper, administered at twice the level used in the standard diet of rats, on the content of selected elements in the femoral bones of healthy rats and rats with implanted LNCaP cancer cells. After an adaptation period, the animals were randomly divided into two experimental groups. The rats in the experimental group were implanted with prostate cancer cells. The rats in the control group were kept in the same conditions as those in the experimental group and fed the same diet, but without implanted cancer cells. The cancer cells (LNCaP) were intraperitoneally implanted in the amount of 1 × 106 (in PBS 0.4 mL) at the age of 90 days. The content of elements in the samples was determined by a quadrupole mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma ionization (ICP-MS). In the femoral bones of rats with implanted LNCaP cells, in the case of the standard diet and the copper-enriched diet, there was a marked decreasing trend in the content of the analysed elements relative to the control rats. This may indicate slow osteolysis taking place in the bone tissue. Contrasting results were obtained for the diet enriched with selenium; there was no significant reduction in the level of these elements, and there was even an increase in the concentrations of Fe and K in the bones of rats with implanted LNCaP cells. Particularly, numerous changes in the mineral composition of the bones were generated by enriching the diet with copper. The elements that most often underwent changes (losses) in the bones were cobalt, iron, manganese and molybdenum. The changes observed, most likely induced by the implantation of LNCaP cells, may indicate a disturbance of mineral homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Skrajnowska
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agata Jagielska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.R.)
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.R.)
| | - Jakub Idkowiak
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic;
| | - Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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Therapeutic RNA-silencing oligonucleotides in metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:417-439. [PMID: 35210608 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-022-00407-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen unprecedented activity in the development of RNA-silencing oligonucleotide therapeutics for metabolic diseases. Improved oligonucleotide design and optimization of synthetic nucleic acid chemistry, in combination with the development of highly selective and efficient conjugate delivery technology platforms, have established and validated oligonucleotides as a new class of drugs. To date, there are five marketed oligonucleotide therapies, with many more in clinical studies, for both rare and common liver-driven metabolic diseases. Here, we provide an overview of recent developments in the field of oligonucleotide therapeutics in metabolism, review past and current clinical trials, and discuss ongoing challenges and possible future developments.
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Structural Features of Cytochrome b5–Cytochrome b5 Reductase Complex Formation and Implications for the Intramolecular Dynamics of Cytochrome b5 Reductase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010118. [PMID: 35008543 PMCID: PMC8745658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane cytochrome b5 reductase is a pleiotropic oxidoreductase that uses primarily soluble reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as an electron donor to reduce multiple biological acceptors localized in cellular membranes. Some of the biological acceptors of the reductase and coupled redox proteins might eventually transfer electrons to oxygen to form reactive oxygen species. Additionally, an inefficient electron transfer to redox acceptors can lead to electron uncoupling and superoxide anion formation by the reductase. Many efforts have been made to characterize the involved catalytic domains in the electron transfer from the reduced flavoprotein to its electron acceptors, such as cytochrome b5, through a detailed description of the flavin and NADH-binding sites. This information might help to understand better the processes and modifications involved in reactive oxygen formation by the cytochrome b5 reductase. Nevertheless, more than half a century since this enzyme was first purified, the one-electron transfer process toward potential electron acceptors of the reductase is still only partially understood. New advances in computational analysis of protein structures allow predicting the intramolecular protein dynamics, identifying potential functional sites, or evaluating the effects of microenvironment changes in protein structure and dynamics. We applied this approach to characterize further the roles of amino acid domains within cytochrome b5 reductase structure, part of the catalytic domain, and several sensors and structural domains involved in the interactions with cytochrome b5 and other electron acceptors. The computational analysis results allowed us to rationalize some of the available spectroscopic data regarding ligand-induced conformational changes leading to an increase in the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) solvent-exposed surface, which has been previously correlated with the formation of complexes with electron acceptors.
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Amidoxime prodrugs convert to potent cell-active multimodal inhibitors of the dengue virus protease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113695. [PMID: 34298282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family comprises Dengue, Zika and West-Nile viruses which constitute unmet medical needs as neither appropriate antivirals nor safe vaccines are available. The dengue NS2BNS3 protease is one of the most promising validated targets for developing a dengue treatment however reported protease inhibitors suffer from toxicity and cellular inefficacy. Here we report SAR on our previously reported Zika-active carbazole scaffold, culminating prodrug compound SP-471P (EC50 1.10 μM, CC50 > 100 μM) that generates SP-471; one of the most potent, non-cytotoxic and cell-active protease inhibitors described in the dengue literature. In cell-based assays, SP-471P leads to inhibition of viral RNA replication and complete abolishment of infective viral particle production even when administered 6 h post-infection. Mechanistically, SP-471 appears to inhibit both normal intermolecular protease processes and intramolecular cleavage events at the NS2BNS3 junction, as well as at NS3 internal sites, all critical for virus replication. These render SP-471 a unique to date multimodal inhibitor of the dengue protease.
