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Huang Y, Zhang H, Lin Z, Wei Y, Xi W. RevGraphVAMP: A protein molecular simulation analysis model combining graph convolutional neural networks and physical constraints. Methods 2024; 229:163-174. [PMID: 38972499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulation is a crucial research domain within the life sciences, focusing on comprehending the mechanisms of biomolecular interactions at atomic scales. Protein simulation, as a critical subfield, often utilizes MD for implementation, with trajectory data play a pivotal role in drug discovery. The advancement of high-performance computing and deep learning technology becomes popular and critical to predict protein properties from vast trajectory data, posing challenges regarding data features extraction from the complicated simulation data and dimensionality reduction. Simultaneously, it is essential to provide a meaningful explanation of the biological mechanism behind dimensionality. To tackle this challenge, we propose a new unsupervised model named RevGraphVAMP to intelligently analyze the simulation trajectory. This model is based on the variational approach for Markov processes (VAMP) and integrates graph convolutional neural networks and physical constraint optimization to enhance the learning performance. Additionally, we introduce attention mechanism to assess the importance of key interaction region, facilitating the interpretation of molecular mechanism. In comparison to other VAMPNets models, our model showcases competitive performance, improved accuracy in state transition prediction, as demonstrated through its application to two public datasets and the Shank3-Rap1 complex, which is associated with autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, it enhanced dimensionality reduction discrimination across different substates and provides interpretable results for protein structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; College of Mathematics and Informatics, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhenli Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yanjie Wei
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Faculty of Computer Science and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Wenhui Xi
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China; Faculty of Computer Science and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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Schmalhausen EV, Medvedeva MV, Muronetz VI. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 758:110065. [PMID: 38906311 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
One of important characteristics of Alzheimer's disease is a persistent oxidative/nitrosative stress caused by pro-oxidant properties of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) and chronic inflammation in the brain. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is easily oxidized under oxidative stress. Numerous data indicate that oxidative modifications of GAPDH in vitro and in cell cultures stimulate GAPDH denaturation and aggregation, and the catalytic cysteine residue Cys152 is important for these processes. Both intracellular and extracellular GAPDH aggregates are toxic for the cells. Interaction of denatured GAPDH with soluble Aβ results in mixed insoluble aggregates with increased toxicity. The above-described properties of GAPDH (sensitivity to oxidation and propensity to form aggregates, including mixed aggregates with Aβ) determine its role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Schmalhausen
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M V Medvedeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 73, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Muronetz
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 40, 119991, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Bld 73, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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3
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Kurano M, Saito Y, Yatomi Y. Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites in Postmortem Brains of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1139-1159. [PMID: 38250775 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbed metabolism has been proposed as being involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and more evidence from human AD brains is required. OBJECTIVE In this study, we attempted to identify or confirm modulations in the levels of metabolites associated with AD in postmortem AD brains. METHODS We performed metabolomics analyses using a gas chromatography mass spectrometry system in postmortem brains of patients with confirmed AD, patients with CERAD score B, and control subjects. RESULTS Impaired phosphorylation of glucose and elevation of several tricarboxylic acid (TCA) metabolites, except citrate, were observed and the degree of impaired phosphorylation and elevation in the levels of the TCA cycle metabolites were negatively and positively correlated, respectively, with the clinical phenotypes of AD. The levels of uronic acid pathway metabolites were modulated in AD and correlated positively with the amyloid-β content. The associations of nucleic acid synthesis and amino acid metabolites with AD depended on the kinds of metabolites; in particular, the contents of ribose 5-phosphate, serine and glycine were negatively correlated, while those of ureidosuccinic acid and indole-3-acetic acid were positively modulated in AD. Comprehensive statistical analyses suggested that alterations in the inositol pathway were most closely associated with AD. CONCLUSIONS The present study revealed many novel associations between metabolites and AD, suggesting that some of these might serve as novel potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Saito
