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Mojumdar A, B S U, Packirisamy G. A simple and effective method for smartphone-based detection of polyamines in oral cancer. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:045044. [PMID: 38871001 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Oral cancer accounts for 50%-70% of all cancer-related deaths in India and ranks sixth among the most frequent cancers globally. Roughly 90% of oral malignancies are histologically arise from squamous cells and are therefore called oral squamous cell carcinoma. Organic polycations known as biogenic polyamines, for example, putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm), are vital for cell proliferation, including gene expression control, regulation of endonuclease-mediated fragmentation of DNA, and DNA damage inhibition. Higher Spm and Spd levels have been identified as cancer biomarkers for detecting tumour development in various cancers. The current study utilises tannic acid, a polyphenolic compound, as a reducing and capping agent to fabricate AuNPs via a one-step microwave-assisted synthesis. The fabricated TA@AuNPs were utilised as a nanoprobe for colourimetric sensing of polyamines in PBS. When TA@AuNPs are added to the polyamine, the amine groups in polyamines interact with the phenolic groups of TA@AuNPs via hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions. These interactions cause the aggregation of TA@AuNPs, resulting in a red shift of the Surface Plasmon Resonance band of TA@AuNPs from 530 nm to 560 nm. The nanoprobe was found to be highly specific for Spm at low concentrations. TA@AuNPs were able to detect Spm successfully in artificial saliva samples. On recording the RGB values of the sensing process using a smartphone app, it was found that as the nanoparticles aggregated due to the presence of Spm, the intensity of theR-value decreased, indicating the aggregation of TA@AuNPs due to interaction with the polyamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Mojumdar
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Unnikrishnan B S
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
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Kashyap B, Kullaa A. Salivary Metabolites Produced by Oral Microbes in Oral Diseases and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review. Metabolites 2024; 14:277. [PMID: 38786754 PMCID: PMC11122927 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, salivary metabolome studies have provided new biological information and salivary biomarkers to diagnose different diseases at early stages. The saliva in the oral cavity is influenced by many factors that are reflected in the salivary metabolite profile. Oral microbes can alter the salivary metabolite profile and may express oral inflammation or oral diseases. The released microbial metabolites in the saliva represent the altered biochemical pathways in the oral cavity. This review highlights the oral microbial profile and microbial metabolites released in saliva and its use as a diagnostic biofluid for different oral diseases. The importance of salivary metabolites produced by oral microbes as risk factors for oral diseases and their possible relationship in oral carcinogenesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arja Kullaa
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
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3
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Bastías D, Maturana A, Marín C, Martínez R, Niklander SE. Salivary Biomarkers for Oral Cancer Detection: An Exploratory Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2634. [PMID: 38473882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Different efforts have been made to find better and less invasive methods for the diagnosis and prediction of oral cancer, such as the study of saliva as a source of biomarkers. The aim of this study was to perform a scoping review about salivary molecules that have been assessed as possible biomarkers for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). A search was conducted using EBSCO, PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Web of Science. The research question was as follows: which molecules present in saliva have utility to be used as biomarkers for the early detection of oral cancer? Sixty-two studies were included. Over 100 molecules were assessed. Most of the markers were oriented towards the early diagnosis of OSCC and were classified based on their ability for detecting OSCC and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), OSCC outcome prediction, and the prediction of the malignant transformation of OPMDs. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 IL-8, LDH, and MMP-9 were the most studied, with almost all studies reporting high sensitivity and specificity values. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 IL-8, LDH, and MMP-9 are the most promising salivary biomarkers. However, more studies with larger cohorts are needed before translating the use of these biomarkers to clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bastías
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maturana
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Constanza Marín
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - René Martínez
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Sven Eric Niklander
- Unit of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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Nazar NSBM, Ramanathan A, Ghani WMN, Rokhani FB, Jacob PS, Sabri NEB, Hassan MS, Kadir K, Dharmarajan L. Salivary metabolomics in oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer patients-a systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:98. [PMID: 38225483 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to assess the diagnostic potential of salivary metabolomics in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer (OC). MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review was performed in accordance with the 3rd edition of the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. Electronic searches for articles were carried out in the PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The quality assessment of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale (NOS) and the new version of the QUADOMICS tool. Meta-analysis was conducted whenever possible. The effect size was presented using the Forest plot, whereas the presence of publication bias was examined through Begg's funnel plot. RESULTS A total of nine studies were included in the systematic review. The metabolite profiling was heterogeneous across all the studies. The expression of several salivary metabolites was found to be significantly altered in OPMDs and OCs as compared to healthy controls. Meta-analysis was able to be conducted only for N-acetylglucosamine. There was no significant difference (SMD = 0.15; 95% CI - 0.25-0.56) in the level of N-acetylglucosamine between OPMDs, OC, and the control group. CONCLUSION Evidence for N-acetylglucosamine as a salivary biomarker for oral cancer is lacking. Although several salivary metabolites show changes between healthy, OPMDs, and OC, their diagnostic potential cannot be assessed in this review due to a lack of data. Therefore, further high-quality studies with detailed analysis and reporting are required to establish the diagnostic potential of the salivary metabolites in OPMDs and OC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE While some salivary metabolites exhibit significant changes in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and oral cancer (OC) compared to healthy controls, the current evidence, especially for N-acetylglucosamine, is inadequate to confirm their reliability as diagnostic biomarkers. Additional high-quality studies are needed for a more conclusive assessment of salivary metabolites in oral disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Syahirah Binti Mohd Nazar
