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Selbach S, Klocke A, Peters U, Beckert S, Watt RM, Tong R, Flemmig TF, Hensel A, Beikler T. Microbiological and Clinical Effects of a Proanthocyanidin-enriched Extract from Rumex acetosa in Periodontally Healthy Carriers of Porphyromonas gingivalis: a Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:1052-1062. [PMID: 34953469 DOI: 10.1055/a-1728-2249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Rumex acetosa significantly inhibits the adhesion of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. g.) to eukaryotic host cells in vitro. The objective of this randomized placebo-controlled pilot-trial was to analyze effects of a mouth rinse containing 0.8% (w/w) of a quantified proanthocyanidin-enriched extract from Rumex acetosa (RA1) on microbiological, clinical, and cytological parameters in systemically healthy individuals without history of periodontitis, harboring P. g. intraorally. 35 subjects received a supragingival debridement (SD) followed by mouth rinsing (3 times daily) with either RA1 mouth rinse solution (test) or placebo (control) for 7 days as adjunct to routine oral hygiene. Supragingival biofilm samples were taken at screening visit, baseline (BL), 2, 4, 7 and 14 days after SD. P. g. and 11 other oral microorganisms were detected and quantified by rtPCR. Changes in the oral microbiota composition of one test and one control subject were assessed via high throughput 16S rRNS gene amplicon sequencing. Approximal Plaque Index (API) and the modified Sulcular Bleeding Index (SBI) were assessed at BL, 7- and 14-days following SD. Brush biopsies were taken at BL and 14 d following SD. Intergroup comparisons revealed no significant microbiological, cytological, and clinical differences at any timepoint. However, a significant reduction in SBI at day 14 (p = 0.003) and API at day 7 (p = 0.02) and day 14 (p = 0.009) was found in the test group by intragroup comparison. No severe adverse events were observed. The results indicate that RA1 mouth rinse is safe but does not seem to inhibit colonization of P. g. or improve periodontal health following SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Selbach
- Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Ulrike Peters
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Beckert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rory Munro Watt
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Raymond Tong
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Thomas Frank Flemmig
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Peoples' Republic of China
| | - Andreas Hensel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Dai W, Lin Y, Yang X, Huang P, Xia L, Ma J. Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Chlorhexidine for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Prevention in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:5311034. [PMID: 35942379 PMCID: PMC9356777 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5311034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of chlorhexidine oral care in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) by means of meta-analysis. Methods Randomized controlled trials on the effect of chlorhexidine oral care on the incidence of VAP in patients on mechanical ventilation were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Embase from May 1, 2022. Two researchers independently screened and included the study, extracted the data, and evaluated the literature quality. RevMan5.3 software was used for meta-analysis. Results Meta-analysis of 13 included literature studies involving 1533 patients showed that oral care with chlorhexidine solution could reduce the incidence of VAP in patients with mechanical ventilation and the difference was statistically significant (RR = 0.61, 95% CI (0.46, 0.82), P=0.04). However, the results showed that the incidence of VAP of low concentration (0.02%, 0.12%, and 0.2%) and high concentration (2%) of chlorhexidine in the intervention group was lower than that in the control group and the difference was statistically significant (RR = 0.70, 95% CI (0.51, 0.96), P=0.03; RR = 0.41, 95% CI (0.27, 0.62)). There was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups (RR = 1.01, 95% CI (0.85, 1.21), P=0.87). There was no statistical significance in days ventilated or days in ICU between the two groups (RR = -0.02, 95% CI (-0.19, 0.16), P=0.84; RR = 0.01, 95% CI (-0.11, 0.14), P=0.85). Conclusion Existing evidence shows that chlorhexidine used for oral care of patients with mechanical ventilation can reduce the incidence of VAP, and high concentration of chlorhexidine (2%) or low concentration of chlorhexidine (0.02%, 0.12%, 0.2%) has a significant effect on the prevention of VAP. Considering the safety of clinical application, it is recommended to use 0.02%, 0.12%, and 0.2% chlorhexidine solution for oral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Dai
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yao Lin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangying Yang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liuqin Xia
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianping Ma
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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BİLGİLİ CAN D, ÖZARSLAN M. EFFECT OF WHITENING MOUTHWASH ON COLOR CHANGE OF DISCOLORED BULK-FILL COMPOSITE RESINS. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.1032447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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4
