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Wen Y, Lin C, Ho K, Lin Y, Hsiao C, Wang S, Chang L, Yang S, Chien M. Functional variants of the chitinase 3-like 1 gene are associated with clinicopathologic outcomes and progression of prostate cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:4202-4214. [PMID: 37902124 PMCID: PMC10746933 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1 or YKL40) is a secreted glycoprotein highly expressed in advanced stages of several cancer types, including prostate cancer (PCa). Impacts of genetic variants of CHI3L1 on PCa development have not yet been investigated. The most common well-studied genetic variations are single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore associations of CHI3L1 SNPs with both the susceptibility to PCa and its clinicopathological development. Three promoter SNPs, rs6691378 (-1371, G>A), rs10399805 (-247, G>A) and rs4950928 (-131, C>G), and one non-synonymous SNP, rs880633 (+2950, T>C), were analysed using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay for genotyping in a cohort of 701 PCa patients and 701 healthy controls. Results indicated that there were no significant associations of PCa susceptibility with these four CHI3L1 SNPs. However, among elderly PCa patients (aged >65 years), it was observed that polymorphic variants (GA + AA) of CHI3L1 rs6691378 and 10399805 were significantly linked to reduced risks of several clinicopathological characteristics, including a high Gleason grade, advanced pathologic T stage and tumour cell invasion. Moreover, analyses of The Cancer Genome Atlas database revealed that CHI3L1 expression levels were elevated in PCa tissues compared with normal tissues. Interestingly, higher CHI3L1 expression levels were found to be associated with longer progression-free survival rates in PCa patients. Our findings indicated that levels of CHI3L1 may influence the progression of PCa, and the rs6691378 and 10399805 SNP genetic variants of CHI3L1 are linked to the clinicopathological development of PCa within a Taiwanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Ching Wen
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney (TMU‐RCUK)Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chia‐Yen Lin
- Division of Urology, Department of SurgeryTaichung Veterans General HospitalTaichungTaiwan
- School of MedicineChung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- School of MedicineNational Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kuo‐Hao Ho
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yung‐Wei Lin
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney (TMU‐RCUK)Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- International Master/PhD Program in Medicine, College of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chi‐Hao Hsiao
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine and TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney (TMU‐RCUK)Taipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Urology, Wan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shian‐Shiang Wang
- Division of Urology, Department of SurgeryTaichung Veterans General HospitalTaichungTaiwan
- School of MedicineChung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of Applied ChemistryNational Chi Nan UniversityNantouTaiwan
| | - Lun‐Ching Chang
- Department of Mathematical SciencesFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca RatonFloridaUSA
| | - Shun‐Fa Yang
- Institute of MedicineChung Shan Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Department of Medical ResearchChung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichungTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Hsien Chien
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang HospitalTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research CenterTaipei Medical University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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2
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Zeng J, Wu H, Huang Q, Li J, Yu Z, Zhong Z. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) gene c.1627A>G A/G and G/G genotypes are risk factors for lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis of colorectal cancer. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24023. [PMID: 34612540 PMCID: PMC8605172 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) acts as the key enzyme catabolizing pyrimidines, and may affect the tumor progression. DPYD gene mutations affect DPD activity. The relationship between DPYD IVS14+1G>A, c.1627A>G, c.85T>C and lymph node metastasis (LNM) and distant metastasis (DM) of colorectal cancer (CRC) was investigated. METHODS A total of 537 CRC patients were enrolled in this study. DPYD polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Sanger sequencing. The relationship between DPYD genotypes and clinical features of patients, metastasis of CRC was analyzed. RESULTS About DPYD c.1627A>G, A/A (57.7%) was the most common genotype, followed by A/G (35.6%), G/G (6.7%) genotypes. In c.85T>C, T/T, T/C, and C/C genotypes are accounted for 83.6%, 16.0%, and 0.4%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that DPYD c.1627A>G A/G and G/G genotypes in the dominant model (A/G + G/G vs. A/A) were significant risk factors for the LNM (p = 0.029, OR 1.506, 95% CI = 1.048-2.165) and DM (p = 0.039, OR 1.588, 95% CI = 1.041-2.423) of CRC. In addition, DPYD c.1627A>G polymorphism was more common in patients with abnormal serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (>5 ng/ml) (p = 0.003) or carbohydrate antigen 24-2 (CA24-2) (>20 U/ml) level (p = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS The results suggested that DPYD c.1627A>G A/G, G/G genotypes are associated with increased risk of LNM and DM of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanzi Zeng
