1
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Guo C, Nolan EM. Exploring the Antibacterial Activity and Cellular Fates of Enterobactin-Drug Conjugates That Target Gram-Negative Bacterial Pathogens. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1046-1056. [PMID: 38483177 PMCID: PMC11258919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Siderophores are secondary metabolites utilized by bacteria to acquire iron (Fe), an essential transition metal nutrient. Fe levels in the host environment are tightly regulated and can be further restricted to starve invading bacterial pathogens in a host-defense process known as nutritional immunity. To survive and colonize the Fe-limited host environment, bacteria produce siderophores and express cognate siderophore transport machinery. These active transport pathways present an opportunity for selective and efficient drug delivery into bacterial cells, motivating decades of research on synthetic siderophore-antibiotic conjugates (SACs) as a Trojan-horse strategy for the development of targeted antibiotics.Enterobactin (Ent) is a triscatecholate siderophore produced and utilized by many Gram-negative bacteria, including all Escherichia coli and Salmonella species. Within these species, pathogenic strains cause a variety of human diseases including urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, and sepsis. Infections caused by these Gram-negative pathogens can be difficult to treat because of the impermeability of the outer membrane (OM). This impermeability can be overcome by utilizing siderophores as drug delivery vectors for targeting Gram-negative pathogens. Ent is a promising delivery vector because it undergoes active transport across the OM mediated by the Ent uptake machinery after scavenging Fe(III) from the extracellular environment. Despite the well-elucidated chemistry and biology of Ent, its use for SAC development was hampered by the lack of an appropriate functional group for cargo attachment. Our laboratory addressed this need by designing and synthesizing monofunctionalized Ent scaffolds. Over the past decade, we have used these scaffolds to explore Ent-based SACs with a variety of drug warheads, including β-lactam and fluoroquinolone antibiotics, and Pt(IV) prodrugs. Investigations of the antibacterial activities of these conjugates and their cellular fates have informed our design principles and revealed approaches to achieving enhanced antibacterial potency and pathogen-targeted activity. Collectively, our studies of Ent-drug conjugates have provided discoveries, understanding, and invaluable insights for future design and evaluation of SACs.In this Account, we present the story of our work on Ent-drug conjugates that began about ten years ago with the development of monofunctionalized Ent scaffolds and the design and synthesis of various conjugates based on these scaffolds. We describe the antibacterial activity profiles and uptake pathways of Ent-drug conjugates harboring traditional antibiotics and repurposed platinum anticancer agents as well as studies that address cellular targets and fates. Finally, we discuss other applications of monofunctionalized Ent scaffolds, including a siderophore-based immunization strategy. We intend for this Account to inspire further investigations into the fundamental understanding and translational applications of siderophores and siderophore-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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2
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Kharga K, Jha S, Vishwakarma T, Kumar L. Current developments and prospects of the antibiotic delivery systems. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-40. [PMID: 38425122 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2321480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotics have remained the cornerstone for the treatment of bacterial infections ever since their discovery in the twentieth century. The uproar over antibiotic resistance among bacteria arising from genome plasticity and biofilm development has rendered current antibiotic therapies ineffective, urging the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. The development of antibiotic resistance among bacteria has further heightened the clinical failure of antibiotic therapy, which is often linked to its low bioavailability, side effects, and poor penetration and accumulation at the site of infection. In this review, we highlight the potential use of siderophores, antibodies, cell-penetrating peptides, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages, and nanoparticles to smuggle antibiotics across impermeable biological membranes to achieve therapeutically relevant concentrations of antibiotics and combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We will discuss the general mechanisms via which each delivery system functions and how it can be tailored to deliver antibiotics against the paradigm of mechanisms underlying antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Kharga
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubhang Jha
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tanvi Vishwakarma
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Lokender Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Himachal Pradesh, India
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3
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Weng C, Tan YLK, Koh WG, Ang WH. Harnessing Transition Metal Scaffolds for Targeted Antibacterial Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310040. [PMID: 37621226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, caused by persistent adaptation and growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to overprescribed antibiotics, poses one of the most serious and urgent threats to global public health. The limited pipeline of experimental antibiotics in development further exacerbates this looming crisis and new drugs with alternative modes of action are needed to tackle evolving pathogenic adaptation. Transition metal complexes can replenish this diminishing stockpile of drug candidates by providing compounds with unique properties that are not easily accessible using pure organic scaffolds. We spotlight four emerging strategies to harness these unique properties to develop new targeted antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Weng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Wayne Gareth Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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4
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Caradec T, Anoz-Carbonell E, Petrov R, Billamboz M, Antraygues K, Cantrelle FX, Boll E, Beury D, Hot D, Drobecq H, Trivelli X, Hartkoorn RC. A Novel Natural Siderophore Antibiotic Conjugate Reveals a Chemical Approach to Macromolecule Coupling. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:2138-2149. [PMID: 38033789 PMCID: PMC10683483 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural sideromycins, the conjugation of antibiotics to siderophores is an attractive strategy to facilitate "Trojan horse" delivery of antibiotics into bacteria. Genome analysis of a soil bacterium, Dactylosporangium fulvum, found a "hybrid" biosynthetic gene cluster responsible for the production of both an antibiotic, pyridomycin, and a novel chlorocatechol-containing siderophore named chlorodactyloferrin. While both of these natural products were synthesized independently, analysis of the culture supernatant also identified a conjugate of both molecules. We then found that the addition of ferric iron to purified chlorodactyloferrin and pyridomycin instigated their conjugation, leading to the formation of a covalent bond between the siderophore-catechol and the pyridomycin-pyridine groups. Using model reactants, this iron-based reaction was found to proceed through a Michael-type addition reaction, where ferric iron oxidizes the siderophore-catechol group into its quinone form, which is then attacked by the antibiotic pyridyl-nitrogen to form the catechol-pyridinium linkage. These findings prompted us to explore if other "cargo" molecules could be attached to chlorodactyloferrin in a similar manner, and this was indeed confirmed with a pyridine-substituted TAMRA fluorophore as well as with pyridine-substituted penicillin, rifampicin, and norfloxacin antibiotic analogues. The resultant biomimetic conjugates were demonstrated to effectively enter a number of bacteria, with TAMRA-chlorodactyloferrin conjugates causing fluorescent labeling of the bacteria, and with penicillin and rifampicin conjugates eliciting antibiotic activity. These findings open up new opportunities for the design and facile synthesis of a novel class of biomimetic siderophore conjugates with antibiotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Caradec