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Ntovas P, Masouras K, Lagouvardos P. Efficacy of non-hydrogen peroxide mouthrinses on tooth whitening: An in vitro study. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2021; 33:1059-1065. [PMID: 34228393 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the tooth whitening efficacy of non-hydrogen peroxide containing mouthrinses. METHODS Forty incisors were randomly assigned into four groups. Four whitening mouthrinses, Oral-B 3D White Luxe/Procter & Gamble (WL), Listerine Advanced White/Johnson & Johnson (AW), Colgate Max White/Colgate (MW), and iWhite Whitening Mouthwash/Sylphar (iW), were used over a four-week period. Color changes of L*, a*, b*, ΔE*ab , and ΔE00 , were recorded by a digital spectrophotometer (Spectroshade Micro/Mht), at baseline and intermediate week-intervals. Data were statistically analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA at α = 0.05. RESULTS The first-week mean change of L* was 0.76 and significantly different from the baseline for all solutions, without any further changes. Correspondingly, a* decreased by -0.36, while b* increased by 0.48, contributing to a color change of 1.15 ΔE*ab or 0.91 ΔE00 . No differences were found among the solutions in respect to color-parameter changes (p > 0.05). Differences among time intervals were significant (p < 0.05) and mainly observed between the baseline and the following week-measurements. There was no statistically significant time-solution interaction (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Non-hydrogen peroxide whitening mouthrinses, slightly contribute to tooth whitening, by removing superficial staining, without any further tooth bleaching effect. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Non-hydrogen peroxide containing whitening mouthrinses, despite having a quick initial action, reach their ceiling relatively soon. Their effectiveness is barely perceptible and definitely inferior to other professional tooth bleaching methods. Thus, they can only be considered as a supplementary way of keeping teeth whiter, mainly by preventing recurrent tooth discoloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Ntovas
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Masouras
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Lagouvardos
- Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Greene AC, Acharya AP, Lee SB, Gottardi R, Zaleski E, Little SR. Cranberry extract-based formulations for preventing bacterial biofilms. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1144-1155. [PMID: 32783154 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Generating formulations for the delivery of a mixture of natural compounds extracted from natural sources is a challenge because of unknown active and inactive ingredients and possible interactions between them. As one example, natural cranberry extracts have been proposed for the prevention of biofilm formation on dental pellicle or teeth. However, such extracts may contain phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides along with other constituents like coumaroyl iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, alpha-linolenic acid, n-6 (or n-3) fatty acids, and crude fiber. Due to the presence of a variety of compounds, determining which molecules (and how many molecules) are essential for preventing biofilm growth is nontrivial to ascertain. Therefore, a formulation that could contain natural, unrefined, cranberry extract (with all its constituent compounds) at high loading would be ideal. Accordingly, we have generated several candidate formulations including poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based microencapsulation of cranberry extract (CE15) as well as formulations including stearic acid along with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or Ethyl lauroyl arginate (LAE) complexed with cranberry extracts (CE15). We found that stearic acid in combination with PVP or LAE as excipients led to higher loading of the active and inactive compounds in CE15 as compared with a PLGA microencapsulation and also sustained release of CE15 in a tunable manner. Using this method, we have been able to generate two successful formulations (one preventative based, one treatment based) that effectively inhibit biofilm growth when incubated with saliva. In addition to cranberry extract, this technique could also be a promising candidate for other natural extracts to form controlled release systems.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee C Greene
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Abhinav P Acharya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85284, USA
| | - Sang B Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.,Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.,Ri.MED Foundation, 90133, Palermo, Italy
| | - Erin Zaleski
- Johnson & Johnson Consumer Health, Skillman, NJ, 08558, USA