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anand Ramanathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wan Maria Nabillah Ghani
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Faezah Binti Rokhani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pulikkotil Shaju Jacob
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Elma Binti Sabri
- Department of Agrotechnology and Bioscience, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Sukri Hassan
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kathreena Kadir
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Radaic A, Kamarajan P, Cho A, Wang S, Hung GC, Najarzadegan F, Wong DT, Ton-That H, Wang CY, Kapila YL. Biological biomarkers of oral cancer. Periodontol 2000 2023:10.1111/prd.12542. [PMID: 38073011 PMCID: PMC11163022 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) 5 year survival rate of 41% has marginally improved in the last few years, with less than a 1% improvement per year from 2005 to 2017, with higher survival rates when detected at early stages. Based on histopathological grading of oral dysplasia, it is estimated that severe dysplasia has a malignant transformation rate of 7%-50%. Despite these numbers, oral dysplasia grading does not reliably predict its clinical behavior. Thus, more accurate markers predicting oral dysplasia progression to cancer would enable better targeting of these lesions for closer follow-up, especially in the early stages of the disease. In this context, molecular biomarkers derived from genetics, proteins, and metabolites play key roles in clinical oncology. These molecular signatures can help predict the likelihood of OSCC development and/or progression and have the potential to detect the disease at an early stage and, support treatment decision-making and predict treatment responsiveness. Also, identifying reliable biomarkers for OSCC detection that can be obtained non-invasively would enhance management of OSCC. This review will discuss biomarkers for OSCC that have emerged from different biological areas, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, immunomics, and microbiomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Radaic
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alex Cho
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sandy Wang
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Guo-Chin Hung
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Fereshteh Najarzadegan
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - David T Wong
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hung Ton-That
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
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Kitabatake K, Ishikawa S, Sugimoto M, Enomoto A, Kaneko M, Ota S, Edamatsu K, Yusa K, Hemmi T, Okuyama N, Iino M. Salivary metabolomics for oral leukoplakia with and without dysplasia. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2023; 124:101618. [PMID: 37659754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2023.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a common potentially malignant oral disorder. Therefore, there is a need for simple screening methods for OL before its transformation into oral cancer. Furthermore, because invasive open biopsy is the sole method to determine if an OL lesion is dysplastic, there is also a clinical need for non-invasive methods to differentiate dysplastic OL from non-dysplastic OL. This study aimed to identify salivary metabolites that can help differentiate patients with OL from healthy controls (HC) and also dysplastic OL from non-dysplastic OL. MATERIAL & METHODS Whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients with OL (n = 30) and HCs (n = 29). The OL group included nine patients with dysplastic OL and 20 with non-dysplastic OL. Hydrophilic metabolites in the saliva samples were comprehensively analyzed through capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. To evaluate the discrimination ability of a combination of multiple markers, a multiple logistic regression (MLR) model was developed to differentiate patients with OL from HCs and dysplastic OL from non-dysplastic OL. RESULTS Twenty-eight metabolites were evidently different between patients with OL and HCs. Finally, three metabolites (guanine, carnitine, and N-acetylputrescine) were selected to develop the MLR model, which resulted in a high area under curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) to differentiate patients with OL from HCs (AUC = 0.946, p < 0.001, 95% confidential interval [CI] = 0.889- 1.000). Similarly, two metabolites were evidently different between patients with dysplastic and non-dysplastic OL. Finally, only one metabolite (7-methylguanine) was selected in the MLR model, which revealed a moderate discrimination ability for dysplastic and non-dysplastic OL (AUC = 0761, p = 0.027, 95% CI = 0.551-0.972). CONCLUSION Our candidate salivary metabolites showed potential not only to discriminate OL from HC, but also to discriminate dysplastic OL from non-dysplastic OL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Kitabatake
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ishikawa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Ayame Enomoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Miku Kaneko
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Sana Ota
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Kaoru Edamatsu
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yusa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Hemmi
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Naoki Okuyama
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Iino
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial - Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Chuchueva N, Carta F, Nguyen HN, Luevano J, Lewis IA, Rios-Castillo I, Fanos V, King E, Swistushkin V, Reshetov I, Rusetsky Y, Shestakova K, Moskaleva N, Mariani C, Castillo-Carniglia A, Grapov D, Fahrmann J, La Frano MR, Puxeddu R, Appolonova SA, Brito A. Metabolomics of head and neck cancer in biofluids: an integrative systematic review. Metabolomics 2023; 19:77. [PMID: 37644353 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02038-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the fifth most common cancer globally. Diagnosis at early stages are critical to reduce mortality and improve functional and esthetic outcomes associated with HNC. Metabolomics is a promising approach for discovery of biomarkers and metabolic pathways for risk assessment and early detection of HNC. OBJECTIVES To summarize and consolidate the available evidence on metabolomics and HNC in plasma/serum, saliva, and urine. METHODS A systematic search of experimental research was executed using PubMed and Web of Science. Available data on areas under the curve was extracted. Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis were performed to identify metabolic pathways altered in HNC. Fifty-four studies were eligible for data extraction (33 performed in plasma/serum, 15 in saliva and 6 in urine). RESULTS Metabolites with high discriminatory performance for detection of HNC included single metabolites and combination panels of several lysoPCs, pyroglutamate, glutamic acid, glucose, tartronic acid, arachidonic acid, norvaline, linoleic acid, propionate, acetone, acetate, choline, glutamate and others. The glucose-alanine cycle and the urea cycle were the most altered pathways in HNC, among other pathways (i.e. gluconeogenesis, glycine and serine metabolism, alanine metabolism, etc.). Specific metabolites that can potentially serve as complementary less- or non-invasive biomarkers, as well as metabolic pathways integrating the data from the available studies, are presented. CONCLUSION The present work highlights utility of metabolite-based biomarkers for risk assessment, early detection, and prognostication of HNC, as well as facilitates incorporation of available metabolomics studies into multi-omics data integration and big data analytics for personalized health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Chuchueva
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Central State Medical Academy, Moscow, Russia
| | - Filippo Carta
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Hoang N Nguyen
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jennifer Luevano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Isaiah A Lewis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | | | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Cagliari, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Emma King
- Cancer Research Center, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Department of Otolaryngology, Poole Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Longfleet Road, Poole, UK
| | | | - Igor Reshetov
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury Rusetsky
- Central State Medical Academy, Moscow, Russia
- Otorhinolaryngological Surgical Department With a Group of Head and Neck Diseases, National Medical Research Center of Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia Shestakova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology. I.M. Sechenov First, Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Moskaleva
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology. I.M. Sechenov First, Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Cinzia Mariani
- Unit of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Cagliari, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alvaro Castillo-Carniglia
- Society and Health Research Center, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Artes, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for the Evaluation and Analysis of Drug Policies (nDP) and Millennium Nucleus on Sociomedicine (SocioMed), Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Michael R La Frano
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
- Cal Poly Metabolomics Service Center, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
- Roy J.Carver Metabolomics Core Facility, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Puxeddu
- King's College Hospital London, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Section of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Svetlana A Appolonova
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology. I.M. Sechenov First, Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Center of Forensic-Medical Expertise of Ministry of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alex Brito
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Metabolomic Analysis, Institute of Translational Medicine and Biotechnology. I.M. Sechenov First, Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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Zhou Y, Liu Z. Saliva biomarkers in oral disease. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 548:117503. [PMID: 37536520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2023.117503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Saliva is a versatile biofluid that contains a wide variety of biomarkers reflecting both physiologic and pathophysiologic states. Saliva collection is noninvasive and highly applicable for tests requiring serial sampling. Furthermore, advances in test accuracy, sensitivity and precision for saliva has improved diagnostic performance as well as the identification of novel markers especially in oral disease processes. These include dental caries, periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Numerous growth factors, enzymes, interleukins and cytokines have been identified and are the subject of much research investigation. This review highlights current procedures for successful determination of saliva biomarkers including preanalytical factors associated with sampling, storage and pretreatment as well as subsequent analysis. Moreover, it provides an overview of the diagnostic applications of these salivary biomarkers in common oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Zhou
- Wenzhou Medical University Renji College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Alapati S, Fortuna G, Ramage G, Delaney C. Evaluation of Metabolomics as Diagnostic Targets in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:890. [PMID: 37623834 PMCID: PMC10456490 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, high-throughput technologies have facilitated the widespread use of metabolomics to identify biomarkers and targets for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). As a result, the primary goal of this systematic review is to identify and evaluate metabolite biomarkers and their pathways for OSCC that featured consistently across studies despite methodological variations. Six electronic databases (Medline, Cochrane, Web of Science, CINAHL, ProQuest, and Embase) were reviewed for the longitudinal studies involving OSCC patients and metabolic marker analysis (in accordance with PRISMA 2020). The studies included ranged from the inception of metabolomics in OSCC (i.e., 1 January 2007) to 30 April 2023. The included studies were then assessed for their quality using the modified version of NIH quality assessment tool and QUADOMICS. Thirteen studies were included after screening 2285 studies. The majority of the studies were from South Asian regions, and metabolites were most frequently derived from saliva. Amino acids accounted for more than quarter of the detected metabolites, with glutamate and methionine being the most prominent. The top dysregulated metabolites indicated dysregulation of six significantly enriched pathways including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism and arginine biosynthesis with the false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05. Finally, this review highlights the potential of metabolomics for early diagnosis and therapeutic targeting of OSCC. However, larger studies and standardized protocols are needed to validate these findings and make them a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanth Alapati
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.)
| | - Giulio Fortuna
- Department of Oral Medicine, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.)
| | - Christopher Delaney
- Oral Sciences Research Group, Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, 378 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3JZ, UK; (S.A.)