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Schneider CV, Schneider KM, Conlon DM, Park J, Vujkovic M, Zandvakili I, Ko YA, Trautwein C, Center R, Carr RM, Strnad P, Thaiss CA, Rader DJ. A genome-first approach to mortality and metabolic phenotypes in MTARC1 p.Ala165Thr (rs2642438) heterozygotes and homozygotes. MED 2021; 2:851-863.e3. [PMID: 34258604 PMCID: PMC8274545 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A coding variant in MTARC1 (rs2642438; p.Ala165Thr) was recently associated with protection from cirrhosis in European individuals. However, its impact on overall and cause-specific mortality remained elusive. METHODS Using a genome-first approach, we explored a range of metabolic phenotypes and outcomes associated with MTARC1 p.Ala165Thr in the UKBiobank and the Penn-Medicine BioBank. FINDINGS MTARC1 p.Ala165Thr was significantly associated with higher triglycerides, lower total cholesterol, lower LDL-C, lower ApoB, lower HDL-C, lower ApoA-I and higher IGF-1. Per each minor allele, the risk of NAFLD was reduced by ~15%. The ALT-lowering and NAFLD-protective effect of MTARC1 p.Ala165Thr was amplified by obesity, diabetes mellitus and presence of PNPLA3 rs738409:G. In African-American and Black-British individuals, the allele frequency of MTARC1 p.Ala165Thr was lower, but carriers showed the same distinctive lipid phenotype. Importantly, MTARC1 p.Ala165Thr carriers did not show higher cardiovascular disease burden as evidenced by cardiac MRI and carotid ultrasound. In prospective analyses, the homozygous minor allele was associated with up to 39% lower rates of liver-related mortality, while no risk of increased overall or cardiovascular death could be observed. Strikingly, liver-related mortality was more than 50% reduced in diabetic participants or carriers of PNPLA3 rs738409:G. CONCLUSIONS Together these data highlight MTARC1 as an important liver disease modifier that influences plasma lipids in an allele-dose-dependent manner without increasing cardiovascular outcomes. Our results point toward potential mechanisms and reveal a remarkable association with liver-related mortality calling for future studies exploring its therapeutic potential. FUNDING This study was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin V. Schneider
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kai Markus Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Donna M. Conlon
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joseph Park
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Inuk Zandvakili
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yi-An Ko
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christian Trautwein
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rotonya M. Carr
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pavel Strnad
- Medical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic diseases and Intensive Care, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, 52072 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph A. Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Genetics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Classical Xanthinuria in Nine Israeli Families and Two Isolated Cases from Germany: Molecular, Biochemical and Population Genetics Aspects. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070788. [PMID: 34356852 PMCID: PMC8301430 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical xanthinuria is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by variants in the XDH (type I) or MOCOS (type II) genes. Thirteen Israeli kindred (five Jewish and eight Arab) and two isolated cases from Germany were studied between the years 1997 and 2013. Four and a branch of a fifth of these families were previously described. Here, we reported the demographic, clinical, molecular and biochemical characterizations of the remaining cases. Seven out of 20 affected individuals (35%) presented with xanthinuria-related symptoms of varied severity. Among the 10 distinct variants identified, six were novel: c.449G>T (p.(Cys150Phe)), c.1434G>A (p.(Trp478*)), c.1871C>G (p.(Ser624*)) and c.913del (p.(Leu305fs*1)) in the XDH gene and c.1046C>T (p.(Thr349Ileu)) and c.1771C>T (p.(Pro591Ser)) in the MOCOS gene. Heterologous protein expression studies revealed that the p.Cys150Phe variant within the Fe/S-I cluster-binding site impairs XDH biogenesis, the p.Thr349Ileu variant in the NifS-like domain of MOCOS affects protein stability and cysteine desulfurase activity, while the p.Pro591Ser and a previously described p.Arg776Cys variant in the C-terminal domain affect Molybdenum cofactor binding. Based on the results of haplotype analyses and historical genealogy findings, the potential dispersion of the identified variants is discussed. As far as we are aware, this is the largest cohort of xanthinuria cases described so far, substantially expanding the repertoire of pathogenic variants, characterizing structurally and functionally essential amino acid residues in the XDH and MOCOS proteins and addressing the population genetic aspects of classical xanthinuria.
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Przybyla-Toscano J, Christ L, Keech O, Rouhier N. Iron-sulfur proteins in plant mitochondria: roles and maturation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2014-2044. [PMID: 33301571 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are prosthetic groups ensuring electron transfer reactions, activating substrates for catalytic reactions, providing sulfur atoms for the biosynthesis of vitamins or other cofactors, or having protein-stabilizing effects. Hence, metalloproteins containing these cofactors are essential for numerous and diverse metabolic pathways and cellular processes occurring in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria are organelles where the Fe-S cluster demand is high, notably because the activity of the respiratory chain complexes I, II, and III relies on the correct assembly and functioning of Fe-S proteins. Several other proteins or complexes present in the matrix require Fe-S clusters as well, or depend either on Fe-S proteins such as ferredoxins or on cofactors such as lipoic acid or biotin whose synthesis relies on Fe-S proteins. In this review, we have listed and discussed the Fe-S-dependent enzymes or pathways in plant mitochondria including some potentially novel Fe-S proteins identified based on in silico analysis or on recent evidence obtained in non-plant organisms. We also provide information about recent developments concerning the molecular mechanisms involved in Fe-S cluster synthesis and trafficking steps of these cofactors from maturation factors to client apoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Przybyla-Toscano
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Loïck Christ
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, France
| | - Olivier Keech
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Skrajnowska D, Jagielska A, Ruszczyńska A, Wagner B, Bielecki W, Bobrowska-Korczak B. Title Changes in the Mineral Composition of Rat Femoral Bones Induced by Implantation of LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells and Dietary Supplementation. Nutrients 2020; 13:E100. [PMID: 33396969 PMCID: PMC7823861 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer in men and the fifth most common cause of death worldwide, with an estimated 378,553 deaths in 2020. Prostate cancer shows a strong tendency to form metastatic foci in the bones. A number of interactions between cancer cells attacking bones and cells of the bone matrix lead to destruction of the bone and growth of the tumour. The last few decades have seen increased interest in the precise role of minerals in human health and disease. Tumour cells accumulate various minerals that promote their intensive growth. Bone, as a storehouse of elements, can be a valuable source of them for the growing tumour. There are also reports suggesting that the presence of some tumours, e.g., of the breast, can adversely affect bone structure even in the absence of metastasis to this organ. This paper presents the effect of chronic dietary intake of calcium, iron and zinc, administered in doses corresponding maximally to twice their level in a standard diet, on homeostasis of selected elements (Ca, K, Zn, Fe, Cu, Sr, Ni, Co, Mn and Mo) in the femoral bones of healthy rats and rats with implanted cancer cells of the LNCaP line. The experiment was conducted over 90 days. After the adaptation period, the animals were randomly divided into four dietary groups: standard diet and supplementation with Zn, Fe and Ca. Every dietary group was divided into experimental group (with implanted cancer cells) and control group (without implanted cancer cells). The cancer cells (LnCaP) were implanted intraperitoneally in the amount 1 × 106 to the rats at day 90 of their lifetime. Bone tissue was dried and treated with microwave-assisted mineral digestation. Total elemental content was quantified by ICP-MS. Student's t-test and Anova or Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied in order to compare treatment and dietary groups. In the case of most of the diets, especially the standard diet, the femoral bones of rats with implanted LNCaP cells showed a clear downward trend in the content of the elements tested, which may be indicative of slow osteolysis taking place in the bone tissue. In the group of rats receiving the standard diet, there were significant reductions in the content of Mo (by 83%), Ca (25%), Co (22%), Mn (13%), K (13%) and Sr (9%) in the bone tissue of rats with implanted LNCaP cells in comparison with the control group receiving the same diet but without LNCaP implantation. Supplementation of the rat diet with calcium, zinc and iron decreased the frequency of these changes relative to the standard diet, which may indicate that the diet had an inhibitory effect on bone resorption in conditions of LNCaP implantation. The principal component analysis (PCA) score plot confirms the pronounced effect of implanted LNCaP cells and the standard diet on bone composition. At the same time, supplementation with calcium, zinc and iron seems to improve bone composition. The microelements that most often underwent quantitative changes in the experimental conditions were cobalt, manganese and molybdenum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Skrajnowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Agata Jagielska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.R.); (B.W.)