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital and Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Doroszkiewicz J, Farhan JA, Mroczko J, Winkel I, Perkowski M, Mroczko B. Common and Trace Metals in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15721. [PMID: 37958705 PMCID: PMC10649239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Trace elements and metals play critical roles in the normal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS), and their dysregulation has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In a healthy CNS, zinc, copper, iron, and manganese play vital roles as enzyme cofactors, supporting neurotransmission, cellular metabolism, and antioxidant defense. Imbalances in these trace elements can lead to oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby contributing to neurodegeneration. In AD, copper and zinc imbalances are associated with amyloid-beta and tau pathology, impacting cognitive function. PD involves the disruption of iron and manganese levels, leading to oxidative damage and neuronal loss. Toxic metals, like lead and cadmium, impair synaptic transmission and exacerbate neuroinflammation, impacting CNS health. The role of aluminum in AD neurofibrillary tangle formation has also been noted. Understanding the roles of these elements in CNS health and disease might offer potential therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders. The Codex Alimentarius standards concerning the mentioned metals in foods may be one of the key legal contributions to safeguarding public health. Further research is needed to fully comprehend these complex mechanisms and develop effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Doroszkiewicz
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jakub Ali Farhan
- Department of Public International Law and European Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jan Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Izabela Winkel
- Dementia Disorders Centre, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Scinawa, Poland
| | - Maciej Perkowski
- Department of Public International Law and European Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Barbara Mroczko
- Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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Song M, Fan X. Systemic Metabolism and Mitochondria in the Mechanism of Alzheimer's Disease: Finding Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098398. [PMID: 37176104 PMCID: PMC10179273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Elderly people over the age of 65 are those most likely to experience Alzheimer's disease (AD), and aging and AD are associated with apparent metabolic alterations. Currently, there is no curative medication against AD and only several drugs have been approved by the FDA, but these drugs can only improve the symptoms of AD. Many preclinical and clinical trials have explored the impact of adjusting the whole-body and intracellular metabolism on the pathogenesis of AD. The most recent evidence suggests that mitochondria initiate an integrated stress response to environmental stress, which is beneficial for healthy aging and neuroprotection. There is also an increasing awareness of the differential risk and potential targeting strategies related to the metabolic level and microbiome. As the main participants in intracellular metabolism, mitochondrial bioenergetics, mitochondrial quality-control mechanisms, and mitochondria-linked inflammatory responses have been regarded as potential therapeutic targets for AD. This review summarizes and highlights these advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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6
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Xiao R, Liang R, Cai YH, Dong J, Zhang L. Computational screening for new neuroprotective ingredients against Alzheimer's disease from bilberry by cheminformatics approaches. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1061552. [PMID: 36570129 PMCID: PMC9780678 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1061552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioactive ingredients from natural products have always been an important resource for the discovery of drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Senile plaques, which are formed with amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides and excess metal ions, are found in AD brains and have been suggested to play an important role in AD pathogenesis. Here, we attempted to design an effective and smart screening method based on cheminformatics approaches to find new ingredients against AD from Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) and verified the bioactivity of expected ingredients through experiments. This method integrated advanced artificial intelligence models and target prediction methods to realize the stepwise analysis and filtering of all ingredients. Finally, we obtained the expected new compound malvidin-3-O-galactoside (Ma-3-gal-Cl). The in vitro experiments showed that Ma-3-gal-Cl could reduce the OH· generation and intracellular ROS from the Aβ/Cu2+/AA mixture and maintain the mitochondrial membrane potential of SH-SY5Y cells. Molecular docking and Western blot results indicated that Ma-3-gal-Cl could reduce the amount of activated caspase-3 via binding with unactivated caspase-3 and reduce the expression of phosphorylated p38 via binding with mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases-6 (MKK6). Moreover, Ma-3-gal-Cl could inhibit the Aβ aggregation via binding with Aβ monomer and fibers. Thus, Ma-3-gal-Cl showed significant effects on protecting SH-SY5Y cells from Aβ/Cu2+/AA induced damage via antioxidation effect and inhibition effect to the Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Xiao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, School of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,Sinocare Inc., Changsha, China