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10
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Hyvärinen E, Kashyap B, Kullaa AM. Oral Sources of Salivary Metabolites. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040498. [PMID: 37110157 PMCID: PMC10145445 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is very diverse, where saliva plays an important role in maintaining oral health. The metabolism of saliva has been used to investigate oral diseases as well as general diseases, mainly to detect diagnostic biomarkers. There are many sources of salivary metabolites in the mouth. The online English language search and PubMed databases were searched to retrieve relevant studies on oral salivary metabolites. The physiological balance of the mouth is influenced by many factors that are reflected in the salivary metabolite profile. Similarly, the dysbiosis of microbes can alter the salivary metabolite profile, which may express oral inflammation or oral diseases. This narrative review highlights the factors to be considered when examining saliva and its use as a diagnostic biofluid for different diseases. Salivary metabolites, mainly small molecular metabolites may enter the bloodstream and cause illness elsewhere in the body. The importance of salivary metabolites produced in the oral cavity as risk factors for general diseases and their possible relationship to the body’s function are also discussed.
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11
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Saliva Metabolomic Profile in Dental Medicine Research: A Narrative Review. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030379. [PMID: 36984819 PMCID: PMC10052075 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic research tends to increase in popularity over the years, leading to the identification of new biomarkers related to specific health disorders. Saliva is one of the most newly introduced and systematically developed biofluids in the human body that can serve as an informative substance in the metabolomic profiling armamentarium. This review aims to analyze the current knowledge regarding the human salivary metabolome, its alterations due to physiological, environmental and external factors, as well as the limitations and drawbacks presented in the most recent research conducted, focusing on pre—analytical and analytical workflows. Furthermore, the use of the saliva metabolomic profile as a promising biomarker for several oral pathologies, such as oral cancer and periodontitis will be investigated.
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12
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Huang Z, Yang X, Huang Y, Tang Z, Chen Y, Liu H, Huang M, Qing L, Li L, Wang Q, Jie Z, Jin X, Jia B. Saliva - a new opportunity for fluid biopsy. Clin Chem Lab Med 2023; 61:4-32. [PMID: 36285724 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is a complex biological fluid with a variety of biomolecules, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites and microbiota, which can be used for the screening and diagnosis of many diseases. In addition, saliva has the characteristics of simple collection, non-invasive and convenient storage, which gives it the potential to replace blood as a new main body of fluid biopsy, and it is an excellent biological diagnostic fluid. This review integrates recent studies and summarizes the research contents of salivaomics and the research progress of saliva in early diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases. This review aims to explore the value and prospect of saliva diagnosis in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qing
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhuye Jie
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Human Commensal Microorganisms and Health Research, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xin Jin
- BGI Genomics, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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13
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Tang J, Wu X, Cheng B, Lu Y. Identification of a polyamine-related signature and six novel prognostic biomarkers in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1073770. [PMID: 36733434 PMCID: PMC9887031 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1073770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated polyamine levels are required for tumor transformation and development; however, expression patterns of polyamines and their diagnostic potential have not been investigated in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and its impact on prognosis has yet to be determined. A total of 440 OSCC samples and clinical data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). Consensus clustering was conducted to classify OSCC patients into two subgroups based on the expression of the 17 polyamine regulators. Polyamine-related differentially expressed genes (PARDEGs) among distinct polyamine clusters were determined. To create a prognostic model, PARDEGs were examined in the training cohorts using univariate-Lasso-multivariate Cox regression analyses. Six prognostic genes, namely, "CKS2," "RIMS3," "TRAC," "FMOD," CALML5," and "SPINK7," were identified and applied to develop a predictive model for OSCC. According to the median risk score, the patients were split into high-risk and low-risk groups. The predictive performance of the six gene models was proven by the ROC curve analysis of the training and validation cohorts. Kaplan-Meier curves revealed that the high-risk group had poorer prognosis. Furthermore, the low-risk group was more susceptible to four chemotherapy drugs according to the IC50 of the samples computed by the "pRRophetic" package. The correlation between the risk scores and the proportion of immune cells was calculated. Meanwhile, the tumor mutational burden (TMB) value of the high-risk group was higher. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was applied to verify the genes constructing the model. The possible connections of the six genes with various immune cell infiltration and therapeutic markers were anticipated. In conclusion, we identified a polyamine-related prognostic signature, and six novel biomarkers in OSCC, which may provide insights to identify new treatment targets for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhang Tang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuechen Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Bo Cheng, ; Yajie Lu,
| | - Yajie Lu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Bo Cheng, ; Yajie Lu,