| | - Anna Ruszczyńska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.R.); (B.W.)
| | - Barbara Wagner
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.R.); (B.W.)
| | - Wojciech Bielecki
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Live Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Barbara Bobrowska-Korczak
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division, Department of Bromatology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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24
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Indorf P, Kubitza C, Scheidig AJ, Kunze T, Clement B. Drug Metabolism by the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC): Rapid Assay and Identification of New Substrates. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6538-6546. [PMID: 31790578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For the development of new drugs, the investigation of their metabolism is of central importance. In the past, the focus was mostly on the consideration of established enzymes leading to oxidations such as cytochrome P450. However, reductive metabolism by the mARC enzyme system can play an important role in particular for nitrogen containing functional groups. A rapid test was established to give developers of new drugs in the preclinical stage the opportunity to test the metabolism by mARC. To demonstrate the relevance and validity of the new test system, known and potential substrates were applied to this new assay. All known substrates could be detected by the system. Furthermore, several new substrates were found including long-established drugs such as hydroxyurea and new compounds in development such as epacdadostat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Indorf
- Pharmaceutical Institute-Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Kubitza
- Zoological Institute-Structural Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel J Scheidig
- Zoological Institute-Structural Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Pharmaceutical Institute-Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmaceutical Institute-Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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25
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Discovery of N-(4-Aminobutyl)- N'-(2-methoxyethyl)guanidine as the First Selective, Nonamino Acid, Catalytic Site Inhibitor of Human Dimethylarginine Dimethylaminohydrolase-1 ( hDDAH-1). J Med Chem 2020; 63:425-432. [PMID: 31841335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
N-(4-Aminobutyl)-N'-(2-methoxyethyl)guanidine (8a) is a potent inhibitor targeting the hDDAH-1 active site (Ki = 18 μM) and derived from a series of guanidine- and amidine-based inhibitors. Its nonamino acid nature leads to high selectivities toward other enzymes of the nitric oxide-modulating system. Crystallographic data of 8a-bound hDDAH-1 illuminated a unique binding mode. Together with its developed N-hydroxyguanidine prodrug 11, 8a will serve as a most widely applicable, pharmacological tool to target DDAH-1-associated diseases.
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26
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Painter GR, Bowen RA, Bluemling GR, DeBergh J, Edpuganti V, Gruddanti PR, Guthrie DB, Hager M, Kuiper DL, Lockwood MA, Mitchell DG, Natchus MG, Sticher ZM, Kolykhalov AA. The prophylactic and therapeutic activity of a broadly active ribonucleoside analog in a murine model of intranasal venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Rixen S, Havemeyer A, Tyl-Bielicka A, Pysniak K, Gajewska M, Kulecka M, Ostrowski J, Mikula M, Clement B. Mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component 2 (MARC2) has a significant role in N-reductive activity and energy metabolism. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17593-17602. [PMID: 31554661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (MARC) is a mammalian molybdenum-containing enzyme. All annotated mammalian genomes harbor two MARC genes, MARC1 and MARC2, which share a high degree of sequence similarity. Both molybdoenzymes reduce a variety of N-hydroxylated compounds. Besides their role in N-reductive drug metabolism, only little is known about their physiological functions. In this study, we characterized an existing KO mouse model lacking the functional MARC2 gene and fed a high-fat diet and also performed in vivo and in vitro experiments to characterize reductase activity toward known MARC substrates. MARC2 KO significantly decreased reductase activity toward several N-oxygenated substrates, and for typical MARC substrates, only small residual reductive activity was still detectable in MARC2 KO mice. The residual detected reductase activity in MARC2 KO mice could be explained by MARC1 expression that was hardly unaffected by KO, and we found no evidence of significant activity of other reductase enzymes. These results clearly indicate that MARC2 is mainly responsible for N-reductive biotransformation in mice. Striking phenotypical features of MARC2 KO mice were lower body weight, increased body temperature, decreased levels of total cholesterol, and increased glucose levels, supporting previous findings that MARC2 affects energy pathways. Of note, the MARC2 KO mice were resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. We propose that the MARC2 KO mouse model could be a powerful tool for predicting MARC-mediated drug metabolism and further investigating MARC's roles in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Rixen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian Albrechts University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Antje Havemeyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian Albrechts University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anita Tyl-Bielicka
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Cancer Center, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kazimiera Pysniak
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Cancer Center, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Gajewska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Cancer Center, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maria Kulecka
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Cancer Center, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Clinical Oncology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Cancer Center, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bernd Clement
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, Christian Albrechts University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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28