| | - Rui Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, School of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yun-hui Cai
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, School of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Processed Food for Special Medical Purpose, Hunan Key Laboratory of Forestry Edible Resources Safety and Processing, School of Food Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Lin Zhang
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7
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Moschini R, Balestri F, Cappiello M, Signore G, Mura U, Del-Corso A. Ribose Intake as Food Integrator: Is It a Really Convenient Practice? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121775. [PMID: 36551203 PMCID: PMC9776227 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports concerning the beneficial effects of D-ribose administration in cardiovascular and muscle stressful conditions has led to suggestions for the use of ribose as an energizing food supplement for healthy people. However, this practice still presents too many critical issues, suggesting that caution is needed. In fact, there are many possible negative effects of this sugar that we believe are underestimated, if not neglected, by the literature supporting the presentation of the product to the market. Here, the risks deriving from the use of free ribose as ATP source, forcing ribose-5-phosphate to enter into the pentose phosphate pathway, is emphasized. On the basis of the remarkable glycation capacity of ribose, the easily predictable cytotoxic effect of the molecule is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Moschini
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Balestri
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario Cappiello
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Umberto Mura
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonella Del-Corso
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, 51, 56127 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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8
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Pal A, Rani I, Pawar A, Picozza M, Rongioletti M, Squitti R. Microglia and Astrocytes in Alzheimer's Disease in the Context of the Aberrant Copper Homeostasis Hypothesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1598. [PMID: 34827595 PMCID: PMC8615684 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of copper's (Cu) involvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is available, but information on Cu involvement in microglia and astrocytes during the course of AD has yet to be structurally discussed. This review deals with this matter in an attempt to provide an updated discussion on the role of reactive glia challenged by excess labile Cu in a wide picture that embraces all the major processes identified as playing a role in toxicity induced by an imbalance of Cu in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Pal
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, Kalyani 741245, West Bengal, India
| | - Isha Rani
- Department of Biochemistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (MMIMSR), Maharishi Markandeshwar University (MMU), Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India;
| | - Anil Pawar
- Department of Zoology, DAV University, Jalandhar 144012, Punjab, India;
| | - Mario Picozza
- Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCSS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy
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9
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Copper, Iron, Selenium and Lipo-Glycemic Dysmetabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179461. [PMID: 34502369 PMCID: PMC8431716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to discuss traditional hypotheses on the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), as well as the role of metabolic-syndrome-related mechanisms in AD development with a special focus on advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their role in metal-induced neurodegeneration in AD. Persistent hyperglycemia along with oxidative stress results in increased protein glycation and formation of AGEs. The latter were shown to possess a wide spectrum of neurotoxic effects including increased Aβ generation and aggregation. In addition, AGE binding to receptor for AGE (RAGE) induces a variety of pathways contributing to neuroinflammation. The existing data also demonstrate that AGE toxicity seems to mediate the involvement of copper (Cu) and potentially other metals in AD pathogenesis. Specifically, Cu promotes AGE formation, AGE-Aβ cross-linking and up-regulation of RAGE expression. Moreover, Aβ glycation was shown to increase prooxidant effects of Cu through Fenton chemistry. Given the role of AGE and RAGE, as well as metal toxicity in AD pathogenesis, it is proposed that metal chelation and/or incretins may slow down oxidative damage. In addition, selenium (Se) compounds seem to attenuate the intracellular toxicity of the deranged tau and Aβ, as well as inhibiting AGE accumulation and metal-induced neurotoxicity.