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Krishna L, Sampson U, Annamala PT, Unni KM, Binukumar B, George A, Sreedharan R. Genomic Instability in Exfoliated Buccal Cells among Cement Warehouse Workers. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE 2020; 11:33-40. [PMID: 31905193 PMCID: PMC7024590 DOI: 10.15171/ijoem.2020.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers in cement warehouses of Kerala are enduring long-standing exposure to cement dust, which is considered genotoxic. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the extent of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity caused due to exposure of cement dust among those working in cement warehouses. METHODS The study included 82 cement warehouse workers and 82 age-matched individuals with no exposure to cement dust. Exfoliated buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt) was performed to analyze the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects caused by inhalation of cement dust. RESULTS The frequency of various genotoxic and cytotoxic end markers (micronucleated cells [2-fold increase, p<0.001], nuclear buds [4-fold increase, p<0.001], binucleated cells [4-fold increase, p<0.001], karyorrhectic cells [2-fold increase, p<0.001], pyknotic cells [3-fold increase, p<0.001], and karyolytic cells [2-fold increase, p<0.001]) were higher in the exposed workers compared with unexposed group. Increase of these parameters represented an increased level of chromosomal damage, nuclear disintegration and increased cell death among exposed group compared with unexposed group. CONCLUSION Continuous exposure to cement dust results in increased frequency of nuclear aberrations and cellular apoptosis. This may lead to defects in genome maintenance, accelerated ageing, increased chance of oral cancer and neurodegenerative disorders in those occupationally exposed to cement dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalu Krishna
- Department of Anatomy, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India.,Department of Biochemistry, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Meenakshi academy of higher education, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ursula Sampson
- Department of Biochemistry, Meenakshi Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Meenakshi academy of higher education, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Kumudam Malati Unni
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Bhaskarapillai Binukumar
- Department of Biostatistics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, India
| | - Alex George
- Jubilee Centre for Medical Research, Jubilee Mission Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Ranjith Sreedharan
- Department of Anatomy, Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
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Guandalini Cunha B, Duque C, Sampaio Caiaffa K, Massunari L, Araguê Catanoze I, dos Santos DM, de Oliveira SHP, Guiotti AM. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial effects of citronella oil (Cymbopogon nardus) and commercial mouthwashes on S. aureus and C. albicans biofilms in prosthetic materials. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 109:104577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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García-Cortés JO, Loyola-Rodríguez JP, Monárrez-Espino J. Gingival biotypes in Mexican students aged 17-19 years old and their associated anatomic structures, socio-demographic and dietary factors. J Oral Sci 2019; 61:156-163. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José O. García-Cortés
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosi Autonomous University
| | | | - Joel Monárrez-Espino
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institute
- Research Department, Claustro University
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9
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Ribeiro DA. Letter to the Editor. J Oral Pathol Med 2018; 47:629. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences; Federal University of Sao Paulo-UNIFESP; Santos Brazil
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Durbakula K, Prabhu V, Jose M. Genotoxicity of non-alcoholic mouth rinses: A micronucleus and nuclear abnormalities study with fluorescent microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 9:e12309. [PMID: 29243408 DOI: 10.1111/jicd.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of non-alcoholic mouth rinses on buccal epithelial cells using a micronucleus test. METHODS A total of 105 patients were selected and randomly divided into five groups. Four different mouth rinses and normal saline were given for 2 weeks' duration, and cytological smears were collected before and after exposure. These smears were subjected to micronucleus (MN) and other nuclear abnormalities (ONA) tests using acridine orange stain, and their frequencies were obtained in 500 buccal epithelial cells. The statistical analysis included mean, χ2 -test, analysis of variance, and post-hoc analysis by Bonferroni test. RESULTS Micronucleated cells (P < .00) and MN (P < .00) were higher in individuals exposed to chlorhexidine (CHX), followed by chlorine dioxide (ClO2 ), potassium nitrate (KNO3 ), and sodium fluoride (NaF), amine fluoride (AmF), and normal saline. ONA were greater (P < .00) in individuals exposed to CHX, followed by ClO2 , AmF, KNO3 , and NaF and normal saline. Overall, the results showed that genotoxic damage was greater in the case of CHX, followed by ClO2 , KNO3 , and NaF, AmF, and normal saline. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to mouth rinses can cause genotoxic damage to buccal epithelial cells. Long-term injudicious and inadvertent use of mouth rinses should be discouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karteek Durbakula