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Courbet G, Gallardo K, Vigani G, Brunel-Muguet S, Trouverie J, Salon C, Ourry A. Disentangling the complexity and diversity of crosstalk between sulfur and other mineral nutrients in cultivated plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4183-4196. [PMID: 31055598 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A complete understanding of ionome homeostasis requires a thorough investigation of the dynamics of the nutrient networks in plants. This review focuses on the complexity of interactions occurring between S and other nutrients, and these are addressed at the level of the whole plant, the individual tissues, and the cellular compartments. With regards to macronutrients, S deficiency mainly acts by reducing plant growth, which in turn restricts the root uptake of, for example, N, K, and Mg. Conversely, deficiencies in N, K, or Mg reduce uptake of S. TOR (target of rapamycin) protein kinase, whose involvement in the co-regulation of C/N and S metabolism has recently been unravelled, provides a clue to understanding the links between S and plant growth. In legumes, the original crosstalk between N and S can be found at the level of nodules, which show high requirements for S, and hence specifically express a number of sulfate transporters. With regards to micronutrients, except for Fe, their uptake can be increased under S deficiency through various mechanisms. One of these results from the broad specificity of root sulfate transporters that are up-regulated during S deficiency, which can also take up some molybdate and selenate. A second mechanism is linked to the large accumulation of sulfate in the leaf vacuoles, with its reduced osmotic contribution under S deficiency being compensated for by an increase in Cl uptake and accumulation. A third group of broader mechanisms that can explain at least some of the interactions between S and micronutrients concerns metabolic networks where several nutrients are essential, such as the synthesis of the Mo co-factor needed by some essential enzymes, which requires S, Fe, Zn and Cu for its synthesis, and the synthesis and regulation of Fe-S clusters. Finally, we briefly review recent developments in the modelling of S responses in crops (allocation amongst plant parts and distribution of mineral versus organic forms) in order to provide perspectives on prediction-based approaches that take into account the interactions with other minerals such as N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galatéa Courbet
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions N, C, S, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex, France
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Karine Gallardo
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gianpiero Vigani
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sophie Brunel-Muguet
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions N, C, S, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Trouverie
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions N, C, S, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Salon
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, Université Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Alain Ourry
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, INRA, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie et Nutritions N, C, S, Esplanade de la Paix, Caen Cedex, France
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29
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Tejero J, Shiva S, Gladwin MT. Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:311-379. [PMID: 30379623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the blood vessels and hence the maintenance of adequate blood flow is critical to the healthy performance of the vasculature. A novel paradigm indicates that classical NO synthesis by dedicated NO synthases is supplemented by nitrite reduction pathways under hypoxia. At the same time, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the vascular system for signaling purposes, as effectors of the immune response, or as byproducts of cellular metabolism. NO and ROS can be generated by distinct enzymes or by the same enzyme through alternate reduction and oxidation processes. The latter oxidoreductase systems include NO synthases, molybdopterin enzymes, and hemoglobins, which can form superoxide by reduction of molecular oxygen or NO by reduction of inorganic nitrite. Enzymatic uncoupling, changes in oxygen tension, and the concentration of coenzymes and reductants can modulate the NO/ROS production from these oxidoreductases and determine the redox balance in health and disease. The dysregulation of the mechanisms involved in the generation of NO and ROS is an important cause of cardiovascular disease and target for therapy. In this review we will present the biology of NO and ROS in the cardiovascular system, with special emphasis on their routes of formation and regulation, as well as the therapeutic challenges and opportunities for the management of NO and ROS in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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30
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Zhang Y, Ying H, Xu Y. Comparative genomics and metagenomics of the metallomes. Metallomics 2019; 11:1026-1043. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00023b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent achievements and advances in comparative genomic and metagenomic analyses of trace metals were reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Huimin Ying
- Department of Endocrinology
- Hangzhou Xixi Hospital
- Hangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Yinzhen Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
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31
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From the Eukaryotic Molybdenum Cofactor Biosynthesis to the Moonlighting Enzyme mARC. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23123287. [PMID: 30545001 PMCID: PMC6321594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23123287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic molybdenum (Mo) enzymes contain in their active site a Mo Cofactor (Moco), which is formed by a tricyclic pyranopterin with a dithiolene chelating the Mo atom. Here, the eukaryotic Moco biosynthetic pathway and the eukaryotic Moco enzymes are overviewed, including nitrate reductase (NR), sulfite oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase, aldehyde oxidase, and the last one discovered, the moonlighting enzyme mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC). The mARC enzymes catalyze the reduction of hydroxylated compounds, mostly N-hydroxylated (NHC), but as well of nitrite to nitric oxide, a second messenger. mARC shows a broad spectrum of NHC as substrates, some are prodrugs containing an amidoxime structure, some are mutagens, such as 6-hydroxylaminepurine and some others, which most probably will be discovered soon. Interestingly, all known mARC need the reducing power supplied by different partners. For the NHC reduction, mARC uses cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase, however for the nitrite reduction, plant mARC uses NR. Despite the functional importance of mARC enzymatic reactions, the structural mechanism of its Moco-mediated catalysis is starting to be revealed. We propose and compare the mARC catalytic mechanism of nitrite versus NHC reduction. By using the recently resolved structure of a prokaryotic MOSC enzyme, from the mARC protein family, we have modeled an in silico three-dimensional structure of a eukaryotic homologue.