- Department of OncologyMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Heming Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Center for Precision MedicineMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Qingyan Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Center for Precision MedicineMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Jiaquan Li
- Department of OncologyMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Zhikang Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Center for Precision MedicineMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Clinical Translational Research of Hakka PopulationMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
- Center for Precision MedicineMeizhou People’s Hospital (Huangtang Hospital)Meizhou Academy of Medical SciencesMeizhouChina
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Chen JM, Chen PY, Lin CC, Hsieh MC, Lin JT. Antimetastatic Effects of Sesamin on Human Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma through Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092248. [PMID: 32397656 PMCID: PMC7249112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sesamin is a lignin present in sesame oil from the bark of Zanthoxylum spp. Sesamin reportedly has anticarcinogenic potential and exerts anti-inflammatory effects on several tumors. Hypothesis/Purpose: However, the effect of sesamin on metastatic progression in human head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unknown in vitro and in vivo; hence, we investigated the effect of sesamin on HNSCC cells in vitro. Methods and Results: Sesamin-treated human oral cancer cell lines FaDu, HSC-3, and Ca9-22 were subjected to a wound-healing assay. Furthermore, Western blotting was performed to assess the effect of sesamin on the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and proteins of the MAPK signaling pathway, including p-ERK1/2, P-p38, and p-JNK1/2. In addition, we investigated the association between MMP-2 expression and the MAPK pathway in sesamin-treated oral cancer cells. Sesamin inhibited cell migration and invasion in FaDu, Ca9-22, and HSC-3 cells and suppressed MMP-2 at noncytotoxic concentrations (0 to 40 μM). Furthermore, sesamin significantly reduced p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner in FaDu and HSC-3 cells. Conclusions: These results indicate that sesamin suppresses the migration and invasion of HNSCC cells by regulating MMP-2 and is thus a potential antimetastatic agent for treating HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80284, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Yin Chen
- Department of Recreation and Holistic Wellness, MingDao University, Changhua 523, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chieh Lin
- Oral Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Chang Hsieh
- School of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.H.); (J.-T.L.); Tel.: +886-4-7238595 (J.-T.L.); Fax: +886-4-7232942 (J.-T.L.)
| | - Jen-Tsun Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (M.-C.H.); (J.-T.L.); Tel.: +886-4-7238595 (J.-T.L.); Fax: +886-4-7232942 (J.-T.L.)
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Sun YH, Chou YH, Ou CC, Ng SC, Shen HP, Lee YC, Hsu CF, Yang SF, Wang PH. Investigation of metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 genetic variants in the development and clinicopathologcial characteristics of uterine cervical cancer in Taiwanese women. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:490-497. [PMID: 32174779 PMCID: PMC7053312 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.40204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to define the associations among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of metastasis-associated in colon cancer-1 (MACC1) gene, development and clinicopathological characteristics of uterine cervical cancer, and patient survival in Taiwan. Genotypic frequencies of 5 MACC1 SNPs rs975263, rs3095007, rs4721888, rs3735615 and rs1990172 were identified for 132 patients with invasive cancer, 99 with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 338 normal controls using real-time polymerase chain reaction. It revealed that there were no associations of these MACC1 SNPs with cervical carcinogenesis. In the meantime, cervical cancer patients with genotype GG in MACC1 SNP rs975263 tended to display more risk to have vaginal invasion than those with AA/AG (p=0.042, OR: 8.70, 95% CI: 0.81-433.22). In multivariate analysis, positive pelvic lymph node metastasis could significantly predict worse 5 years survival rate (p=0.001; HR=9.98, 95% CI=2.64-37.77) for cervical cancer patients. In conclusion, pelvic lymph node status rather than MACC1 SNPs was the only independent parameter that could significantly predict 5 years survival rate in Taiwanese women with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hung Sun
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chi-Mei Foundation Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsiang Chou
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chyn Ou
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Soo-Cheen Ng
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Pin Shen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Chun Lee