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ernesto Anoz-Carbonell
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ravil Petrov
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Muriel Billamboz
- Université
Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related
Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
- JUNIA,
Health and Environment, Laboratory of Sustainable
Chemistry and Health, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kevin Antraygues
- Université
Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Francois-Xavier Cantrelle
- Université
Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related
Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, EMR9002
BSI Integrative Structural Biology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Boll
- Université
Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related
Diseases, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, EMR9002
BSI Integrative Structural Biology, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Beury
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie
& Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - David Hot
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR2014 - US41 - PLBS-Plateformes Lilloises de Biologie
& Santé, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Herve Drobecq
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Trivelli
- Université
Lille, CNRS, INRAE, Centrale Lille, Université d’Artois, FR 2638 - IMEC - Institut Michel-Eugène Chevreul, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Ruben C. Hartkoorn
- Université
Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and
Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
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5
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Macyszyn J, Burmistrz M, Mieczkowski A, Wojciechowska M, Trylska J. Conjugates of Aminoglycosides with Stapled Peptides as a Way to Target Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19047-19056. [PMID: 37273645 PMCID: PMC10233823 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The misuse and overuse of antibiotics led to the development of bacterial resistance to existing aminoglycoside (AMG) antibiotics and limited their use. Consequently, there is a growing need to develop effective antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant bacteria. To target resistant strains, we propose to combine 2-deoxystreptamine AMGs, neomycin (NEO) and amikacin (AMK), with a membrane-active antimicrobial peptide anoplin and its hydrocarbon stapled derivative. The AMG-peptide hybrids were conjugated using the click chemistry reaction in solution to obtain a non-cleavable triazole linker and by disulfide bridge formation on the resin to obtain a linker cleavable in the bacterial cytoplasm. Homo-dimers connected via disulfide bridges between the N-terminus thiol analogues of anoplin and hydrocarbon stapled anoplin were also synthesized. These hybrid compounds show a notable increase in antibacterial and bactericidal activity, as compared to the unconjugated ones or their combinations, against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, especially for the strains resistant to AMK or NEO. The conjugates and disulfide peptide dimers exhibit low hemolytic activity on sheep red blood erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Macyszyn
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Burmistrz
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute
of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Wojciechowska
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Trylska
- Centre
of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2c, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Rayner B, Verderosa AD, Ferro V, Blaskovich MAT. Siderophore conjugates to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:800-822. [PMID: 37252105 PMCID: PMC10211321 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00465h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to society due to the increasing emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria that are not susceptible to our last line of defence antibiotics. Exacerbating this issue is a severe gap in antibiotic development, with no new clinically relevant classes of antibiotics developed in the last two decades. The combination of the rapidly increasing emergence of resistance and scarcity of new antibiotics in the clinical pipeline means there is an urgent need for new efficacious treatment strategies. One promising solution, known as the 'Trojan horse' approach, hijacks the iron transport system of bacteria to deliver antibiotics directly into cells - effectively tricking bacteria into killing themselves. This transport system uses natively produced siderophores, which are small molecules with a high affinity for iron. By linking antibiotics to siderophores, to make siderophore antibiotic conjugates, the activity of existing antibiotics can potentially be reinvigorated. The success of this strategy was recently exemplified with the clinical release of cefiderocol, a cephalosporin-siderophore conjugate with potent antibacterial activity against carbapenem-resistant and multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacilli. This review discusses the recent advancements in siderophore antibiotic conjugates and the challenges associated with the design of these compounds that need to be overcome to deliver more efficacious therapeutics. Potential strategies have also been suggested for new generations of siderophore-antibiotics with enhanced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Rayner
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Anthony D Verderosa
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Australia
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7
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Almeida MC, da Costa PM, Sousa E, Resende DISP. Emerging Target-Directed Approaches for the Treatment and Diagnosis of Microbial Infections. J Med Chem 2023; 66:32-70. [PMID: 36586133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
With the rising levels of drug resistance, developing efficient antimicrobial therapies has become a priority. A promising strategy is the conjugation of antibiotics with relevant moieties that can potentiate their activity by target-directing. The conjugation of siderophores with antibiotics allows them to act as Trojan horses by hijacking the microorganisms' highly developed iron transport systems and using them to carry the antibiotic into the cell. Through the analysis of relevant examples of the past decade, this Perspective aims to reveal the potential of siderophore-antibiotic Trojan horses for the treatment of infections and the role of siderophores in diagnostic techniques. Other conjugated molecules will be the subject of discussion, namely those involving vitamin B12, carbohydrates, and amino acids, as well as conjugated compounds targeting protein degradation and β-lactamase activated prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Almeida