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Sugimoto M, Aizawa Y. Metabolomics Analysis of Blood, Urine, and Saliva Samples Based on Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2571:83-94. [PMID: 36152152 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2699-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is an ideal method for analyzing various metabolites in biological samples. CE-MS can simultaneously identify and quantify hundreds of charged metabolites using only two acquisition methods for positively and negatively charged metabolites. Furthermore, CE-MS is commonly used for analyzing biological samples to understand the pathology of diseases at the metabolic level and biofluid samples, such as blood and urine, to explore biomarkers. Here, we introduce a protocol that delineates the handling of clinical samples to ensure that the CE-MS analysis yields reproducible quantified data. We have focused on sample collection, storage, processing, and measurement. Although the implementation of rigorous standard operating protocols is preferred for enhancing the quality of the samples, various limitations in an actual clinical setting make it difficult to adhere to strict rules. Therefore, the effect of each process on the quantified metabolites needs to be evaluated to design a protocol with acceptable tolerances. Furthermore, quality controls and assessments to handle clinical samples are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Yumi Aizawa
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Tango R, Koeda A, Nagamine K, Tokito S, Niwa O, Ishikawa S, Sugimoto M. Development of a highly sensitive Prussian-blue-based enzymatic biosensor for L-carnitine employing the thiol/disulfide exchange reaction. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:963-968. [PMID: 35578012 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of conducting proof-of-concept study for amperometric acetyltransferase-based L-carnitine sensor by employing the thiol/disulfide exchange reaction. The carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine to produce CoA which is difficult to detect directly by electrochemical methods owing to steric hindrance and electrostatic effect of CoA. The thiol/disulfide exchange reaction between CoA and cystamine was mediated in the enzymatic reaction to produce electrochemically detectable low molecular weight of cationic cysteamine. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for L-carnitine in the concentration range 0.28-50 µM with a limit of detection of 0.28 µM. This is a promising strategy for L-carnitine sensing in point-of-care testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tango
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Aya Koeda
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Nagamine
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Osamu Niwa
- Saitama Institute of Technology, 1690, Fusaiji, Fukaya, 369-0293, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ishikawa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2, lida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
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16
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Nijakowski K, Gruszczyński D, Kopała D, Surdacka A. Salivary Metabolomics for Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Diagnosis: A Systematic Review. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12040294. [PMID: 35448481 PMCID: PMC9029144 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of oral cancer in which the consumption of tobacco and alcohol is considered to be the main aetiological factor. Salivary metabolome profiling could identify novel biochemical pathways involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This systematic review was designed to answer the question “Are salivary metabolites reliable for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma?”. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, nineteen studies were included (according to PRISMA statement guidelines). In all included studies, the diagnostic material was unstimulated whole saliva, whose metabolome changes were determined by different spectroscopic methods. At the metabolic level, OSCC patients differed significantly not only from healthy subjects but also from patients with oral leukoplakia, lichen planus or other oral potentially malignant disorders. Among the detected salivary metabolites, there were the indicators of the impaired metabolic pathways, such as choline metabolism, amino acid pathways, polyamine metabolism, urea cycle, creatine metabolism, glycolysis or glycerolipid metabolism. In conclusion, saliva contains many potential metabolites, which can be used reliably to early diagnose and monitor staging in patients with OSCC. However, further investigations are necessary to confirm these findings and to identify new salivary metabolic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kacper Nijakowski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Dawid Gruszczyński
- Student’s Scientific Group, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.); (D.K.)
| | - Dariusz Kopała
- Student’s Scientific Group, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland; (D.G.); (D.K.)
| | - Anna Surdacka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland;
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Ishikawa S, Sugimoto M, Konta T, Kitabatake K, Ueda S, Edamatsu K, Okuyama N, Yusa K, Iino M. Salivary Metabolomics for Prognosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 11:789248. [PMID: 35070995 PMCID: PMC8769065 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.789248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify salivary metabolomic biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) based on comprehensive metabolomic analyses. Quantified metabolomics data of unstimulated saliva samples collected from patients with OSCC (n = 72) were randomly divided into the training (n = 35) and validation groups (n = 37). The training data were used to develop a Cox proportional hazards regression model for identifying significant metabolites as prognostic factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival. Moreover, the validation group was used to develop another Cox proportional hazards regression model using the previously identified metabolites. There were no significant between-group differences in the participants’ characteristics, including age, sex, and the median follow-up periods (55 months [range: 3–100] vs. 43 months [range: 0–97]). The concentrations of 5-hydroxylysine (p = 0.009) and 3-methylhistidine (p = 0.012) were identified as significant prognostic factors for OS in the training group. Among them, the concentration of 3-methylhistidine was a significant prognostic factor for OS in the validation group (p = 0.048). Our findings revealed that salivary 3-methylhistidine is a prognostic factor for OS in patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ishikawa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Iida-nishi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Health Promotion and Pre-emptive Medicine, Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Konta
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Yamagata University Graduate School of Medicine, Iida-nishi, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kitabatake
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Iida-nishi, Japan
| | - Shohei Ueda
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Iida-nishi, Japan
| | - Kaoru Edamatsu
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Iida-nishi, Japan
| | - Naoki Okuyama
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Iida-nishi, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yusa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Iida-nishi, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Iino