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10
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Squitti R, Faller P, Hureau C, Granzotto A, White AR, Kepp KP. Copper Imbalance in Alzheimer's Disease and Its Link with the Amyloid Hypothesis: Towards a Combined Clinical, Chemical, and Genetic Etiology. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 83:23-41. [PMID: 34219710 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is incompletely defined. To date, no mono-causal treatment has so far reached its primary clinical endpoints, probably due to the complexity and diverse neuropathology contributing to the neurodegenerative process. In the present paper, we describe the plausible etiological role of copper (Cu) imbalance in the disease. Cu imbalance is strongly associated with neurodegeneration in dementia, but a complete biochemical etiology consistent with the clinical, chemical, and genetic data is required to support a causative association, rather than just correlation with disease. We hypothesize that a Cu imbalance in the aging human brain evolves as a gradual shift from bound metal ion pools, associated with both loss of energy production and antioxidant function, to pools of loosely bound metal ions, involved in gain-of-function oxidative stress, a shift that may be aggravated by chemical aging. We explain how this may cause mitochondrial deficits, energy depletion of high-energy demanding neurons, and aggravated protein misfolding/oligomerization to produce different clinical consequences shaped by the severity of risk factors, additional comorbidities, and combinations with other types of pathology. Cu imbalance should be viewed and integrated with concomitant genetic risk factors, aging, metabolic abnormalities, energetic deficits, neuroinflammation, and the relation to tau, prion proteins, α-synuclein, TAR DNA binding protein-43 (TDP-43) as well as systemic comorbidity. Specifically, the Amyloid Hypothesis is strongly intertwined with Cu imbalance because amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP)/Aβ are probable Cu/Zn binding proteins with a potential role as natural Cu/Zn buffering proteins (loss of function), and via the plausible pathogenic role of Cu-Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Peter Faller
- Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Alberto Granzotto
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Center for Advanced Sciences and Technology (CAST), University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kasper P Kepp
- DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Structural and Functional Impairments of Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein by Incorporation of Recombinant β-Amyloid42. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144317. [PMID: 34299592 PMCID: PMC8303321 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta (β)-amyloid (Aβ) is a causative protein of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In the pathogenesis of AD, the apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) metabolism is essential for the clearance of Aβ. In this study, recombinant Aβ42 was expressed and purified via the pET-30a expression vector and E.coli production system to elucidate the physiological effects of Aβ on HDL metabolism. The recombinant human Aβ protein (51 aa) was purified to at least 95% purity and characterized in either the lipid-free and lipid-bound states with apoA-I. Aβ was incorporated into the reconstituted HDL (rHDL) (molar ratio 95:5:1, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC):cholesterol:apoA-I) with various apoA-I:Aβ ratios from 1:0 to 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2. With an increasing molar ratio of Aβ, the α-helicity of apoA-I was decreased from 62% to 36% with a red shift of the Trp wavelength maximum fluorescence from 337 to 340 nm in apoA-I. The glycation reaction of apoA-I was accelerated further by the addition of Aβ. The treatment of fructose and Aβ caused more multimerization of apoA-I in the lipid-free state and in HDL. The phospholipid-binding ability of apoA-I was impaired severely by the addition of Aβ in a dose-dependent manner. The phagocytosis of LDL into macrophages was accelerated more by the presence of Aβ with the production of more oxidized species. Aβ severely impaired tissue regeneration, and a microinjection of Aβ enhanced embryotoxicity. In conclusion, the beneficial functions of apoA-I and HDL were severely impaired by the addition of Aβ via its detrimental effect on secondary structure. The impairment of HDL functionality occurred more synergistically by means of the co-addition of fructose and Aβ.
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Shuster SO, Fica-Contreras SM, Hedges JS, Henning NJ, Choi S. Comparison of the reaction of methylglyoxal (MGO) with murine and human amyloid beta (Aβ): Insights into a mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:1298-1302. [PMID: 33046246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Reacted with methylglyoxal (MGO), murine Aβ(1-40) (mAβ) produced significantly less superoxide anion (O2•-) compared to human Aβ(1-40) (hAβ). The reactions of MGO with mAβ(R13H), hAβ(H13F), Nα-acetyl-l-lysine, and Nα-acetyl-l-arginine implied that the lack of His13 in mAβ prohibits its Lys16 residue from reacting to produce cross-linked reaction products and O2•-. Our results suggest that murine brains are under less oxidative stress than human brains, which may be one of the reasons why rodents do not develop AD-like symptoms, and which provides further insight into a chemical mechanism for the development of AD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney O Shuster
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | | | - Jake S Hedges
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Nathaniel J Henning
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Sunhee Choi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA.
