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Moghaddam A, Ranjbar R, Yazdanian M, Tahmasebi E, Alam M, Abbasi K, Hosseini ZS, Tebyaniyan H. The Current Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Synthetic/Herbal/Biomaterials in Dental Application. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8856025. [PMID: 35958811 PMCID: PMC9363208 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8856025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herbal and chemical products are used for oral care and biofilm treatment and also have been reported to be controversial in the massive trials conducted in this regard. The present review is aimed at evaluating the potential of relevant herbal and chemical products and comparing their outcomes to conventional oral care products and summarizing the current state of evidence of the antibiofilm properties of different products by evaluating studies from the past eleven years. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), essential oils (EOs), and acetylpyridinium chloride were, respectively, the most commonly studied agents in the included studies. As confirmed by all systematic reviews, CHX and EO significantly control the plaque formation and gingival indices. Fluoride is another interesting reagent in oral care products that has shown promising results of oral health improvement, but the evidence quality needs to be refined. The synergy between natural plants and chemical products should be targeted in the future to accede to the formation of new, efficient, and healthy anticaries strategies. Moreover, to discover their biofilm-interfering or biofilm-inhibiting activities, effective clinical trials are needed. In this review article, therapeutic applications of herbal/chemical materials in oral biofilm infections are discussed in recent years (2010-2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Moghaddam
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbar
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Dentistry, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Yazdanian
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Tahmasebi
- Research Center for Prevention of Oral and Dental Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Alam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Abbasi
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, School of Biological Science, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Tebyaniyan
- Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Becker K, Brunello G, Scotti L, Drescher D, John G. Efficacy of 0.05% Chlorhexidine and 0.05% Cetylpyridinium Chloride Mouthwash to Eliminate Living Bacteria on In Situ Collected Biofilms: An In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060730. [PMID: 34204281 PMCID: PMC8235160 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwashes are frequently used as an adjunctive measure for the treatment of periodontitis and peri-implantitis, as well as in patients on maintenance therapy. However, their prolonged use is associated with several side effects. This study aimed at evaluating if a mouthwash with a reduced concentration of CHX combined with cetylpyridnium chloride (CPC) was as effective as a conventional CHX mouthwash in the reduction in living cells in oral biofilms attached to hydroxyapatite (HA) and micro-rough titanium (Ti) surfaces. Four healthy volunteers wore a customized acrylic appliance containing HA and Ti discs for in situ plaque accumulation. Biofilms were grown on the discs for 24 or 48 h and then randomly exposed for 60 s to: 0.05% CHX + 0.05% CPC, 0.1% CHX (positive control) or sterile saline (negative control). Viability assay and live-dead staining were performed to quantify bacterial viability and to distinguish live and dead cells, respectively. At both time points, contrary to saline, CHX, both alone and in combination with CPC, exhibited high antibacterial properties and induced a significant reduction in biofilm viability. This study demonstrates the potential of mouthwashes containing a low concentration of CHX combined with CPC as effective antibacterial agents for long-term applications with reduced undesired side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Becker
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-211-8118145
| | - Giulia Brunello
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.B.); (L.S.); (G.J.)
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Luisa Scotti
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.B.); (L.S.); (G.J.)
- Dental Practice, 46147 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Dieter Drescher
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Gordon John
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (G.B.); (L.S.); (G.J.)
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John G, Schwarz F, Kravchenko A, Ommerborn MA, Becker J. Effectivity of homecare and professional biofilm removal procedures on initial supragingival biofilm on laser-microtextured implant surfaces in an ex vivo model. Int J Implant Dent 2021; 7:51. [PMID: 34018065 PMCID: PMC8137787 DOI: 10.1186/s40729-021-00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the current study was the evaluation of initial biofilm adhesion and development on laser-microtextured implant collar surfaces and the examination of effectivity of different biofilm management methods. Methods Initial biofilm formation was investigated on hydrophobic machined and laser-microtextured (Laser-Lok) titanium surfaces and hydrophobic machined and laser-microtextured (Laser-Lok) titanium aluminium vanadium surfaces and compared to hydrophobic smooth pickled titanium surfaces, hydrophilic smooth and acid etched titanium surfaces, hydrophobic sandblasted large grid and acid etched titanium surfaces (titanium Promote) via erythrosine staining and subsequent histomorphometrical analysis and scanning electron microscopic investigations. After decontamination procedures, performed via tooth brushing and glycine powder blasting, clean implant surface was detected via histomorphometrical analysis. Results After 24 h mean initial plaque area was detected in the following descending order: smooth pickled titanium > titanium Promote > hydrophilic smooth and acid etched titanium > Laser-Lok titanium > Laser-Lok titanium aluminium vanadium. The same order was determined after 48 h of biofilm formation. After glycine powder blasting all samples depicted almost 100% clean implant surface. After tooth brushing, Laser-Lok titanium (67.19%) and Laser-Lok titanium aluminium vanadium (69.80%) showed significantly more clean implant surface than the other structured surfaces, hydrophilic smooth and acid etched titanium (50.34%) and titanium Promote (33.89%). Smooth pickled titanium showed almost complete clean implant surface (98.84%) after tooth brushing. Conclusions Both Laser-Lok surfaces showed less initial biofilm formation after 24 and 48 h than the other implant surfaces. In combination with the significant higher clean implant surfaces after domestic decontamination procedure via tooth brushing, both Laser-Lok surfaces could be a candidate for modified implant and abutment designs, especially in transmucosal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon John