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Mamata Dental College, Khammam, Telangana, India
| | - Vishnudas Prabhu
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Maji Jose
- Department Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
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Al-Saleh I, Al-Rajudi T, Al-Qudaihi G, Manogaran P. Evaluating the potential genotoxicity of phthalates esters (PAEs) in perfumes using in vitro assays. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:23903-23914. [PMID: 28875446 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported high levels of phthalate esters (PAEs) added as solvents or fixatives in 47 brands of perfumes. Diethyl phthalate was the most abundant compound (0.232-23,649 ppm), and 83.3% of the perfumes had levels >1 ppm, the threshold limit cited by a Greenpeace investigation. All samples had dimethyl phthalate levels higher than its threshold limit of 0.1 ppm, and 88, 38, and 7% of the perfumes had benzyl butyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and dibutyl phthalate levels, respectively, above their threshold limits. The role of PAEs as endocrine disruptors has been well documented, but their effect on genotoxic behavior has received little attention. We used in vitro single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet) and micronucleus (MN) assays with human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells to evaluate the genotoxic potency of 42 of the same perfumes and to determine its association with PAEs. All perfumes induced more DNA damage than a negative control (NEG), ≥ 90% of the samples caused more damage than cells treated with the vehicles possibly used in perfume's preparations such as methanol (ME) and ethanol (ET), and 11.6% of the perfumes caused more DNA damage than a positive control (hydrogen peroxide). Chromosome breakage expressed as MN frequency was higher in cells treated with 71.4, 64.3, 57.1, and 4.8% of the perfumes than in NEG, cells treated with ME or ET, and another positive control (x-rays), respectively. The genotoxic responses in the comet and MN assays were not correlated. The comet assay indicated that the damage in TK6 cells treated with five PAEs at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.2 ppm either individually or as a mixture did not differ significantly from the damage in cells treated with the perfumes. Unlike the comet assay, the sensitivity of the MN assay to PAEs was weak at both low and high concentrations, and MN frequencies were generally low. This study demonstrates for the first time the possible contribution of PAEs in perfumes to DNA damage and suggests that their use as solvents or fixatives should be regulated. Other ingredients with mutagenic/genotoxic properties, however, may also have contributed to the DNA damage. Future studies should focus on applying a series of assays that use different cellular models with various endpoints to identify the spectrum of genotoxic mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Tahreer Al-Rajudi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghofran Al-Qudaihi
- Environmental Health Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pulicat Manogaran
- Stem Cell and Tissue Re-Engineering Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Lorenzoni DC, Pinheiro LP, Nascimento HS, Menegardo CS, Silva RG, Bautz WG, Henriques JF, Almeida-Coburn KL, da Gama-de-Souza LN. Could formaldehyde induce mutagenic and cytotoxic effects in buccal epithelial cells during anatomy classes? Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2017; 22:e58-e63. [PMID: 27918743 PMCID: PMC5217497 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.21492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Due to increased formaldehyde exposure, carcinogenic to humans, several researches have been studying the potential toxicity and the safe levels for human beings. The aim of this study was to investigate mutagenicity and cytotoxicity in buccal epithelial exfoliated cells (BEC) of students subjected to formaldehyde (FA) during anatomy classes. Material and Methods BEC were collected periodically from 17 volunteers of undergraduate programs, who had participated in practical anatomy classes, before and after FA exposure. Cells were stained according to Feulgen method and then micronucleus test was applied. A total of 1,500 cells were assessed per individual in this study for the micronucleus frequency and other parameters of cytotoxicity. Results There was statistically significant increase in number of micronucleated BEC after FA exposure (after 1 month p=.034 and after 3.5 months p=.017). However, FA exposure caused no significant increase in other nuclear alterations closely related to cytotoxicity (p≥.05). Conclusions FA induced mutagenicity during anatomy classes. Cell death increased, but it was not statistically significant. Efforts have to be made to improve air quality and reduce exposures during anatomy classes. Key words:Carcinogens, formaldehyde, micronucleus tests, mutagenicity tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-C Lorenzoni
- Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Alameda Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru, São Paulo, 17012-901, Brazil.