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Ramesh M, Gopinath P, Govindaraju T. Role of Post-translational Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1052-1079. [PMID: 31863723 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The global burden of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is growing. Valiant efforts to develop clinical candidates for treatment have continuously met with failure. Currently available palliative treatments are temporary and there is a constant need to search for reliable disease pathways, biomarkers and drug targets for developing diagnostic and therapeutic tools to address the unmet medical needs of AD. Challenges in drug-discovery efforts raise further questions about the strategies of current conventional diagnosis; drug design; and understanding of disease pathways, biomarkers and targets. In this context, post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein trafficking, function and degradation, and their in-depth study plays a significant role in the identification of novel biomarkers and drug targets. Aberrant PTMs of disease-relevant proteins could trigger pathological pathways, leading to disease progression. Advancements in proteomics enable the generation of patterns or signatures of such modifications, and thus, provide a versatile platform to develop biomarkers based on PTMs. In addition, understanding and targeting the aberrant PTMs of various proteins provide viable avenues for addressing AD drug-discovery challenges. This review highlights numerous PTMs of proteins relevant to AD and provides an overview of their adverse effects on the protein structure, function and aggregation propensity that contribute to the disease pathology. A critical discussion offers suggestions of methods to develop PTM signatures and interfere with aberrant PTMs to develop viable diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Ramesh
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Pushparathinam Gopinath
- Department of Chemistry, SRM-Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Thimmaiah Govindaraju
- Bioorganic Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur P.O., Bengaluru, 560064, Karnataka, India
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14
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Taylor AA, Tsuji JS, Garry MR, McArdle ME, Goodfellow WL, Adams WJ, Menzie CA. Critical Review of Exposure and Effects: Implications for Setting Regulatory Health Criteria for Ingested Copper. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 65:131-159. [PMID: 31832729 PMCID: PMC6960211 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-019-01234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Decades of study indicate that copper oral exposures are typically not a human health concern. Ingesting high levels of soluble copper salts can cause acute gastrointestinal symptoms and, in uncommon cases, liver toxicity in susceptible individuals with repeated exposure. This focused toxicological review evaluated the current literature since the last comprehensive reviews (2007-2010). Our review identified limitations in the existing United States and international guidance for determining an oral reference dose (RfD) for essential metals like copper. Instead, an alternative method using categorical regression analysis to develop an optimal dose that considers deficiency, toxicity, and integrates information from human and animal studies was reviewed for interpreting an oral RfD for copper. We also considered subchronic or chronic toxicity from genetic susceptibility to copper dysregulation leading to rare occurrences of liver and other organ toxicity with elevated copper exposure. Based on this approach, an oral RfD of 0.04 mg Cu/kg/day would be protective of acute or chronic toxicity in adults and children. This RfD is also protective for possible genetic susceptibility to elevated copper exposure and allows for background dietary exposures. This dose is not intended to be protective of patients with rare genetic disorders for copper sensitivity within typical nutritional intake ranges, nor is it protective for those with excessive supplement intake. Less soluble mineral forms of copper in soil have reduced bioavailability as compared with more soluble copper in water and diet, which should be considered in using this RfD for risk assessments of copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia A Taylor
- Exponent, Inc., 475 14th Street, Suite 400, Oakland, CA, 94612, USA
| | - Joyce S Tsuji
- Exponent, Inc., 15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250, Bellevue, WA, 98027, USA
| | - Michael R Garry
- Exponent, Inc., 15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250, Bellevue, WA, 98027, USA
| | - Margaret E McArdle
- Exponent, Inc., One Mill and Main Place, Suite 150, Maynard, MA, 01754, USA
| | | | - William J Adams
- Red Cap Consulting, 7760 North Boulder Drive, Lake Point, UT, 84074, USA
| | - Charles A Menzie
- Exponent, Inc., 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, USA
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15