- Department of Oral Surgery and Central Admittance, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Frank Schwarz
- Department of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Carolinum, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kravchenko
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michelle Alicia Ommerborn
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery and Central Admittance, Westdeutsche Kieferklinik, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Kumar A, Das N, Satija NK, Mandrah K, Roy SK, Rayavarapu RG. A Novel Approach towards Synthesis and Characterization of Non-Cytotoxic Gold Nanoparticles Using Taurine as Capping Agent. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 10:nano10010045. [PMID: 31878144 PMCID: PMC7023053 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metal gold nanoparticles are of great interest due to their unique physico-chemical properties and their potential to be used as nano-probes in biosensors, drug delivery, and therapeutic applications. Currently, many capping agents are used for metal gold nanoparticles, such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and tri-sodium citrate that have been reported to be toxic and hinders biological applications. To address this issue, we report, for the first time, the use of taurine as a stable non-cytotoxic capping agent for synthesizing gold nanoparticles by using an in situ wet-chemical method. This facile method resulted in monodisperse gold nanospheres with a high yield and stability. Monodisperse gold nanospheres with average diameters of 6.9 nm and 46 nm were synthesized at a high yield with controlled morphology. Temperature played a critical role in determining the size of the taurine-capped gold nanoparticles. The subtle changes in the reaction parameters had a tremendous effect on the final size of nanoparticles and their stability. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using optical spectroscopy, a ZetaSizer, a NanoSight, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photon Spectroscopy (XPS) and Electron Microscopy to understand their physico-chemical properties. Taurine was explored as a capping and stabilizing agent for gold nanospheres, which were evaluated for their toxicity responses towards human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) via MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Kumar
- Nanomaterial Toxicology Laboratory, Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Nabojit Das
- Nanomaterial Toxicology Laboratory, Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar Satija
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology & Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Kapil Mandrah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Somendu Kumar Roy
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Regulatory Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Raja Gopal Rayavarapu
- Nanomaterial Toxicology Laboratory, Nanomaterial Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Correspondence:
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Ratka C, Weigl P, Henrich D, Koch F, Schlee M, Zipprich H. The Effect of In Vitro Electrolytic Cleaning on Biofilm-Contaminated Implant Surfaces. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091397. [PMID: 31500093 PMCID: PMC6780638 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Bacterial biofilms are a major problem in the treatment of infected dental and orthopedic implants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cleaning effect of an electrolytic approach (EC) compared to a powder-spray system (PSS) on titanium surfaces. Materials and Methods: The tested implants (different surfaces and alloys) were collated into six groups and treated ether with EC or PSS. After a mature biofilm was established, the implants were treated, immersed in a nutritional solution, and streaked on Columbia agar. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted after breeding and testing (EC), and control (PSS) groups were compared using a paired sample t-test. Results: No bacterial growth was observed in the EC groups. After thinning to 1:1,000,000, 258.1 ± 19.9 (group 2), 264.4 ± 36.5 (group 4), and 245.3 ± 40.7 (group 6) CFUs could be counted in the PSS groups. The difference between the electrolytic approach (test groups 1, 3, and 5) and PSS (control groups 2, 4, and 6) was statistically extremely significant (p-value < 2.2 × 10−16). Conclusion: Only EC inactivated the bacterial biofilm, and PSS left reproducible bacteria behind. Within the limits of this in vitro test, clinical relevance could be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ratka
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Paul Weigl
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dirk Henrich
- Department of Trauma, Hand & Reconstructive Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Felix Koch
- Private Practice, and Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Markus Schlee
- Private Practice, and Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Holger Zipprich
- Department of Prosthodontics, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Moharrami M, Perrotti V, Iaculli F, Love RM, Quaranta A. Effects of air abrasive decontamination on titanium surfaces: A systematic review of in vitro studies. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res 2019; 21:398-421. [PMID: 30838790 DOI: 10.1111/cid.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air abrasion (AA) is one of the decontamination methods that have demonstrated promising results in treating peri-implant diseases. PURPOSE This systematic review aimed at evaluating the in vitro effect of AA on surface change, cleaning efficacy, and biocompatibility of titanium surfaces and at comparing it with other decontamination methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted up to April 2018 using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases to identify studies on the decontamination effect of AA. All types of titanium surfaces, abrasive powders, contaminated surfaces, and measuring methods were included. RESULTS Overall, 1502 articles were identified. After screening the titles and abstracts, and carefully reading the full-texts, 48 articles published between 1989 and 2018 were selected. AA was considered almost safe, particularly for the nonmodified surfaces. Nevertheless, harder powders such as sodium bicarbonate tended to damage the surface more than glycine. AA resulted in surface change similar to plastic curettes and Er: YAG lasers. Regarding the cleaning efficacy, there was no significant difference between glycine and sodium bicarbonate, but different mixtures of calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, and erythritol were superior to glycine. AA was superior or equal to all other decontamination methods in cleaning. Regarding biocompatibility, AA was more successful in preserving biocompatibility for noncontaminated surfaces compared with contaminated surfaces and when used with erythritol and osteoinductive powders. CONCLUSIONS AA can efficiently remove contamination without serious damage to the surface. The main drawback of the AA method seems to be its limitation in restoring the biocompatibility of the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vittoria Perrotti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Flavia Iaculli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Robert M Love