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Vlachojannis C, Al-Ahmad A, Hellwig E, Chrubasik S. Listerine® Products: An Update on the Efficacy and Safety. Phytother Res 2016; 30:367-73. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Vlachojannis
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine
| | - A. Al-Ahmad
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine
| | - E. Hellwig
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine
| | - S. Chrubasik
- Institute of Forensic Medicine; Albert-Ludwigs-University; Freiburg Germany
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Khan S, Khan AU, Hasan S. Genotoxic assessment of chlorhexidine mouthwash on exfoliated buccal epithelial cells in chronic gingivitis patients. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2016; 20:584-591. [PMID: 29238137 PMCID: PMC5713080 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chlorhexidine (CHX) is the gold standard of all chemical plaque control agents and the most commonly prescribed mouthwash. However, several studies have shown cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of CHX on various eukaryotic cells. In this study, we have used micronuclei as a biomarker of DNA damage in buccal epithelial cells of chronic gingivitis patients who were given adjunct 0.2% CHX for plaque control. Materials and Methods: Chronic gingivitis patients who were exclusively on mechanical plaque control methods were taken as control (Group A) (n = 101), and chronic gingivitis patients who along with mechanical plaque control measures were taking 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthwash as adjunct were taken as cases (Group B) (n = 255). The Group B was further divided into 5 subgroups (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5) (n = 51) on increasing duration of usage of CHX from ≤1 week to 24 weeks. Buccal epithelial cells were gently scrapped from the buccal mucosa using soft toothbrush. The epithelial cells were collected in buffer solution and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 5 min. The buccal epithelial cells were air dried, fixed, and stained with 5% Giemsa stain on preheated glass microscopic slides and observed under microscope to screen 2000 nucleated cells per individual for number of micronucleated cells and micronuclei as genotoxic measure. Results: The mean number of micronucleated cells was found to be 0.41 ± 0.71 for Group A as compared values ranging from 1.65 ± 2.09 (Group B1) to 11.7 ± 1.87 (Group B5) in different subgroups of Group B, and similarly, the mean number of micronuclei was found to be 0.48 ± 0.80 for Group A as compared to values ranging from 2.57 ± 1.64 (Group B1) to 14.5 ± 2.49 (Group B5) in different subgroups of Group B using analysis of variance (P < 0.001). Conclusion: We conclude that CHX mouthwash is genotoxic to buccal epithelial cells and there is incremental trend in genotoxicity as the duration of usage is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Khan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, Dr. Z A Dental College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asad Ullah Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Pires CW, Botton G, Cadoná FC, Machado AK, Azzolin VF, da Cruz IBM, Sagrillo MR, Praetzel JR. Induction of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and genotoxicity by root filling pastes used in primary teeth. Int Endod J 2015; 49:737-45. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. W. Pires
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria Brazil
| | - G. Botton
- Postgraduate Program in Dental Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria Brazil
| | - F. C. Cadoná
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria Brazil
| | - A. K. Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria Brazil
| | - V. F. Azzolin
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria Brazil
| | - I. B. M. da Cruz
- Department of Morphology; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria Brazil
| | - M. R. Sagrillo
- Biomedicine Course; Franciscan University Center (UNIFRA); Santa Maria Brazil
| | - J. R. Praetzel
- Department of Stomatology; Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM); Santa Maria Brazil
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ALMEIDA AFD, TORRE EDN, SELAYARAN MDS, LEITE FRM, DEMARCO FF, LOGUERCIO AD, ETGES A. Genotoxic potential of 10% and 16% Carbamide Peroxide in dental bleaching. Braz Oral Res 2015; 29:S1806-83242015000100217. [PMID: 25590507 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2015.vol29.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Rocha RDS, Meireles JRC, de Moraes Marcílio Cerqueira E. Chromosomal damage and apoptosis analysis in exfoliated oral epithelial cells from mouthwash and alcohol users. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 37:702-7. [PMID: 25505845 PMCID: PMC4261970 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572014005000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal damage and apoptosis were analyzed in users of mouthwash and/or alcoholic beverages, using the micronucleus test on exfoliated oral mucosa cells. Samples from four groups of 20 individuals each were analyzed: three exposed groups (EG1, EG2 and EG3) and a control group (CG). EG1 comprised mouthwash users; EG2 comprised drinkers, and EG3 users of both mouthwashes and alcoholic beverages. Cell material was collected by gently scraping the insides of the cheeks. Then the cells were fixed in a methanol/acetic acid (3:1) solution and stained and counterstained, respectively, with Schiff reactive and fast green. Endpoints were computed on 2,000 cells in a blind test. Statistical analysis showed that chromosomal damage and apoptosis were significantly higher in individuals of groups EG1 and EG3 than in controls (p < 0.005 and p < 0.001, respectively). No significant difference in chromosomal damage and apoptosis was observed between the exposed groups. In EG2, only the occurrence of apoptosis was significantly higher than in the controls. These results suggest that mouthwashes alone or in association with alcoholic drinks induce genotoxic effects, manifested as chromosomal damage and apoptosis. They also suggest that alcoholic drinks are effective for stimulating the process of apoptosis. However, these data need to be confirmed in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Dos Santos Rocha