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Crystal structure of human mARC1 reveals its exceptional position among eukaryotic molybdenum enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:11958-11963. [PMID: 30397129 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808576115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotransformation enzymes ensure a viable homeostasis by regulating reversible cycles of oxidative and reductive reactions. The metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds is of high pharmaceutical and toxicological relevance because N-oxygenated metabolites derived from reactions mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes or flavin-dependent monooxygenases are in some cases highly toxic or mutagenic. The molybdenum-dependent mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component (mARC) was found to be an extremely efficient counterpart, which is able to reduce the full range of N-oxygenated compounds and thereby mediates detoxification reactions. However, the 3D structure of this enzyme was unknown. Here we present the high-resolution crystal structure of human mARC. We give detailed insight into the coordination of its molybdenum cofactor (Moco), the catalytic mechanism, and its ability to reduce a wide range of N-oxygenated compounds. The identification of two key residues will allow future discrimination between mARC paralogs and ensure correct annotation. Since our structural findings contradict in silico predictions that are currently made by online databases, we propose domain definitions for members of the superfamily of Moco sulfurase C-terminal (MOSC) domain-containing proteins. Furthermore, we present evidence for an evolutionary role of mARC for the emergence of the xanthine oxidase protein superfamily. We anticipate the hereby presented crystal structure to be a starting point for future descriptions of MOSC proteins, which are currently poorly structurally characterized.
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33
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Peng T, Xu Y, Zhang Y. Comparative genomics of molybdenum utilization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:691. [PMID: 30231876 PMCID: PMC6147048 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5068-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micronutrient for almost all biological systems, which holds key positions in several enzymes involved in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism. In general, this transition metal needs to be coordinated to a unique pterin, thus forming a prosthetic group named molybdenum cofactor (Moco) at the catalytic sites of molybdoenzymes. The biochemical functions of many molybdoenzymes have been characterized; however, comprehensive analyses of the evolution of Mo metabolism and molybdoproteomes are quite limited. RESULTS In this study, we analyzed almost 5900 sequenced organisms to examine the occurrence of the Mo utilization trait at the levels of Mo transport system, Moco biosynthetic pathway and molybdoproteins in all three domains of life. A global map of Moco biosynthesis and molybdoproteins has been generated, which shows the most detailed understanding of Mo utilization in prokaryotes and eukaryotes so far. Our results revealed that most prokaryotes and all higher eukaryotes utilize Mo whereas many unicellular eukaryotes such as parasites and most yeasts lost the ability to use this metal. By characterizing the molybdoproteomes of all organisms, we found many new molybdoprotein-rich species, especially in bacteria. A variety of new domain fusions were detected for different molybdoprotein families, suggesting the presence of novel proteins that are functionally linked to molybdoproteins or Moco biosynthesis. Moreover, horizontal gene transfer event involving both the Moco biosynthetic pathway and molybdoproteins was identified. Finally, analysis of the relationship between environmental factors and Mo utilization showed new evolutionary trends of the Mo utilization trait. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights into the evolutionary history of Mo utilization in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yinzhen Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, 518060, China.,Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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Ginsel C, Plitzko B, Froriep D, Stolfa DA, Jung M, Kubitza C, Scheidig AJ, Havemeyer A, Clement B. The Involvement of the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component (mARC) in the Reductive Metabolism of Hydroxamic Acids. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1396-1402. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.082453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Schneider J, Girreser U, Havemeyer A, Bittner F, Clement B. Detoxification of Trimethylamine N-Oxide by the Mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component mARC. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:447-453. [PMID: 29856598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although known for years, the toxic effects of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a physiological metabolite, were just recently discovered and are currently under investigation. It is known that elevated TMAO plasma levels correlate with an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Even though there is a general consensus about the existence of a causal relationship between TMAO and CVD, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. TMAO is an oxidation product of the hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO), mainly of isoform 3, and it is conceivable that humans also have an enzyme reversing this toxification by reducing TMAO to its precursor trimethylamine (TMA). All prokaryotic enzymes that use TMAO as a substrate have molybdenum-containing cofactors in common. Such molybdenum-containing enzymes also exist in mammals, with the so-called mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC) representing the most recently discovered mammalian molybdenum enzyme. The enzyme has been found to exist in two isoforms, mARC1 and mARC2, both being capable of reducing a variety of N-oxygenated compounds, including nonphysiological N-oxides. To investigate whether the two isoforms of this enzyme are able to reduce and detoxify TMAO, we developed a suitable analytical method and tested TMAO reduction with a recombinant enzyme system. We found that one of the two recombinant human mARC proteins, namely, hmARC1, reduces TMAO to TMA. The N-reductive activity is relatively low and identified via the kinetic parameters with Km = (30.4 ± 9.8) mM and Vmax = (100.5 ± 12.2) nmol/(mg protein·min). Nevertheless, the ubiquitous tissue expression of hmARC1 allows a continuous reduction of TMAO whereas the counter-reaction, the production of TMAO through FMO3, can take place only in the liver where FMO3 is expressed. TMAO reduction in porcine liver subfractions showed the characteristic enrichment of N-reductive activity in the outer mitochondrial membrane. TMAO reduction was also found in human cell cultures. These findings indicate the role of hmARC1 in the metabolomic pathway of TMAO, which might contribute to the prevention of CVD. This also hints at a physiological function of the molybdenum enzyme, which remains mainly unknown to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Pharmaceutical Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Ulrich Girreser
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Pharmaceutical Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Antje Havemeyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Pharmaceutical Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Florian Bittner
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants , Julius Kuehn Institute , 06484 Quedlinburg , Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry , Pharmaceutical Institute of the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel , 24118 Kiel , Germany