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paulo M da Costa
- CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.,ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diana I S P Resende
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, FFUP - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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8
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Synthesis and study of new siderophore analog-ciprofloxacin conjugates with antibiotic activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia spp. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 245:114921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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9
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Zhao S, Wang Z, Lin Z, Wei G, Wen X, Li S, Yang X, Zhang Q, Jing C, Dai Y, Guo J, He Y. Drug Repurposing by Siderophore Conjugation: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Siderophore‐Methotrexate Conjugates as Antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204139. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Peng Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 P. R. China
| | - Zihua Lin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Guoxing Wei
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Xumei Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Siyu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chongqing 400714 P. R. China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Medicine Laboratory Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders 136 Zhongshan 2nd Rd Yuzhong, Chongqing 400014 P. R. China
| | - Chunmei Jing
- Medicine Laboratory Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders 136 Zhongshan 2nd Rd Yuzhong, Chongqing 400014 P. R. China
| | - Yuanwei Dai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Jian Guo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research Innovative Drug Research Center School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Chongqing University Chongqing 401331 P. R. China
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10
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Monteiro KLC, Silva ON, Dos Santos Nascimento IJ, Mendonça Júnior FJB, Aquino PGV, da Silva-Júnior EF, de Aquino TM. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibitors Targeting Resistant Bacteria. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1983-2028. [PMID: 35319372 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220321124452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics was a revolutionary feat that provided countless health benefits. The identification of penicillin by Alexander Fleming initiated the era of antibiotics, represented by constant discoveries that enabled effective treatments for the different classes of diseases caused by bacteria. However, the indiscriminate use of these drugs allowed the emergence of resistance mechanisms of these microorganisms against the available drugs. In addition, the constant discoveries in the 20th century generated a shortage of new molecules, worrying health agencies and professionals about the appearance of multidrug-resistant strains against available drugs. In this context, the advances of recent years in molecular biology and microbiology have allowed new perspectives in drug design and development, using the findings related to the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to generate new drugs that are not affected by such mechanisms and supply new molecules to be used to treat resistant bacterial infections. Besides, a promising strategy against bacterial resistance is the combination of drugs through adjuvants, providing new expectations in designing new antibiotics and new antimicrobial therapies. Thus, this manuscript will address the main mechanisms of bacterial resistance under the understanding of medicinal chemistry, showing the main active compounds against efflux mechanisms, and also the application of the use of drug delivery systems, and finally, the main potential natural products as adjuvants or with promising activity against resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadja Luana Chagas Monteiro
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Osmar Nascimento Silva
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University Center of Anápolis, Unievangélica, 75083-515, Anápolis, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Igor José Dos Santos Nascimento
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edeildo Ferreira da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mendonça de Aquino
- Research Group on Therapeutic Strategies - GPET, Laboratory of Synthesis and Research in Medicinal Chemistry - LSPMED, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
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11
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Zhao S, Wang ZP, Lin Z, Wei G, Wen X, Li S, Yang X, Zhang Q, Jing C, Dai Y, Guo J, He Y. Drug Repurposing by Siderophore Conjugation: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Siderophore‐Methotrexate Conjugates as Antibiotics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhao
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Zhi-Peng Wang
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Zihua Lin
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Guoxing Wei
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Xumei Wen
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Siyu Li
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Qun Zhang
- Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital Medicine Laboratory CHINA
| | - Chunmei Jing
- Chongqing Medical University Affiliated Children's Hospital Department of Clinical Laboratory CHINA
| | - Yuanwei Dai
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Jian Guo
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences CHINA
| | - Yun He
- Chongqing University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Daxuecheng South Road 401331 Chongqing CHINA
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12
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Pandey A, Cao M, Boros E. Tracking Uptake and Metabolism of Xenometallomycins Using a Multi-Isotope Tagging Strategy. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:878-888. [PMID: 35319188 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic and naturally occurring siderophores and their conjugates provide access to the bacterial cytoplasm via active membrane transport. Previously, we displaced iron with the radioactive isotope 67Ga to quantify and track in vitro and in vivo uptake and distribution of siderophore Trojan Horse antibiotic conjugates. Here, we introduce a multi-isotope tagging strategy to individually elucidate the fate of metal cargo and the ligand construct with radioisotopes 67Ga and 124I. We synthesized gallium(III) model complexes of a ciprofloxacin-functionalized linear desferrichrome (Ga-D6) and deferoxamine (Ga-D7) incorporating an iodo-tyrosine linker to enable radiolabeling using the metal-binding (67Ga) and the cargo-conjugation site (124I). Radiochemical experiments with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa wt strains show that 67Ga-D6/D7 and Ga-D6-124I/D7-124I have comparable uptake, indicating intact complex import and siderophore-mediated uptake. In naive mice, 67Ga-D6/D7 and Ga-D6-124I/D7-124I demonstrate predominantly renal clearance; urine metabolite analysis indicates in vivo dissociation of Ga(III) is a likely mechanism of degradation for 67Ga-D6/D7 when compared to ligand radiolabeled compounds, Ga-D6-124I/D7-124I, which remain >60% intact in urine. Cumulatively, this work demonstrates that a multi-isotope tagging strategy effectively elucidates the in vitro uptake, pharmacokinetics, and in vivo stability of xenometallomycins with modular chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Minhua Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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13