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Iida-nishi, Japan
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Muthu K, Narayanan M. Recognizing the salivary panomics for the clinical application in oral potentially malignant disorders. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2021; 25:332-345. [PMID: 34703130 PMCID: PMC8491332 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.325237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer arises as a result of multistep carcinogenic progress from precursor lesion to oral squamous cell carcinoma through collective mutational process occur in the stem cells of mucosal epithelium. The detection of such oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs)/cancer in subclinical level will greatly improve the prognosis of a patient. The highly specific and sensitive salivary biomarkers have functioned in detection, prediction, surveillance and therapeutic monitoring of the diseases of interest. The aim of the review is to appraise various salivary biomarkers for the clinical utility in OPMDs. An electronic web-supported search was performed via PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Scholar search engine since the year 2015–2019. A total of 28 research articles were selected for the review after screening and assessment. The various genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and miscellaneous markers were analyzed and their characteristics and clinical application in OPMD patients were discussed. miR-21, miR-31, miR-84, H3F3A mRNA + IL-8P, matrix metalloproteinase-9, chemerin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cytokeratin-10, ornithine + O-hydroxybenzoate + R5F, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, Vitamin E and Vitamin C are identified as potential markers for OPMD patients. Scientifically validated, reliable and economical clinical biomarkers in OPMDs would serve as evidence-based treatment from patient point of view. Further longitudinal studies are needed to verify the accuracy and validate the applicability of these diagnostic/prognostic markers. Saliva has been reported as a valuable noninvasive valuable tool in biomarker identification. Recent advancements in salivary biomarker identification techniques lead to various potential biomarkers with precise outcome. The utilization of these biomarkers for the clinical application in OPMDs depends on the feasibility and personal choice of the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Muthu
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, VMS Dental College, Vinayaga Mission's Research Foundation, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohan Narayanan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, VMS Dental College, Vinayaga Mission's Research Foundation, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ferrara F, Zoupanou S, Primiceri E, Ali Z, Chiriacò MS. Beyond liquid biopsy: Toward non-invasive assays for distanced cancer diagnostics in pandemics. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 196:113698. [PMID: 34688113 PMCID: PMC8527216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy technologies have seen a significant improvement in the last decade, offering the possibility of reliable analysis and diagnosis from several biological fluids. The use of these technologies can overcome the limits of standard clinical methods, related to invasiveness and poor patient compliance. Along with this there are now mature examples of lab-on-chips (LOC) which are available and could be an emerging and breakthrough technology for the present and near-future clinical demands that provide sample treatment, reagent addition and analysis in a sample-in/answer-out approach. The possibility of combining non-invasive liquid biopsy and LOC technologies could greatly assist in the current need for minimizing exposure and transmission risks. The recent and ongoing pandemic outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, indeed, has heavily influenced all aspects of life worldwide. Ordinary tasks have been forced to switch from “in presence” to “distanced”, limiting the possibilities for a large number of activities in all fields of life outside of the home. Unfortunately, one of the settings in which physical distancing has assumed noteworthy consequences is the screening, diagnosis and follow-up of diseases. In this review, we analyse biological fluids that are easily collected without the intervention of specialized personnel and the possibility that they may be used -or not-for innovative diagnostic assays. We consider their advantages and limitations, mainly due to stability and storage and their integration into Point-of-Care diagnostics, demonstrating that technologies in some cases are mature enough to meet current clinical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ferrara
- STMicroelectronics s.r.l., via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy; CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
| | - Sofia Zoupanou
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy; University of Salento, Dept. of Mathematics & Physics E. de Giorgi, Via Arnesano, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Primiceri
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology, via per Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Zulfiqur Ali
- University of Teesside, School of Health & Life Sciences, Healthcare Innovation Centre, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, Tees Valley, England, UK
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Identification of Possible Salivary Metabolic Biomarkers and Altered Metabolic Pathways in South American Patients Diagnosed with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11100650. [PMID: 34677365 PMCID: PMC8537096 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) represents 90% of oral malignant neoplasms. The search for specific biomarkers for OSCC is a very active field of research contributing to establishing early diagnostic methods and unraveling underlying pathogenic mechanisms. In this work we investigated the salivary metabolites and the metabolic pathways of OSCC aiming find possible biomarkers. Salivary metabolites samples from 27 OSCC patients and 41 control individuals were compared through a gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS) technique. Our results allowed identification of pathways of the malate-aspartate shuttle, the beta-alanine metabolism, and the Warburg effect. The possible salivary biomarkers were identified using the area under receiver-operating curve (AUC) criterion. Twenty-four metabolites were identified with AUC > 0.8. Using the threshold of AUC = 0.9 we find malic acid, maltose, protocatechuic acid, lactose, 2-ketoadipic, and catechol metabolites expressed. We notice that this is the first report of salivary metabolome in South American oral cancer patients, to the best of our knowledge. Our findings regarding these metabolic changes are important in discovering salivary biomarkers of OSCC patients. However, additional work needs to be performed considering larger populations to validate our results.