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica , Departmento de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana , Feira de Santana, BA , Brazil
| | - José Roberto Cardoso Meireles
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica , Departmento de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana , Feira de Santana, BA , Brazil
| | - Eneida de Moraes Marcílio Cerqueira
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica , Departmento de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana , Feira de Santana, BA , Brazil
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Ros-Llor I, Lopez-Jornet P. Cytogenetic analysis of oral mucosa cells, induced by chlorhexidine, essential oils in ethanolic solution and triclosan mouthwashes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:140-145. [PMID: 24769563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate DNA damage and cytokinetic defects, proliferative potential and cell death caused by the frequent use of mouthrinses containing chlorhexidine, triclosan and essential oils in ethanolic solution, compared to a placebo mouthwash. STUDY DESIGN This double-blind, prospective, randomized clinical trial included 80 Caucasian patients. Subjects were divided into four groups: Group I used a mouthrinse, Triclosan; Group II used physiological saline; Group III used chlorhexidine; Group IV a mouthrinse with essential oils in ethanolic solution. All subjects used the mouthrinses for two weeks (15 ml, twice a day, rinsing for 30s). Two cell samples per subject were collected, before and after mouthrinse use (on day 0 and day 15). Samples were processed as follows: cell collection from cheeks with a cytobrush; cell centrifuge; slide preparation, fixation and staining; and fluorescent microscope analysis. 2000 exfoliated cells were screened for nuclear abnormalities, particularly the presence of micronuclei by means of cytome assay. RESULTS No significant differences between study times (before and after use of mouthwash) were identified for any of the variables studied (p>0.05). Differences between mouthrinse groups were also compared but no significant differences were found (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study did not observe any genotoxic effect resulting from mouthrinse use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ros-Llor
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. Ageing Research Institute, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pia Lopez-Jornet
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry. Ageing Research Institute, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Harorlı OT, Barutcigil Ç. Color Recovery Effect of Commercial Mouth Rinses on a Discolored Composite. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2014; 26:256-63. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osman Tolga Harorlı
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Akdeniz University; Antalya 07058 Turkey
| | - Çağatay Barutcigil
- Department of Restorative Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; Akdeniz University; Antalya 07058 Turkey
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Genotoxicity in gingival cells of patients undergoing tooth restoration with two different dental composite materials. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:87-96. [PMID: 23385426 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-0933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental composite materials come into direct contact with oral tissue, especially gingival cells. This study was performed to evaluate possible DNA damage to gingival cells exposed to resin composite dental materials. MATERIALS AND METHODS Class V restorations were placed in 30 adult patients using two different composite resins. The epithelial cells of the gingival area along the composite restoration were sampled prior to and after 7, 30, and 180 days following the restoration of the tooth. DNA damage was analysed by comet and micronucleus assays in gingival exfoliated epithelial cells. RESULTS The results showed significantly higher comet assay parameters (tail length and % DNA in the tail) within periods of 30 and 180 days. The micronucleus test for the same exposure time demonstrated a higher number of cells with micronuclei, karyolysis, and nuclear buds. Results did not reveal any difference between the two composite materials for the same duration of exposure. CONCLUSION Based on the results, we can conclude that the use of composite resins causes cellular damage. As dental composite resins remain in intimate contact with oral tissue over a long period of time, further research on their possible genotoxicity is advisable. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Long-term exposure of gingival cells to two different composite materials demonstrated certain DNA damage. However, considering the significant decline in micronuclei frequency after 180 days and efficiency in the repair of primary DNA damage, the observed effects could not be indicated as biologically relevant.