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Klahn P, Zscherp R, Jimidar CC. Advances in the Synthesis of Enterobactin, Artificial Analogues, and Enterobactin-Derived Antimicrobial Drug Conjugates and Imaging Tools for Infection Diagnosis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1783-0751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIron is an essential growth factor for bacteria, but although highly abundant in nature, its bioavailability during infection in the human host or the environment is limited. Therefore, bacteria produce and secrete siderophores to ensure their supply of iron. The triscatecholate siderophore enterobactin and its glycosylated derivatives, the salmochelins, play a crucial role for iron acquisition in several bacteria. As these compounds can serve as carrier molecules for the design of antimicrobial siderophore drug conjugates as well as siderophore-derived tool compounds for the detection of infections with bacteria, their synthesis and the design of artificial analogues is of interest. In this review, we give an overview on the synthesis of enterobactin, biomimetic as well as totally artificial analogues, and related drug-conjugates covering up to 12/2021.1 Introduction2 Antibiotic Crisis and Sideromycins as Natural Templates for New Antimicrobial Drugs3 Biosynthesis of Enterobactin, Salmochelins, and Microcins4 Total Synthesis of Enterobactin and Salmochelins5 Chemoenzymatic Semi-synthesis of Salmochelins and Microcin E492m Derivatives6 Synthesis of Biomimetic Enterobactin Derivatives with Natural Tris-lactone Backbone7 Synthesis of Artificial Enterobactin Derivatives without Tris-lactone Backbone8 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig
- Department for Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg
| | - Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig
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14
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Pandeya A, Yang L, Alegun O, Karunasena C, Risko C, Li Z, Wei Y. Biotinylation as a tool to enhance the uptake of small molecules in Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260023. [PMID: 34767592 PMCID: PMC8589159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern. The shrinking selection of effective antibiotics and lack of new development is making the situation worse. Gram-negative bacteria more specifically pose serious threat because of their double layered cell envelope and effective efflux systems, which is a challenge for drugs to penetrate. One promising approach to breach this barrier is the “Trojan horse strategy”. In this technique, an antibiotic molecule is conjugated with a nutrient molecule that helps the antibiotic to enter the cell through dedicated transporters for the nutrient. Here, we explored the approach using biotin conjugation with a florescent molecule Atto565 to determine if biotinylation enhances accumulation. Biotin is an essential vitamin for bacteria and is obtained through either synthesis or uptake from the environment. We found that biotinylation enhanced accumulation of Atto565 in E. coli. However, the enhancement did not seem to be due to uptake through biotin transporters since the presence of free biotin had no observable impact on accumulation. Accumulated compound was mostly in the periplasm, as determined by cell fractionation studies. This was further confirmed through the observation that expression of streptavidin in the periplasm specifically enhanced the accumulation of biotinylated Atto565. This enhancement was not observed when streptavidin was expressed in the cytoplasm indicating no significant distribution of the compound inside the cytoplasm. Using gene knockout strains, plasmid complementation and mutagenesis studies we demonstrated that biotinylation made the compound a better passenger through OmpC, an outer membrane porin. Density functional theory (DFT)-based evaluation of the three-dimensional geometries showed that biotinylation did not directly stabilize the conformation of the compound to make it favorable for the entry through a pore. Further studies including molecular dynamics simulations are necessary to determine the possible mechanisms of enhanced accumulation of the biotinylated Atto565.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Olaniyi Alegun
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Chamikara Karunasena
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Centre for Applied Energy and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- Centre for Applied Energy and Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Zhenyu Li
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
| | - Yinan Wei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Bohac TJ, Fang L, Banas VS, Giblin DE, Wencewicz TA. Synthetic Mimics of Native Siderophores Disrupt Iron Trafficking in Acinetobacter baumannii. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2138-2151. [PMID: 34110766 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Many pathogenic bacteria biosynthesize and excrete small molecule metallophores, known as siderophores, that are used to extract ferric iron from host sources to satisfy nutritional need. Native siderophores are often structurally complex multidentate chelators that selectively form high-affinity octahedral ferric iron complexes with defined chirality recognizable by cognate protein receptors displayed on the bacterial cell surface. Simplified achiral analogues can serve as synthetically tractable siderophore mimics with potential utility as chemical probes and therapeutic agents to better understand and treat bacterial infections, respectively. Here, we demonstrate that synthetic spermidine-derived mixed ligand bis-catecholate monohydroxamate siderophores (compounds 1-3) are versatile structural and biomimetic analogues of two native siderophores, acinetobactin and fimsbactin, produced by Acinetobacter baumannii, a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative human pathogen. The metal-free and ferric iron complexes of the synthetic siderophores are growth-promoting agents of A. baumannii, while the Ga(III)-complexes are potent growth inhibitors of A. baumannii with MIC values <1 μM. The synthetic siderophores compete with native siderophores for uptake in A. baumannii and maintain comparable apparent binding affinities for ferric iron (KFe) and the siderophore-binding protein BauB (Kd). Our findings provide new insight to guide the structural fine-tuning of these compounds as siderophore-based therapeutics targeting pathogenic strains of A. baumannii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabbetha J. Bohac
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Luting Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Victoria S. Banas
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Daryl E. Giblin
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Timothy A. Wencewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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16
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Li W, Separovic F, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Wade JD. Chemically modified and conjugated antimicrobial peptides against superbugs. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4932-4973. [PMID: 33710195 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to human health that, by 2050, will lead to more deaths from bacterial infections than cancer. New antimicrobial agents, both broad-spectrum and selective, that do not induce AMR are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a novel class of alternatives that possess potent activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and positive bacteria with little or no capacity to induce AMR. This has stimulated substantial chemical development of novel peptide-based antibiotics possessing improved therapeutic index. This review summarises recent synthetic efforts and their impact on analogue design as well as their various applications in AMP development. It includes modifications that have been reported to enhance antimicrobial activity including lipidation, glycosylation and multimerization through to the broad application of novel bio-orthogonal chemistry, as well as perspectives on the direction of future research. The subject area is primarily the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents through selective, rational chemical modification of AMPs. The review further serves as a guide toward the most promising directions in this field to stimulate broad scientific attention, and will lead to new, effective and selective solutions for the several biomedical challenges to which antimicrobial peptidomimetics are being applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Li