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Jiang L, Wang J, Wang Z, Huang W, Yang Y, Cai Z, Li K. Role of the Glyoxalase System in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:887-899. [PMID: 30400091 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an insidious and progressive neurodegenerative disease. The main pathological features of AD are the formation of amyloid-β deposits in the anterior cerebral cortex and hippocampus as well as the formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Thus far, accumulating evidence shows that glycation is closely related to AD. As a final product resulting from the crosslinking of a reducing sugar or other reactive carbonyls and a protein, the advanced glycation end products have been found to be associated with the formation of amyloid-β and neurofibrillary tangles in AD. As a saccharification inhibitor, the glyoxalase system and its substrate methylglyoxal (MG) were certified to be associated with AD onset and development. As an active substance of AGEs, MG could cause direct or indirect damage to nerve cells and tissues. MG is converted to D-lactic acid after decomposition by the glyoxalase system. Under normal circumstances, MG metabolism is in a dynamic equilibrium, whereas MG accumulates in cells in the case of aging or pathological states. Studies have shown that increasing glyoxalase activity and reducing the MG level can inhibit the generation of oxidative stress and AGEs, thereby alleviating the symptoms and signs of AD to some extent. This paper focuses on the relevant mechanisms of action of the glyoxalase system and MG in the pathogenesis of AD, as well as the potential of inhibiting the production of advanced glycation end products in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianying Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhigang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangxi Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixia Yang
- Department of Neurology, Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation Center, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Keshen Li
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China; Clinical Neuroscience Institute of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Hydroxypyridinone-Diamine Hybrids as Potential Neuroprotective Agents in the PC12 Cell-Line Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12040162. [PMID: 31717866 PMCID: PMC6958408 DOI: 10.3390/ph12040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to propose effective treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although the origin of the disease is poorly understood, several therapeutic options have been proposed. The new therapeutic approaches targeting biometal-mediated neurodegenerative pathways appear to be interesting ones. As a continuation of our preceding studies, two novel series of advanced glycation endproducts (AGE)/advanced lipid peroxidation endproducts (ALE) inhibitors have been developed as multifunctional scavengers. This extended work allowed us to highlight the new hydroxypyridinone-diamine hybrid IIa-3 bearing a C4 alkyl linker between the two pharmacophores. This derivative exhibited preserved potent capacities to trap reactive carbonyl species (vicinal diamine function) as well as reactive oxygen species and transition metals (hydroxypyridinone moiety) in comparison with previously described lead compound 1. In addition, its good predicted absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties were correlated with a better efficacy to inhibit in vitro methylglyoxal-induced apoptosis in neuronal-like PC12 cells. This new promising agent revealed improved druglikeness and ability to prevent biometal-mediated oxidative and carbonyl stress amplification involved in AD pathogenesis.
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17
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Ng J, Kaur H, Collier T, Chang K, Brooks AES, Allison JR, Brimble MA, Hickey A, Birch NP. Site-specific glycation of Aβ1-42 affects fibril formation and is neurotoxic. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:8806-8818. [PMID: 30996005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aβ1-42 is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and is prone to glycation, an irreversible process where proteins accumulate advanced glycated end products (AGEs). N ϵ-(Carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) is a common AGE associated with AD patients and occurs at either Lys-16 or Lys-28 of Aβ1-42. Methyglyoxal is commonly used for the unspecific glycation of Aβ1-42, which results in a complex mixture of AGE-modified peptides and makes interpretation of a causative AGE at a specific amino acid residue difficult. We address this issue by chemically synthesizing defined CEL modifications on Aβ1-42 at Lys-16 (Aβ-CEL16), Lys-28 (Aβ-CEL28), and Lys-16 and -28 (Aβ-CEL16&28). We demonstrated that double-CEL glycations at Lys-16 and Lys-28 of Aβ1-42 had the most profound impact on the ability to form amyloid fibrils. In silico predictions indicated that Aβ-CEL16&28 had a substantial decrease in free energy change, which contributes to fibril destabilization, and a increased aggregation rate. Single-CEL glycations at Lys-28 of Aβ1-42 had the least impact on fibril formation, whereas CEL glycations at Lys-16 of Aβ1-42 delayed fibril formation. We also tested these peptides for neuronal toxicity and mitochondrial function on a retinoic acid-differentiated SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line (RA-differentiated SH-SY5Y). Only Aβ-CEL16 and Aβ-CEL28 were neurotoxic, possibly through a nonmitochondrial pathway, whereas Aβ-CEL16&28 showed no neurotoxicity. Interestingly, Aβ-CEL16&28 had depolarized the mitochondrial membrane potential, whereas Aβ-CEL16 had increased mitochondrial respiration at complex II. These results may indicate mitophagy or an alternate route of metabolism, respectively. Therefore, our results provides insight into potential therapeutic approaches against neurotoxic CEL-glycated Aβ1-42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ng