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Zamora-Perez AL, Mariaud-Schmidt RP, Fuentes-Lerma MG, Guerrero-Velázquez C, Gómez-Meda BC, López-Verdín S, Zúñiga-González GM. Increased number of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in buccal mucosa cells from people exposed to alcohol-containing mouthwash. Drug Chem Toxicol 2012; 36:255-60. [DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2012.737804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bagan JV, Vera-Sempere F, Marzal C, Pellín-Carcelén A, Martí-Bonmatí E, Bagan L. Cytological changes in the oral mucosa after use of a mouth rinse with alcohol. A prospective double blind control study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2012; 17:e956-61. [PMID: 23085712 PMCID: PMC3505716 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this preliminary study was to detect cytological changes in the oral mucosa after using a mouth wash with alcohol. MATERIAL AND METHODS A prospective double-blind, controlled study was performed, for 6 months. Group 1 consisted of 30 subjects who used a mouth rinse with 26.9% of alcohol [Listerine] and Group 2 consisted of 30 subjects who used a mouth rinse with the same ingredients but with no alcohol. We obtained three cytological samples from the oral mucosa. The presence of cytological atypia, binucleation and karyorrhesis, and type of cells were studied. We also used a fluorescent in situ hybridization technique (FISH) in 15 samples in each group, for the micronucleus. RESULTS We found no clinical mucosal alteration after using the mouth wash at the end of the study in either group. We observed no cytological differences between the groups at the end of the study (p>0.05). Regarding the study of the micronucleus by FISH, we observed no significant difference between the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results showed no cytological alteration in patients using a mouth rinse with alcohol, but these findings should be considered preliminary results, to be confirmed in a greater sample of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose V Bagan
- Valencia University, Service of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, University General Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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Vlachojannis C, Winsauer H, Chrubasik S. Effectiveness and safety of a mouthwash containing essential oil ingredients. Phytother Res 2012; 27:685-91. [PMID: 22761009 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The mouthwash, Listerine®, was compounded in 1879 from four essential oils. Later, the oils were replaced by one ingredient per oil with approximately 25% ethanol as a vehicle to keep them in solution. From then on, Listerine® was no longer a medicinal plant product. In 2003, a review by the FDA Subcommittee on Oral Health Care Drug Products for Over-the-Counter Human Use concluded that the product is effective and safe, and a review of studies published in the meantime showed that Listerine® fulfils the consensus criteria for an effective antigingivitis/antiplaque product. However, concerns have been raised about the long-term safety of some of the ingredients, particularly the ethanol content, and in the light of these concerns, the evidence has been re-examined for both the efficacy and safety of Listerine®. In summary, the studies support the claim that Listerine® shows benefit for oral health, but the concerns over its safety remain to be clarified. Until these have been addressed, high risk populations (children, alcohol addicts, patients with genetic deficiencies in ethanol metabolism) should use alcohol-free mouthwashes for the maintenance of oral health.
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Yilmaz H, Bayindir H. Clinical evaluation of chlorhexidine and essential oils for adjunctive effects in ultrasonic instrumentation of furcation involvements: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2011; 10:113-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2011.00538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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