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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17
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Zscherp R, Coetzee J, Vornweg J, Grunenberg J, Herrmann J, Müller R, Klahn P. Biomimetic enterobactin analogue mediates iron-uptake and cargo transport into E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10179-10190. [PMID: 34377407 PMCID: PMC8336463 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The design, synthesis and biological evaluation of the artificial enterobactin analogue EntKL and several fluorophore-conjugates thereof are described. EntKL provides an attachment point for cargos such as fluorophores or antimicrobial payloads. Corresponding conjugates are recognized by outer membrane siderophore receptors of Gram-negative pathogens and retain the natural hydrolyzability of the tris-lactone backbone. Initial density-functional theory (DFT) calculations of the free energies of solvation (ΔG(sol)) and relaxed Fe–O force constants of the corresponding [Fe-EntKL]3− complexes indicated a similar iron binding constant compared to natural enterobactin (Ent). The synthesis of EntKL was achieved via an iterative assembly based on a 3-hydroxylysine building block over 14 steps with an overall yield of 3%. A series of growth recovery assays under iron-limiting conditions with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutant strains that are defective in natural siderophore synthesis revealed a potent concentration-dependent growth promoting effect of EntKL similar to natural Ent. Additionally, four cargo-conjugates differing in molecular size were able to restore growth of E. coli indicating an uptake into the cytosol. P. aeruginosa displayed a stronger uptake promiscuity as six different cargo-conjugates were found to restore growth under iron-limiting conditions. Imaging studies utilizing BODIPYFL-conjugates, demonstrated the ability of EntKL to overcome the Gram-negative outer membrane permeability barrier and thus deliver molecular cargos via the bacterial iron transport machinery of E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The design, synthesis and evaluation of the enterobactin derivative (AcO)EntKL is reported, which mediates iron uptake and cargo transport into E. coli and P. aeruginosa and was able to compete with human enterobactin and iron binding proteins.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zscherp
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Janetta Coetzee
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Johannes Vornweg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jörg Grunenberg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department for Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research and Department of Pharmacy at Universität des Saarlandes Campus Building E 8.1 D-66123 Saarbrücken Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) Site Hannover-Braunschweig Germany
| | - Philipp Klahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 D-38106 Braunschweig Germany
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18
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Klebba PE, Newton SMC, Six DA, Kumar A, Yang T, Nairn BL, Munger C, Chakravorty S. Iron Acquisition Systems of Gram-negative Bacterial Pathogens Define TonB-Dependent Pathways to Novel Antibiotics. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5193-5239. [PMID: 33724814 PMCID: PMC8687107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable metabolic cofactor in both pro- and eukaryotes, which engenders a natural competition for the metal between bacterial pathogens and their human or animal hosts. Bacteria secrete siderophores that extract Fe3+ from tissues, fluids, cells, and proteins; the ligand gated porins of the Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane actively acquire the resulting ferric siderophores, as well as other iron-containing molecules like heme. Conversely, eukaryotic hosts combat bacterial iron scavenging by sequestering Fe3+ in binding proteins and ferritin. The variety of iron uptake systems in Gram-negative bacterial pathogens illustrates a range of chemical and biochemical mechanisms that facilitate microbial pathogenesis. This document attempts to summarize and understand these processes, to guide discovery of immunological or chemical interventions that may thwart infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip E Klebba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Salete M C Newton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - David A Six
- Venatorx Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 30 Spring Mill Drive, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Taihao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Brittany L Nairn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bethel University, 3900 Bethel Drive, St. Paul, Minnesota 55112, United States
| | - Colton Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Somnath Chakravorty
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, United States
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19
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Zherebtsov MA, Arsenyev MV, Baranov EV, Chesnokov SA, Cherkasov VK. Synthesis and structure of sterically hindered o-benzoquinone carboxylic acid. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Swayambhu G, Bruno M, Gulick AM, Pfeifer BA. Siderophore natural products as pharmaceutical agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 69:242-251. [PMID: 33640597 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Siderophore natural products are characterized by an ability to tightly chelate metals. The origins of such compounds are often pathogenic microbes utilizing siderophores as virulence factors during host infection. The mechanism for siderophore formation typically involves the activity of nonribosomal peptide synthetases producing compounds across functional group classifications that include catecholate, phenolate, hydroxamate, and mixed categories. Though siderophore production has been a hallmark of pathogenicity, the evolutionarily-optimized binding abilities of siderophores suggest the possibility of re-directing the compounds towards alternative beneficial applications. In this mini-review, we will first describe siderophore formation origins before discussing alternative applications as pharmaceutical products. In so doing, we will cover examples and applications that include reducing metal overload, targeted antibiotic delivery, cancer treatment, vaccine development, and diagnostics. Included in this analysis will be a discussion on the native production hosts of siderophores and prospects for improvement in compound access through the adoption of heterologous biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Swayambhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Michael Bruno
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Andrew M Gulick
- Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Blaine A Pfeifer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.