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Salivary Metabolomics for Diagnosis and Monitoring Diseases: Challenges and Possibilities. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090587. [PMID: 34564402 PMCID: PMC8469343 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a useful biological fluid and a valuable source of biological information. Saliva contains many of the same components that can be found in blood or serum, but the components of interest tend to be at a lower concentration in saliva, and their analysis demands more sensitive techniques. Metabolomics is starting to emerge as a viable method for assessing the salivary metabolites which are generated by the biochemical processes in elucidating the pathways underlying different oral and systemic diseases. In oral diseases, salivary metabolomics has concentrated on periodontitis and oral cancer. Salivary metabolites of systemic diseases have been investigated mostly in the early diagnosis of different cancer, but also neurodegenerative diseases. This mini-review article aims to highlight the challenges and possibilities of salivary metabolomics from a clinical viewpoint. Furthermore, applications of the salivary metabolic profile in diagnosis and prognosis, monitoring the treatment success, and planning of personalized treatment of oral and systemic diseases are discussed.
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22
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Ishikawa S, Ishizawa K, Tanaka A, Kimura H, Kitabatake K, Sugano A, Edamatsu K, Ueda S, Iino M. Identification of Salivary Proteomic Biomarkers for Oral Cancer Screening. In Vivo 2021; 35:541-547. [PMID: 33402507 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The current study aimed to identify biomarkers for differentiating between patients with oral cancer (OC) and healthy controls (HCs) on the basis of the comprehensive proteomic analyses of saliva samples by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from 39 patients with OC and from 31 HCs. Proteins in the saliva were comprehensively analyzed using LC-MS/MS. To differentiate between patients with OC and HCs, a multiple logistic regression model was developed for evaluating the discriminatory ability of a combination of multiple markers. RESULTS A total of 23 proteins were significantly differentially expressed between the patients with OC and the HCs. Six out of the 23 proteins, namely α-2-macroglobulin-like protein 1, cornulin, hemoglobin subunit β, Ig k chain V-II region Vk167, kininogen-1 and transmembrane protease serine 11D, were selected using the forward-selection method and applied to the multiple logistic regression model. The area under the curve for discriminating between patients with OC and HCs was 0.957 when the combination of the six metabolites was used (95% confidence interval=0.915-0.998; p<0.001). Furthermore, these candidate proteins did not show a stage-specific difference. CONCLUSION The results of the current study showed that six salivary proteins are potential non-invasive biomarkers for OC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ishikawa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan;
| | - Kenichi Ishizawa
- Department of Neurology, Hematology, Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.,Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kimura
- Institute for Promotion of Medical Science Research, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | | | - Ayako Sugano
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kaoru Edamatsu
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shohei Ueda
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Iino
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Isola G. Advances in Biomarkers and Diagnostics in Periodontitis and Oral Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041886. [PMID: 33672084 PMCID: PMC7919635 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oral health is essential to general health and well-being at every stage of life [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties, School of Dentistry, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 78, 95124 Catania, Italy
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Adeoye J, Wan CCJ, Thomson P. Mock clinical testing in the validation of fluid-phase biomarkers for head and neck carcinoma diagnosis: Scoping review. Head Neck 2020; 43:691-704. [PMID: 33151603 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This review sought to determine the range and nature of prospective-sampling and blinding methods for validating nonviral biofluid markers diagnostic of head and neck carcinomas. Electronic database searching was conducted to identify studies published in English from January 1, 2009 to August 1, 2020. Sixteen studies from 17 articles published between 2011 and 2020 were included in this review. We found that about 3 out of 100 studies utilized at least one of the mock testing approaches for biomarker validation. Protein, mRNA, and metabolomic markers also represented the only groups whose validation has been attempted using these methods. Furthermore, studies that utilized both methods were found to have lower bias concerns on the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS-2) tool. Overall, there is a need to include these protocols in research endeavours verifying diagnostic biomarkers for head and neck carcinomas following the preliminary establishment of their classification accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Adeoye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Oral Cancer Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Ching Joan Wan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Peter Thomson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Oral Cancer Research Group, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Vitório JG, Duarte-Andrade FF, Dos Santos Fontes Pereira T, Fonseca FP, Amorim LSD, Martins-Chaves RR, Gomes CC, Canuto GAB, Gomez RS. Metabolic landscape of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Metabolomics 2020; 16:105. [PMID: 33000429 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck cancers are the seventh most common type of cancer worldwide, with almost half of the cases affecting the oral cavity. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common form of oral cancer, showing poor prognosis and high mortality. OSCC molecular pathogenesis is complex, resulting from a wide range of events that involve the interplay between genetic mutations and altered levels of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites. Metabolomics is a recently developed sub-area of omics sciences focused on the comprehensive analysis of small molecules involved in several biological pathways by high throughput technologies. AIM OF REVIEW This review summarizes and evaluates studies focused on the metabolomics analysis of OSCC and oral premalignant disorders to better interpret the complex process of oral carcinogenesis. Additionally, the metabolic biomarkers signatures identified so far are also included. Moreover, we discuss the limitations of these studies and make suggestions for future investigations. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS Although many questions about the metabolic features of OSCC have already been answered in metabolomic studies, further validation and optimization are still required to translate these findings into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Gardone Vitório
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Filipe Fideles Duarte-Andrade
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Thaís Dos Santos Fontes Pereira
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Felipe Paiva Fonseca
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Larissa Stefhanne Damasceno Amorim
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Roberta Rayra Martins-Chaves
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Carolina Cavaliéri Gomes
- Department of Pathology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gisele André Baptista Canuto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Santiago Gomez
- Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 6627, 31270-901, Brazil.