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Kubitza C, Ginsel C, Bittner F, Havemeyer A, Clement B, Scheidig AJ. T4 lysozyme-facilitated crystallization of the human molybdenum cofactor-dependent enzyme mARC. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2018; 74:337-344. [PMID: 29870017 PMCID: PMC5987741 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18006921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (hmARC) is a molybdenum cofactor-dependent enzyme that is involved in the reduction of a diverse range of N-hydroxylated compounds of either physiological or xenobiotic origin. In this study, the use of a fusion-protein approach with T4 lysozyme (T4L) to determine the structure of this hitherto noncrystallizable enzyme by X-ray crystallography is described. A set of four different hmARC-T4L fusion proteins were designed. Two of them contained either an N-terminal or a C-terminal T4L moiety fused to hmARC, while the other two contained T4L as an internal fusion partner tethered to the hmARC enzyme between two predicted secondary-structure elements. One of these internal fusion constructs could be expressed and crystallized successfully. The hmARC-T4L crystals diffracted to 1.7 Å resolution using synchrotron radiation and belonged to space group P212121 with one molecule in the asymmetric unit. Initial attempts to solve the structure by molecular replacement using T4L did not result in electron-density distributions that were sufficient for model building and interpretation of the hmARC moiety. However, this study emphasizes the utility of the T4L fusion-protein approach, which can be used for the crystallization and structure determination of membrane-bound proteins as well as soluble proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kubitza
- Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Carsten Ginsel
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Florian Bittner
- Julius Kuehn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Erwin-Baur-Strasse 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Antje Havemeyer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bernd Clement
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Kiel University, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel J. Scheidig
- Structural Biology, Zoological Institute, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 1–9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Bender D, Schwarz G. Nitrite-dependent nitric oxide synthesis by molybdenum enzymes. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2126-2139. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bender
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Biochemistry; University of Cologne; Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); University of Cologne; Germany
| | - Guenter Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry; Institute for Biochemistry; University of Cologne; Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC); University of Cologne; Germany
- Cologne Cluster of Excellence in Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD); University of Cologne; Germany
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The functional principle of eukaryotic molybdenum insertases. Biochem J 2018; 475:1739-1753. [PMID: 29717023 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is a redox-active prosthetic group found in the active site of Moco-dependent enzymes, which are vitally important for life. Moco biosynthesis involves several enzymes that catalyze the subsequent conversion of GTP into cyclic pyranopterin monophosphate (cPMP), molybdopterin (MPT), adenylated MPT (MPT-AMP), and finally Moco. While the underlying principles of cPMP, MPT, and MPT-AMP formation are well understood, the molybdenum insertase (Mo-insertase)-catalyzed final Moco maturation step is not. In the present study, we analyzed high-resolution X-ray datasets of the plant Mo-insertase Cnx1E that revealed two molybdate-binding sites within the active site, hence improving the current view on Cnx1E functionality. The presence of molybdate anions in either of these sites is tied to a distinctive backbone conformation, which we suggest to be essential for Mo-insertase molybdate selectivity and insertion efficiency.
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Trace Elements and Healthcare: A Bioinformatics Perspective. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1005:63-98. [PMID: 28916929 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5717-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biological trace elements are essential for human health. Imbalance in trace element metabolism and homeostasis may play an important role in a variety of diseases and disorders. While the majority of previous researches focused on experimental verification of genes involved in trace element metabolism and those encoding trace element-dependent proteins, bioinformatics study on trace elements is relatively rare and still at the starting stage. This chapter offers an overview of recent progress in bioinformatics analyses of trace element utilization, metabolism, and function, especially comparative genomics of several important metals. The relationship between individual elements and several diseases based on recent large-scale systematic studies such as genome-wide association studies and case-control studies is discussed. Lastly, developments of ionomics and its recent application in human health are also introduced.
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Kalimuthu P, Havemeyer A, Clement B, Kubitza C, Scheidig AJ, Bernhardt PV. Human mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC): An electrochemical method for identifying new substrates and inhibitors. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Llamas A, Chamizo-Ampudia A, Tejada-Jimenez M, Galvan A, Fernandez E. The molybdenum cofactor enzyme mARC: Moonlighting or promiscuous enzyme? Biofactors 2017; 43:486-494. [PMID: 28497908 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) is present in the active center of eukaryotic enzymes as a tricyclic pyranopterin chelate compound forming the Mo Cofactor (Moco). Four Moco containing enzymes are known in eukaryotes, nitrate reductase (NR), sulfite oxidase (SO), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), and aldehyde oxidase (AO). A fifth Moco enzyme has been recently identified. Because of the ability of this enzyme to convert by reduction several amidoximes prodrugs into their active amino forms, it was named mARC (mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component). This enzyme is also able to catalyze the reduction of a broad range of N-hydroxylated compounds (NHC) as the base analogue 6-hydroxylaminopurine (HAP), as well as nitrite to nitric oxide (NO). All the mARC proteins need reducing power that is supplied by other proteins. The human and plants mARC proteins require a Cytochrome b5 (Cytb5) and a Cytochrome b5 reductase (Cytb5-R) to form an electron transfer chain from NADH to the NHC. Recently, plant mARC proteins were shown to be implicated in the reduction of nitrite to NO, and it was proposed that the electrons required for the reaction were supplied by NR instead of Cytochrome b5 components. This newly characterized mARC activity was termed NO Forming Nitrite Reductase (NOFNiR). Moonlighting proteins form a special class of multifunctional enzymes that can perform more than one function; if the extra function is not physiologically relevant, they are called promiscuous enzymes. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mARC protein, and we propose that mARC is a new moonlighting enzyme. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):486-494, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Llamas
- Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alejandro Chamizo-Ampudia
- Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tejada-Jimenez
- Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Aurora Galvan
- Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernandez
- Dpto. de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Rabanales y Campus Internacional de Excelencia Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Universidad de Córdoba, Spain