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21
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Fan D, Fang Q. Siderophores for medical applications: Imaging, sensors, and therapeutics. Int J Pharm 2021; 597:120306. [PMID: 33540031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Siderophores are low-molecular-weight chelators produced by microorganisms to scavenge iron from the environment and deliver it to cells via specific receptors. Tremendous researches on the molecular basis of siderophore regulation, synthesis, secretion, and uptake have inspired their diverse applications in the medical field. Replacing iron with radionuclides in siderophores, such as the most prominent Ga-68 for positron emission tomography (PET), carves out ways for targeted imaging of infectious diseases and cancers. Additionally, the high affinity of siderophores for metal ions or microorganisms makes them a potent detecting moiety in sensors that can be used for diagnosis. As for therapeutics, the notable Trojan horse-inspired siderophore-antibiotic conjugates demonstrate enhanced toxicity against multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Besides, siderophores can tackle iron overload diseases and, when combined with moieties such as hydrogels and nanoparticles, a wide spectrum of iron-induced diseases and even cancers. In this review, we briefly outline the related mechanisms, before summarizing the siderophore-based applications in imaging, sensors, and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fan
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qiaojun Fang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ambient Particles Health Effects and Prevention Techniques, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, PR China; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 101408, PR China.
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22
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Abstract
Drug-resistant infections pose a significant risk to global health as pathogenic bacteria become increasingly difficult to treat. The rapid selection of resistant strains through poor antibiotic stewardship has reduced the number of viable treatments and increased morbidity of infections, especially among the immunocompromised. To circumvent such challenges, new strategies are required to stay ahead of emerging resistance trends, yet research and funding for antibiotic development lags other classes of therapeutics. Though the use of metals in therapeutics has been around for centuries, recent strategies have devoted a great deal of effort into the pathways through which bacteria acquire and utilize iron, which is critical for the establishment of infection. To target iron uptake systems, siderophore-drug conjugates have been developed that hijack siderophore-based iron uptake for delivery of antibiotics. While this strategy has produced several potential leads, the use of siderophores in infection is diminished over time when bacteria adapt to utilize heme as an iron source, leading to a need for the development of porphyrin mimetics as therapeutics. The use of such strategies as well as the inclusion of gallium, a redox-inert iron mimic, are herein reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrick Centola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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23
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Boyce JH, Dang B, Ary B, Edmondson Q, Craik CS, DeGrado WF, Seiple IB. Platform to Discover Protease-Activated Antibiotics and Application to Siderophore-Antibiotic Conjugates. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21310-21321. [PMID: 33301681 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a platform for discovery of protease-activated prodrugs and apply it to antibiotics that target Gram-negative bacteria. Because cleavable linkers for prodrugs had not been developed for bacterial proteases, we used substrate phage to discover substrates for proteases found in the bacterial periplasm. Rather than focusing on a single protease, we used a periplasmic extract of E. coli to find sequences with the greatest susceptibility to the endogenous mixture of periplasmic proteases. Using a fluorescence assay, candidate sequences were evaluated to identify substrates that release native amine-containing payloads. We next designed conjugates consisting of (1) an N-terminal siderophore to facilitate uptake, (2) a protease-cleavable linker, and (3) an amine-containing antibiotic. Using this strategy, we converted daptomycin-which by itself is active only against Gram-positive bacteria-into an antibiotic capable of targeting Gram-negative Acinetobacter species. We similarly demonstrated siderophore-facilitated delivery of oxazolidinone and macrolide antibiotics into a number of Gram-negative species. These results illustrate this platform's utility for development of protease-activated prodrugs, including Trojan horse antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Boyce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Bobo Dang
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Beatrice Ary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Quinn Edmondson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - William F DeGrado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ian B Seiple
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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24
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Skwarecki AS, Nowak MG, Milewska MJ. Synthetic strategies in construction of organic low molecular-weight carrier-drug conjugates. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104311. [PMID: 33142423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inefficient transportation of polar metabolic inhibitors through cell membranes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells precludes their direct use as drug candidates in chemotherapy. One of the possible solutions to this problem is application of the 'Trojan horse' strategy, i.e. conjugation of an active substance with a molecular carrier of organic or inorganic nature, facilitating membrane penetration. In this work, the synthetic strategies used in rational design and preparation of conjugates of bioactive agents with three types of organic low molecular-weight carriers have been reviewed. These include iron-chelating agents, siderophores and cell-penetrating peptides. Moreover, a less known but very promising "molecular umbrella" conjugation strategy has been presented. Special attention has been paid on appropriate linking strategies, especially these allowing intracellular drug release after internalisation of a conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Skwarecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Michał G Nowak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maria J Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 11/12 Gabriela Narutowicza Street, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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25