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alessandro Quaranta
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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Activity of taurolidine gels on ex vivo periodontal biofilm. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:2031-2037. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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John G, Becker J, Schwarz F. Effects of different titanium zirconium implant surfaces on initial supragingival plaque formation. Clin Oral Implants Res 2016; 28:e84-e90. [DOI: 10.1111/clr.12878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon John
- Department of Oral Surgery; Westdeutsche Kieferklinik; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery; Westdeutsche Kieferklinik; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Frank Schwarz
- Department of Oral Surgery; Westdeutsche Kieferklinik; Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
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John G, Becker J, Schwarz F. Effectivity of air-abrasive powder based on glycine and tricalcium phosphate in removal of initial biofilm on titanium and zirconium oxide surfaces in an ex vivo model. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:711-9. [PMID: 26319979 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was the evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of a powder consisting of glycine and tricalcium phosphate in comparison to two established powders based on glycine or sodium bicarbonate in biofilm removal on titanium and zirconium implant surfaces. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biofilm was collected for 48 h by five volunteers. A total of 69 titanium and 69 zirconium samples were randomly assigned to test and control groups. Residual plaque areas (RPA) and treatment time were taken as parameters. RESULTS Within the titanium groups, mean RPA was determined in the following descending order: sodium bicarbonate > glycine > glycine + tricalcium phosphate. Differences between the groups were significant, p < 0.05. Mean treatment time in the titanium groups was determined in the following descending order without significant differences, p > 0.05: glycine + tricalcium phosphate > sodium bicarbonate > glycine. Regarding the zirconium groups, mean RPA was detected in the following descending order, without significant differences, p > 0.05: glycine > sodium bicarbonate > glycine + tricalcium phosphate. Mean treatment time of the glycine + tricalcium phosphate group was significantly lower than in the control groups, p < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS It can be concluded that glycine + tricalcium phosphate seemed to be more effective than the control groups for biofilm removal on titanium and zirconium implant surfaces. Especially on zirconium surfaces, decontamination with glycine + tricalcium phosphate seemed to be more efficient than treatment with glycine or sodium bicarbonate. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combination of glycine and tricalcium phosphate could improve the clinical outcomes of air-abrasive device in nonsurgical peri-implantitis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon John
- Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Frank Schwarz
- Department of Oral Surgery, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Eick S, Gloor N, Püls C, Zumbrunn J, Sculean A. In vitro activity of taurolidine gel on bacteria associated with periodontitis. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:597-606. [PMID: 26254142 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine the antimicrobial activity of two different taurolidine gel formulations in comparison with minocycline microspheres. METHODS Three percent taurolidine gel (TLG3) and 2 % taurolidine gel (TLG2) were compared to minocycline microspheres (MINO) against single bacterial species and a 12-species-mixture. The antimicrobial activity was proven by determination of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs), killing assays, after exposure of the antimicrobials as well as within a biofilm. RESULTS The MICs against the single species were between 0.5 and 2 mg/ml of taurolidine. MICs of the used mixed microbiota were 1.5 mg/ml (TLG3) and 4 mg/ml (TLG2). Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis were completely killed by 10 % TLG3 and TLG2 (equivalent to 3 and 2 mg/ml taurolidine) after 6 h. The mixture of 12 species was not completely killed by any of the test substances. Taurolidine gels showed a post-antimicrobial activity, however being less than that of MINO. On biofilms, taurolidine gels reduced concentration dependently the colony forming unit (CFU) counts (multi-species biofilms by 3.63 log10 after 100 % (30 mg/ml) of TLG3), reductions were 2.12 log10 after MINO (1000 μg/ml minocycline). CONCLUSIONS Taurolidine gel formulations exert antimicrobial activity against bacteria associated with periodontal disease. Nevertheless, a complete elimination of biofilms seems to be impossible and underlines the importance of mechanical removal of biofilms prior to application of the antimicrobial. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Taurolidine gels may represent a potential alternative for adjunctive topical antimicrobial treatment in periodontitis and infectious peri-implant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology; Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nicoletta Gloor
- Department of Periodontology; Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Püls
- Department of Periodontology; Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Zumbrunn
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical R&D, Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology; Laboratory of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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