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Niedzialkowska E, Mrugała B, Rugor A, Czub MP, Skotnicka A, Cotelesage JJH, George GN, Szaleniec M, Minor W, Lewiński K. Optimization of overexpression of a chaperone protein of steroid C25 dehydrogenase for biochemical and biophysical characterization. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 134:47-62. [PMID: 28343996 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Molybdenum is an essential nutrient for metabolism in plant, bacteria, and animals. Molybdoenzymes are involved in nitrogen assimilation and oxidoreductive detoxification, and bioconversion reactions of environmental, industrial, and pharmaceutical interest. Molybdoenzymes contain a molybdenum cofactor (Moco), which is a pyranopterin heterocyclic compound that binds a molybdenum atom via a dithiolene group. Because Moco is a large and complex compound deeply buried within the protein, molybdoenzymes are accompanied by private chaperone proteins responsible for the cofactor's insertion into the enzyme and the enzyme's maturation. An efficient recombinant expression and purification of both Moco-free and Moco-containing molybdoenzymes and their chaperones is of paramount importance for fundamental and applied research related to molybdoenzymes. In this work, we focused on a D1 protein annotated as a chaperone of steroid C25 dehydrogenase (S25DH) from Sterolibacterium denitrificans Chol-1S. The D1 protein is presumably involved in the maturation of S25DH engaged in oxygen-independent oxidation of sterols. As this chaperone is thought to be a crucial element that ensures the insertion of Moco into the enzyme and consequently, proper folding of S25DH optimization of the chaperon's expression is the first step toward the development of recombinant expression and purification methods for S25DH. We have identified common E. coli strains and conditions for both expression and purification that allow us to selectively produce Moco-containing and Moco-free chaperones. We have also characterized the Moco-containing chaperone by EXAFS and HPLC analysis and identified conditions that stabilize both forms of the protein. The protocols presented here are efficient and result in protein quantities sufficient for biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Niedzialkowska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30239 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Beata Mrugała
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rugor
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Mateusz P Czub
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Krakow 30060, Poland; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Anna Skotnicka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 21, 31120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Julien J H Cotelesage
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Graham N George
- Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Maciej Szaleniec
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30239 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wladek Minor
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Krzysztof Lewiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Krakow 30060, Poland
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Study of Different Variants of Mo Enzyme crARC and the Interaction with Its Partners crCytb5-R and crCytb5-1. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030670. [PMID: 28335548 PMCID: PMC5372681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mARC (mitochondrial Amidoxime Reducing Component) proteins are recently discovered molybdenum (Mo) Cofactor containing enzymes. They are involved in the reduction of several N-hydroxylated compounds (NHC) and nitrite. Some NHC are prodrugs containing an amidoxime structure or mutagens such as 6-hydroxylaminopurine (HAP). We have studied this protein in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (crARC). Interestingly, all the ARC proteins need the reducing power supplied by other proteins. It is known that crARC requires a cytochrome b₅ (crCytb5-1) and a cytochrome b₅ reductase (crCytb5-R) that form an electron transport chain from NADH to the substrates. Here, we have investigated NHC reduction by crARC, the interaction with its partners and the function of important conserved amino acids. Interactions among crARC, crCytb5-1 and crCytb5-R have been studied by size-exclusion chromatography. A protein complex between crARC, crCytb5-1 and crCytb5-R was identified. Twelve conserved crARC amino acids have been substituted by alanine by in vitro mutagenesis. We have determined that the amino acids D182, F210 and R276 are essential for NHC reduction activity, R276 is important and F210 is critical for the Mo Cofactor chelation. Finally, the crARC C-termini were shown to be involved in protein aggregation or oligomerization.
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Vigani G, Di Silvestre D, Agresta AM, Donnini S, Mauri P, Gehl C, Bittner F, Murgia I. Molybdenum and iron mutually impact their homeostasis in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1222-1241. [PMID: 27735062 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) and iron (Fe) are essential micronutrients required for crucial enzyme activities in plant metabolism. Here we investigated the existence of a mutual control of Mo and Fe homeostasis in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Plants were grown under single or combined Mo and Fe starvation. Physiological parameters were measured, the ionomes of tissues and the ionomes and proteomes of root mitochondria were profiled, and the activities of molybdo-enzymes and the synthesis of molybdenum cofactor (Moco) were evaluated. Fe and Mo were found to affect each other's total uptake and distribution within tissues and at the mitochondrial level, with Fe nutritional status dominating over Mo homeostasis and affecting Mo availability for molybdo-enzymes in the form of Moco. Fe starvation triggered Moco biosynthesis and affected the molybdo-enzymes, with its main impact on nitrate reductase and xanthine dehydrogenase, both being involved in nitrogen assimilation and mobilization, and on the mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component. These results, together with the identification of > 100 proteins differentially expressed in root mitochondria, highlight the central role of mitochondria in the coordination of Fe and Mo homeostasis and allow us to propose the first model of the molecular interactions connecting Mo and Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianpiero Vigani
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Dario Di Silvestre
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Anna Maria Agresta
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Silvia Donnini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano, via Celoria 2, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Mauri
- Proteomic and Metabolomic Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (ITB-CNR), via F.lli Cervi 93, 20090, Segrate (MI), Italy
| | - Christian Gehl
- Institute of Horticulture Production Systems, Leibniz University of Hannover, Herrenhaeuser Str. 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Bittner
- Department of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Spielmannstrasse 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Murgia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
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45
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Maia LB, Moura I, Moura JJ. EPR Spectroscopy on Mononuclear Molybdenum-Containing Enzymes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN METALLOPROTEIN AND METALLOENZYME RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59100-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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46
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Truong HN, Meyer C. A new NO ledge in Chlamydomonas: when the old nitrate reductase meets amidoxime reducing component to produce nitric oxide. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2095-2096. [PMID: 27435600 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article comments on: A dual system formed by the ARC and NR molybdoenzymes mediates nitrite-dependent NO production in Chlamydomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai-Nam Truong
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR 1318 INRA-AgroParisTech, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, F-78026, Versailles, France