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Ptaszyńska N, Gucwa K, Olkiewicz K, Łȩgowska A, Okońska J, Ruczyński J, Gitlin-Domagalska A, Dȩbowski D, Milewski S, Rolka K. Antibiotic-Based Conjugates Containing Antimicrobial HLopt2 Peptide: Design, Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2233-2242. [PMID: 31513374 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that modified human lactoferrin 20-31 fragment, named HLopt2, possesses antibacterial and antifungal activity. Thus, we decided to synthesize and evaluate the biological activity of a series of conjugates based on this peptide and one of the antimicrobials with proven antibacterial (ciprofloxacin, CIP, and levofloxacin, LVX) or antifungal (fluconazole, FLC) activity. The drugs were covalently connected to the peptide via amide, methylenecarbonyl moieties, or a disulfide bridge. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated under Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) recommended conditions or in a low-salt brain-heart infusion diluted medium (BHI1/100). Results showed that conjugation of the peptide with the drug increased its antimicrobial activity up to 4-fold. Under CLSI-recommended conditions, all the compounds revealed rather low efficiency. Among conjugates, the highest antibacterial activity was recorded for the CIP-Cys-S-S-HLopt2-NH2 (III). In BHI1/100, which had lower differentiating properties, all of the conjugates revealed low MIC and MMC (minimum inhibitory and microbicidal concentrations) values. The disulfide bridge used as a linker in the most active conjugate (III) upon incubation with S. aureus cells is reduced, releasing constituent peptide and CIP-Cys. In addition, we showed that its fluorescently labeled analogue and constituent peptide are able to be internalized into both C. albicans and S. aureus cells. Moreover, the invaluable advantage of the presented conjugates was their low toxicity to mammalian cells and very low hemolytic activity. The current research can form a solid basis for further in vivo studies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ptaszyńska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gucwa
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Olkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Łȩgowska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Okońska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Ruczyński
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Gitlin-Domagalska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dawid Dȩbowski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sławomir Milewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rolka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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26
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Negash KH, Norris JKS, Hodgkinson JT. Siderophore-Antibiotic Conjugate Design: New Drugs for Bad Bugs? Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183314. [PMID: 31514464 PMCID: PMC6767078 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health concern and a current threat to modern medicine and society. New strategies for antibiotic drug design and delivery offer a glimmer of hope in a currently limited pipeline of new antibiotics. One strategy involves conjugating iron-chelating microbial siderophores to an antibiotic or antimicrobial agent to enhance uptake and antibacterial potency. Cefiderocol (S-649266) is a promising cephalosporin–catechol conjugate currently in phase III clinical trials that utilizes iron-mediated active transport and demonstrates enhanced potency against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative pathogens. Such molecules demonstrate that siderophore–antibiotic conjugates could be important future medicines to add to our antibiotic arsenal. This review is written in the context of the chemical design of siderophore–antibiotic conjugates focusing on the differing siderophore, linker, and antibiotic components that make up conjugates. We selected chemically distinct siderophore–antibiotic conjugates as exemplary conjugates, rather than multiple analogues, to highlight findings to date. The review should offer a general guide to the uninitiated in the molecular design of siderophore–antibiotic conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokob H Negash
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, George Porter Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - James K S Norris
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, George Porter Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - James T Hodgkinson
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, George Porter Building, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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27
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Moynié L, Milenkovic S, Mislin GLA, Gasser V, Malloci G, Baco E, McCaughan RP, Page MGP, Schalk IJ, Ceccarelli M, Naismith JH. The complex of ferric-enterobactin with its transporter from Pseudomonas aeruginosa suggests a two-site model. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3673. [PMID: 31413254 PMCID: PMC6694100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11508-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use small molecules called siderophores to scavenge iron. Siderophore-Fe3+ complexes are recognised by outer-membrane transporters and imported into the periplasm in a process dependent on the inner-membrane protein TonB. The siderophore enterobactin is secreted by members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, but many other bacteria including Pseudomonas species can use it. Here, we show that the Pseudomonas transporter PfeA recognises enterobactin using extracellular loops distant from the pore. The relevance of this site is supported by in vivo and in vitro analyses. We suggest there is a second binding site deeper inside the structure and propose that correlated changes in hydrogen bonds link binding-induced structural re-arrangements to the structural adjustment of the periplasmic TonB-binding motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Moynié
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genomics, 7 Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Stefan Milenkovic
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Gaëtan L A Mislin
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Gasser
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, Strasbourg, France
| | - Giuliano Malloci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, Monserrato, 09042, Italy
| | - Etienne Baco
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Malcolm G P Page
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Campus Ring 1, Bremen, 28759, Germany
| | - Isabelle J Schalk
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242, ESBS, Bld Sébastien Brant, Illkirch, F-67413, Strasbourg, France.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042, Italy.
| | - Matteo Ceccarelli
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP Monserrato-Sestu Km 0.700, Monserrato, 09042, Italy.