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26
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Adeoye J, Brennan PA, Thomson P. “Search less, verify more”—Reviewing salivary biomarkers in oral cancer detection. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 49:711-719. [DOI: 10.1111/jop.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John Adeoye
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
| | | | - Peter Thomson
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR China
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27
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Gardner A, Carpenter G, So PW. Salivary Metabolomics: From Diagnostic Biomarker Discovery to Investigating Biological Function. Metabolites 2020; 10:E47. [PMID: 31991929 PMCID: PMC7073850 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomic profiling of biofluids, e.g., urine, plasma, has generated vast and ever-increasing amounts of knowledge over the last few decades. Paradoxically, metabolomic analysis of saliva, the most readily-available human biofluid, has lagged. This review explores the history of saliva-based metabolomics and summarizes current knowledge of salivary metabolomics. Current applications of salivary metabolomics have largely focused on diagnostic biomarker discovery and the diagnostic value of the current literature base is explored. There is also a small, albeit promising, literature base concerning the use of salivary metabolomics in monitoring athletic performance. Functional roles of salivary metabolites remain largely unexplored. Areas of emerging knowledge include the role of oral host-microbiome interactions in shaping the salivary metabolite profile and the potential roles of salivary metabolites in oral physiology, e.g., in taste perception. Discussion of future research directions describes the need to begin acquiring a greater knowledge of the function of salivary metabolites, a current research direction in the field of the gut metabolome. The role of saliva as an easily obtainable, information-rich fluid that could complement other gastrointestinal fluids in the exploration of the gut metabolome is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gardner
- Salivary Research, Centre for Host–Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (A.G.); (G.C.)
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Hospital and School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HR, UK
| | - Guy Carpenter
- Salivary Research, Centre for Host–Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (A.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Po-Wah So
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London SE5 9RT, UK
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Ishikawa S, Sugimoto M, Edamatsu K, Sugano A, Kitabatake K, Iino M. Discrimination of oral squamous cell carcinoma from oral lichen planus by salivary metabolomics. Oral Dis 2019; 26:35-42. [PMID: 31602722 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to distinguish salivary metabolites in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) from those in oral lichen planus (OLP) to identify practical biomarkers for the discrimination of OSCC from OLP. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Whole unstimulated saliva samples were collected from patients with OSCC (n = 34) and OLP (n = 26). Hydrophilic metabolites in the saliva samples were comprehensively analysed by capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry. To evaluate the discrimination ability of a combination of multiple markers, a multiple logistic regression (MLR) model was developed to differentiate OSCC from OLP. RESULTS Fourteen metabolites were found to be significantly different between the OSCC and OLP groups. Among them, indole-3-acetate and ethanolamine phosphate were used to develop the MLR model. The combination of these two metabolites showed a high area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (0.856, 95% confidential interval: 0.762-0.950; p < .001) for discriminating OSCC from OLP. CONCLUSIONS We identified salivary metabolites for discerning between OSCC and OLP, which is clinically important for detecting the malignant transformation of OLP by both dentists and oral surgery specialists. Our candidate salivary metabolites show potential for non-invasive screening of OSCC versus OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Ishikawa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Health Promotion and Pre-emptive Medicine, Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Edamatsu
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ayako Sugano
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Kitabatake
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Iino
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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Shahoumi LA, Yeudall WA. Targeted therapies for non-HPV-related head and neck cancer: challenges and opportunities in the context of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine. EPMA J 2019; 10:291-305. [PMID: 31462945 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-019-00177-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) develops in the mucosal lining of the upper aerodigestive tract, principally as a result of exposure to carcinogens present in tobacco products and alcohol, with oncogenic papillomaviruses also being recognized as etiological agents in a limited proportion of cases. As such, there is considerable scope for prevention of disease development and progression. However, despite multimodal approaches to treatment, tumor recurrence and metastatic disease are common problems, and clinical outcome is unsatisfactory. As our understanding of the genetics and biochemical aberrations in HNSCC has improved, so the development and use of molecularly targeted drugs to combat the disease have come to the fore. In this article, we review molecular mechanisms that alter signal transduction downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as those that perturb orderly cell cycle progression, such as p53 mutation, cyclin overexpression, and loss of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor function. We outline some of the tactics that have been employed to combat the altered biochemistry. These include blockade of the EGFR using humanized monoclonal antibodies such as cetuximab and small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as erlotinib/gefitinib and subsequent generations of TKIs, restoration of p53 function using MIRA compounds, and inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase and aurora kinase activity using drugs such as palbociclib and alisertib. Knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms may be utilizable in order to predict disease behavior and tailor therapeutic interventions in a more personalized approach to improve clinical response. Use of liquid biopsy, omics platforms, and salivary diagnostics hold promise in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linah A Shahoumi
- 1Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912 USA.,2The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - W Andrew Yeudall
- 1Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912 USA.,2The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA.,3Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
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