- From the School of Biological Sciences, .,the Brain Research New Zealand Rangahau Roro Aotearoa and Centre for Brain Research, Auckland 1010, and
| | - Harveen Kaur
- From the School of Biological Sciences.,School of Chemical Sciences, and
| | - Thomas Collier
- the Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Auckland 0632.,the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Kevin Chang
- the Statistical Consulting Centre, Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- From the School of Biological Sciences.,the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jane R Allison
- From the School of Biological Sciences.,the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- From the School of Biological Sciences.,the Brain Research New Zealand Rangahau Roro Aotearoa and Centre for Brain Research, Auckland 1010, and.,School of Chemical Sciences, and.,the Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | | | - Nigel P Birch
- From the School of Biological Sciences.,the Brain Research New Zealand Rangahau Roro Aotearoa and Centre for Brain Research, Auckland 1010, and
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18
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Brewer GJ. Avoiding Alzheimer's disease: The important causative role of divalent copper ingestion. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:114-119. [PMID: 30727765 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219827907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT The work described in this review is very important to scientists working on Alzheimer's disease (AD) because it reveals a cause for the explosive epidemic of this disease. It is also important to the public because it provides a method to avoid this newly revealed cause, and thereby avoid AD. The field is advanced because this review reveals new information about the mechanism of AD pathogenesis, namely copper, and specifically divalent copper, toxicity is important. New information about divalent copper toxicity in the brain affecting cognition is revealed. The field is impacted strongly because, in view of the frustrations that have occurred in treatment developed, now most AD can be prevented. This means the suffering of the patient, the prolonged and difficult care required by caregivers, and the enormous expenditures for this one disease, can now be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Brewer
- University of Michigan, Department of Human Genetics, MI 48103, USA
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19
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Gonçalves CA, Rodrigues L, Bobermin LD, Zanotto C, Vizuete A, Quincozes-Santos A, Souza DO, Leite MC. Glycolysis-Derived Compounds From Astrocytes That Modulate Synaptic Communication. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1035. [PMID: 30728759 PMCID: PMC6351787 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the concept of the tripartite synapse, we have reviewed the role of glucose-derived compounds in glycolytic pathways in astroglial cells. Glucose provides energy and substrate replenishment for brain activity, such as glutamate and lipid synthesis. In addition, glucose metabolism in the astroglial cytoplasm results in products such as lactate, methylglyoxal, and glutathione, which modulate receptors and channels in neurons. Glucose has four potential destinations in neural cells, and it is possible to propose a crossroads in “X” that can be used to describe these four destinations. Glucose-6P can be used either for glycogen synthesis or the pentose phosphate pathway on the left and right arms of the X, respectively. Fructose-6P continues through the glycolysis pathway until pyruvate is formed but can also act as the initial compound in the hexosamine pathway, representing the left and right legs of the X, respectively. We describe each glucose destination and its regulation, indicating the products of these pathways and how they can affect synaptic communication. Extracellular L-lactate, either generated from glucose or from glycogen, binds to HCAR1, a specific receptor that is abundantly localized in perivascular and post-synaptic membranes and regulates synaptic plasticity. Methylglyoxal, a product of a deviation of glycolysis, and its derivative D-lactate are also released by astrocytes and bind to GABAA receptors and HCAR1, respectively. Glutathione, in addition to its antioxidant role, also binds to ionotropic glutamate receptors in the synaptic cleft. Finally, we examined the hexosamine pathway and evaluated the effect of GlcNAc-modification on key proteins that regulate the other glucose destinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Larissa D Bobermin
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Caroline Zanotto
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Adriana Vizuete
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina C Leite
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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20