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali-CNR, Cittadella Universitaria, Monserrato, 09042, Italy.
| | - James H Naismith
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre of Human Genomics, 7 Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, UK.
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Didcot, OX11 0FA, UK.
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28
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Kong H, Cheng W, Wei H, Yuan Y, Yang Z, Zhang X. An overview of recent progress in siderophore-antibiotic conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 182:111615. [PMID: 31434038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria have become one of the most important reasons for the failure of clinical anti-infective treatment. Siderophore-antibiotic conjugates, which were designed based on a "Trojan horse" strategy wherein features enabled active uptake to bypass the Gram-negative cell wall, have been expected to be a weapon for anti-infective treatment in the clinic. Herein, we review antibiotic drug design strategies based on mimics of nature siderophores reported in recent years, we also focus our attention on the relationship between the type of linker and the corresponding antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Weiyan Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Han Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yongliang Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Zhiheng Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Precision Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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29
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Hunsaker EW, Franz KJ. Emerging Opportunities To Manipulate Metal Trafficking for Therapeutic Benefit. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13528-13545. [PMID: 31247859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The indispensable requirement for metals in life processes has led to the evolution of sophisticated mechanisms that allow organisms to maintain dynamic equilibria of these ions. This dynamic control of the level, speciation, and availability of a variety of metal ions allows organisms to sustain biological processes while avoiding toxicity. When functioning properly, these mechanisms allow cells to return to their metal homeostatic set points following shifts in the metal availability or other stressors. These periods of transition, when cells are in a state of flux in which they work to regain homeostasis, present windows of opportunity to pharmacologically manipulate targets associated with metal-trafficking pathways in ways that could either facilitate a return to homeostasis and the recovery of cellular function or further push cells outside of homeostasis and into cellular distress. The purpose of this Viewpoint is to highlight emerging opportunities for chemists and chemical biologists to develop compounds to manipulate metal-trafficking processes for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Hunsaker
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
| | - Katherine J Franz
- Department of Chemistry , Duke University , French Family Science Center, 124 Science Drive , Durham , North Carolina 27708 , United States
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30
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Analogues of desferrioxamine B (DFOB) with new properties and new functions generated using precursor-directed biosynthesis. Biometals 2019; 32:395-408. [PMID: 30701380 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-019-00175-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Desferrioxamine B (DFOB) is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator. Although DFOB has a long clinical history for the treatment of chronic iron overload, limitations encourage the development of new analogues. This review describes a recent body of work that has used precursor-directed biosynthesis (PDB) to access new DFOB analogues. PDB exploits the native biosynthetic machinery of a producing organism in culture medium augmented with non-native substrates that compete against native substrates during metabolite assembly. The method allows access to analogues of natural products using benign methods, compared to multistep organic synthesis. The disadvantages of PDB are the production of metabolites in low yield and the need to purify complex mixtures. Streptomyces pilosus medium was supplemented with different types of non-native diamine substrates to compete against native 1,5-diaminopentane to generate DFOB analogues containing alkene bonds, fluorine atoms, ether or thioether functional groups, or a disulfide bond. All analogues retained function as Fe(III) chelators and have properties that could broaden the utility of DFOB. These PDB studies have also added knowledge to the understanding of DFOB biosynthesis.
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31
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Pardeshi KA, Kumar TA, Ravikumar G, Shukla M, Kaul G, Chopra S, Chakrapani H. Targeted Antibacterial Activity Guided by Bacteria-Specific Nitroreductase Catalytic Activation to Produce Ciprofloxacin. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:751-759. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kundansingh A. Pardeshi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - T. Anand Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Govindan Ravikumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manjulika Shukla
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Grace Kaul
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Microbiology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harinath Chakrapani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411 008, Maharashtra, India
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32
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Que L. Alison Butler: papers in celebration of her 2018 ACS Alfred Bader Award in Bioorganic or Bioinorganic Chemistry. J Biol Inorg Chem 2018; 26:375-377. [PMID: 30288609 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-018-1618-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Que
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0431, USA.
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33
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Richardson-Sanchez T, Codd R. Engineering a cleavable disulfide bond into a natural product siderophore using precursor-directed biosynthesis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:9813-9816. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc04981e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An analogue of the bacterial siderophore desferrioxamine B (DFOB) containing a disulfide motif in the backbone was produced from Streptomyces pilosus cultures supplemented with cystamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Richardson-Sanchez
- The University of Sydney
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute
- Camperdown
- Australia
| | - Rachel Codd
- The University of Sydney
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute
- Camperdown
- Australia
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