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Chamizo-Ampudia A, Sanz-Luque E, Llamas Á, Ocaña-Calahorro F, Mariscal V, Carreras A, Barroso JB, Galván A, Fernández E. A dual system formed by the ARC and NR molybdoenzymes mediates nitrite-dependent NO production in Chlamydomonas. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:2097-107. [PMID: 26992087 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a relevant signal molecule involved in many plant processes. However, the mechanisms and proteins responsible for its synthesis are scarcely known. In most photosynthetic organisms NO synthases have not been identified, and Nitrate Reductase (NR) has been proposed as the main enzymatic NO source, a process that in vitro is also catalysed by other molybdoenzymes. By studying transcriptional regulation, enzyme approaches, activity assays with in vitro purified proteins and in vivo and in vitro NO determinations, we have addressed the role of NR and Amidoxime Reducing Component (ARC) in the NO synthesis process. N\R and ARC were intimately related both at transcriptional and activity level. Thus, arc mutants showed high NIA1 (NR gene) expression and NR activity. Conversely, mutants without active NR displayed an increased ARC expression in nitrite medium. Our results with nia1 and arc mutants and with purified enzymes support that ARC catalyses the NO production from nitrite taking electrons from NR and not from Cytb5-1/Cytb5-Reductase, the component partners previously described for ARC (proposed as NOFNiR, Nitric Oxide-Forming Nitrite Reductase). This NR-ARC dual system would be able to produce NO in the presence of nitrate, condition under which NR is unable to do it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Chamizo-Ampudia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Campus de excelencia internacional (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Emanuel Sanz-Luque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Campus de excelencia internacional (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Ángel Llamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Campus de excelencia internacional (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Francisco Ocaña-Calahorro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Campus de excelencia internacional (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Vicente Mariscal
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis, C.S.I.C. and University of Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Alfonso Carreras
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus 'Las Lagunillas', E-23071, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan B Barroso
- Group of Biochemistry and Cell Signaling in Nitric Oxide. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Campus 'Las Lagunillas', E-23071, University of Jaén, Jaén, Spain
| | - Aurora Galván
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Campus de excelencia internacional (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Emilio Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Campus de excelencia internacional (CeiA3), Edif. Severo Ochoa, Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
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Wang J, Keceli G, Cao R, Su J, Mi Z. Molybdenum-containing nitrite reductases: Spectroscopic characterization and redox mechanism. Redox Rep 2016; 22:17-25. [PMID: 27686142 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1206175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review summarizes the spectroscopic results, which will provide useful suggestions for future research. In addition, the fields that urgently need more information are also advised. BACKGROUND Nitrite-NO-cGMP has been considered as an important signaling pathway of NO in human cells. To date, all the four known human molybdenum-containing enzymes, xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and mitochondrial amidoxime-reducing component, have been shown to function as nitrite reductases under hypoxia by biochemical, cellular, or animal studies. Various spectroscopic techniques have been applied to investigate the structure and catalytic mechanism of these enzymes for more than 20 years. METHODS We summarize the published data on the applications of UV-vis and EPR spectroscopies, and X-ray crystallography in studying nitrite reductase activity of the four human molybdenum-containing enzymes. RESULTS UV-vis has provided useful information on the redox active centers of these enzymes. The utilization of EPR spectroscopy has been critical in determining the coordination and redox status of the Mo center during catalysis. Despite the lack of substrate-bound crystal structures of these nitrite reductases, valuable structural information has been obtained by X-ray crystallography. CONCLUSIONS To fully understand the catalytic mechanisms of these physiologically/pathologically important nitrite reductases, structural studies on substrate-redox center interaction are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- a Department of Pharmacy, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering College , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430068 , China
| | - Gizem Keceli
- b Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
| | - Rui Cao
- b Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD 21218 , USA
| | - Jiangtao Su
- a Department of Pharmacy, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering College , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430068 , China
| | - Zhiyuan Mi
- a Department of Pharmacy, Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering College , Hubei University of Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430068 , China
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Boer J, Young-Sciame R, Lee F, Bowman KJ, Yang X, Shi JG, Nedza FM, Frietze W, Galya L, Combs AP, Yeleswaram S, Diamond S. Roles of UGT, P450, and Gut Microbiota in the Metabolism of Epacadostat in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1668-74. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Lindahl PA, Moore MJ. Labile Low-Molecular-Mass Metal Complexes in Mitochondria: Trials and Tribulations of a Burgeoning Field. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4140-53. [PMID: 27433847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron, copper, zinc, manganese, cobalt, and molybdenum play important roles in mitochondrial biochemistry, serving to help catalyze reactions in numerous metalloenzymes. These metals are also found in labile "pools" within mitochondria. Although the composition and cellular function of these pools are largely unknown, they are thought to be comprised of nonproteinaceous low-molecular-mass (LMM) metal complexes. Many problems must be solved before these pools can be fully defined, especially problems stemming from the lability of such complexes. This lability arises from inherently weak coordinate bonds between ligands and metals. This is an advantage for catalysis and trafficking, but it makes characterization difficult. The most popular strategy for investigating such pools is to detect them using chelator probes with fluorescent properties that change upon metal coordination. Characterization is limited because of the inevitable destruction of the complexes during their detection. Moreover, probes likely react with more than one type of metal complex, confusing analyses. An alternative approach is to use liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). With help from a previous lab member, the authors recently developed an LC-ICP-MS approach to analyze LMM extracts from yeast and mammalian mitochondria. They detected several metal complexes, including Fe580, Fe1100, Fe1500, Cu5000, Zn1200, Zn1500, Mn1100, Mn2000, Co1200, Co1500, and Mo780 (numbers refer to approximate masses in daltons). Many of these may be used to metalate apo-metalloproteins as they fold inside the organelle. The LC-based approach also has challenges, e.g., in distinguishing artifactual metal complexes from endogenous ones, due to the fact that cells must be disrupted to form extracts before they are passed through chromatography columns prior to analysis. Ultimately, both approaches will be needed to characterize these intriguing complexes and to elucidate their roles in mitochondrial biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Lindahl
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-2128, United States
| | - Michael J Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843-3255, United States
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