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Copper in Glucose Intolerance, Cognitive Decline, and Alzheimer Disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2019; 33:77-85. [DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Sensi SL, Granzotto A, Siotto M, Squitti R. Copper and Zinc Dysregulation in Alzheimer's Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:1049-1063. [PMID: 30352697 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of dementia. Despite a wealth of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in AD, current treatments have mainly focused on targeting amyloid β (Aβ) production, but have failed to show significant effects and efficacy. Therefore, a critical reconsideration of the multifactorial nature of the disease is needed. AD is a complex multifactorial disorder in which, along with Aβ and tau, the convergence of polygenic, epigenetic, environmental, vascular, and metabolic factors increases the global susceptibility to the disease and shapes its course. One of the cofactors converging on AD is the dysregulation of brain metals. In this review, we focus on the role of AD-related neurodegeneration and cognitive decline triggered by the imbalance of two endogenous metals: copper and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano L Sensi
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy; Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Institute for Mind Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, USA.
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine, CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Squitti
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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22
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Leone S, Fonderico J, Melchiorre C, Carpentieri A, Picone D. Structural effects of methylglyoxal glycation, a study on the model protein MNEI. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 451:165-171. [PMID: 30014221 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3403-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of free amino groups in proteins with reactive carbonyl species, known as glycation, leads to the formation of mixtures of products, collectively referred to as advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). These compounds have been implicated in several important diseases, but their role in pathogenesis and clinical symptoms' development is still debated. Particularly, AGEs are often associated to the formation of amyloid deposits in conformational diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, and it has been suggested that they might influence the mechanisms and kinetics of protein aggregation. We here present the characterization of the products of glycation of the model protein MNEI with methylglyoxal and their effect on the protein structure. We demonstrate that, despite being an uncontrolled process, glycation occurs only at specific residues of the protein. Moreover, while not affecting the protein fold, it alters its shape and hydrodynamic properties and increases its tendency to fibrillar aggregation. Our study opens the way to in deep structural investigations to shed light on the complex link between protein post-translational modifications, structure, and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | - Jole Fonderico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Melchiorre
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Carpentieri
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Delia Picone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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23
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Emendato A, Milordini G, Zacco E, Sicorello A, Dal Piaz F, Guerrini R, Thorogate R, Picone D, Pastore A. Glycation affects fibril formation of Aβ peptides. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13100-13111. [PMID: 29959224 PMCID: PMC6109928 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence shows that β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, which are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD), are heavily glycated in patients, suggesting a role of this irreversible nonenzymatic post-translational modification in pathology. Previous reports have shown that glycation increases the toxicity of the Aβ peptides, although little is known about the mechanism. Here, we used the natural metabolic by-product methylglyoxal as a glycating agent and exploited various spectroscopic methods and atomic force microscopy to study how glycation affects the structures of the Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides, the aggregation pathway, and the morphologies of the resulting aggregates. We found that glycation significantly slows down but does not prevent β-conversion to mature fibers. We propose that the previously reported higher toxicity of the glycated Aβ peptides could be explained by a longer persistence in an oligomeric form, usually believed to be the toxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Emendato
- From the Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, Napoli 80126, Italy
| | - Giulia Milordini
- King's College London and UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Elsa Zacco
- King's College London and UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Sicorello
- King's College London and UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Remo Guerrini
- the Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Richard Thorogate
- the London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom, and
| | - Delia Picone
- From the Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cintia, Napoli 80126, Italy,
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- King's College London and UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, Denmark Hill Campus, London SE5 9RT, United Kingdom, .,the Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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