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Fang Hsu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tsay MD, Hsieh MJ, Lee CY, Wang SS, Chen CS, Hung SC, Lin CY, Yang SF. Involvement of FGFR4 Gene Variants on the Clinicopathological Severity in Urothelial Cell Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 17:ijerph17010129. [PMID: 31878098 PMCID: PMC6982237 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17010129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) plays a prominent role in cell proliferation and cancer progression. This study explored the effect of FGFR4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the clinicopathological characteristics of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC). This study was conducted to survey the possible correlation of the polymorphism of FGFR4 to the risk and clinicopathologic characteristics of UCC. Four loci of FGFR4 (rs2011077 T > C, rs351855 G > A, rs7708357 G>A, and rs1966265 A > G) were genotyped via the TaqMan allelic discrimination approach in 428 UCC cases and 856 controls. The results indicated that UCC subjects who carried the SNP rs2011077 TC+CC genotypes were significantly related to a higher tumor stage (odds ratio (OR): 1.751, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.078–2.846), primary tumor size (OR: 1.637, 95% CI: 1.006–2.662), and histopathologic grading (OR: 1.919, 95% CI: 1.049–3.511). Moreover, the SNP rs1966265 AG+GG genotypes were prominently related to a higher tumor stage (OR: 1.769, 95% CI: 1.082–2.891), primary tumor size (OR: 1.654, 95% CI: 1.011–2.706), and histopathologic grading (OR: 2.006, 95% CI: 1.096–3.674) compared to individuals with AA homozygotes. In conclusion, our data reveal association of FGFR4 polymorphisms with UCC clinicopathologic characteristics. FGFR4 polymorphisms may serve as a marker or therapeutic target in UCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Dow Tsay
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-D.T.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-S.W.); (C.-S.C.); (S.-C.H.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Department of Family medicine, Tungs’ Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung 433, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ju Hsieh
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-D.T.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-S.W.); (C.-S.C.); (S.-C.H.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Cancer Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
- Department of Optometry, College of Medicine and Life Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Shian-Shiang Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-D.T.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-S.W.); (C.-S.C.); (S.-C.H.); (C.-Y.L.)
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 545, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Shu Chen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-D.T.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-S.W.); (C.-S.C.); (S.-C.H.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chun Hung
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-D.T.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-S.W.); (C.-S.C.); (S.-C.H.); (C.-Y.L.)
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-D.T.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-S.W.); (C.-S.C.); (S.-C.H.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; (M.-D.T.); (M.-J.H.); (S.-S.W.); (C.-S.C.); (S.-C.H.); (C.-Y.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Lin SH, Chen MK, Chang JH, Velmurugan BK, Annamanedi M, Su SC, Yeh KT, Yang SF. Impact of Polymorphisms in Casein Kinase 1 Epsilon and Environmental Factors in Oral Cancer Susceptibility. J Cancer 2019; 10:5065-5069. [PMID: 31602258 PMCID: PMC6775616 DOI: 10.7150/jca.34592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In Taiwan, the incidence rate of oral cancer is constantly increasing. Polymorphisms and lifestyle habits are major contributing factors to the development of oral cancer in such cases. Casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1ε) gene expression plays a role in numerous cancers, and the knockdown of CK1ε induces tumor cell-selective cytotoxicity. The present study was designed to determine the effects of CK1ε gene polymorphisms combined with environmental carcinogens on susceptibility to developing oral squamous cell carcinoma and its clinicopathological status. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CK1ε gene (rs135745, rs135764, rs1997644 and rs2075984) from 741 oral cancer patients and 462 healthy controls were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Our results shown that variant types (GC) of CK1ε polymorphic rs135745 exhibited a significantly higher risk of 1.41 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.036-1.919) for oral cancer than did wild type alleles. Furthermore, these CK1ε gene SNPs along with betel-quid chewing and/or tobacco use further increased susceptibility to oral cancer. Moreover, variant genotypes (GC+CC) of CK1ε rs135745 were significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. These results suggested that the CK1ε gene polymorphism is associated with the clinicopathological development of oral cancer and increases individuals' susceptibility to environmental carcinogens (e.g., smoking and betel-quid chewing) in terms of developing oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hui Lin
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Kuan Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Julia Hueimei Chang
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | | | - Madhavi Annamanedi
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shih-Chi Su
- Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Tu Yeh
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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