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Pilecco RO, Machry RV, Baldi A, Tribst JPM, Sarkis-Onofre R, Valandro LF, Kleverlaan CJ, Scotti N, Pereira GKR. Influence of CAD-CAM milling strategies on the outcome of indirect restorations: A scoping review. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:811.e1-811.e10. [PMID: 38480018 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The influence of computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) parameters and settings on the outcomes of milled indirect restorations is poorly understood. PURPOSE The purpose of this scoping review was to summarize the current CAM systems, parameters, and setting changes, and their effects on different outcomes of milled indirect restorations and aspects related to their manufacture. MATERIAL AND METHODS The protocol of this review is available online (https://osf.io/x28ps/). Studies that used at least 2 different parameters (CAM units, number of axes, digital spacers, or protocols with different rotatory instruments, grit-sizes, milling speed, or others) for milling indirect restorations were included. A structured search up to July 2023 was performed by 2 independent reviewers for articles written in English in LILACS, MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus. RESULTS Of 1546 studies identified, 22 were included in the review. Discrepancies were found between the planned and actual measured cement space, with a decreasing linear relationship impacting restoration adaptation at different points. The CEREC MC XL milling machine was the most used system in the included studies, with variations in bur types, milling modes, and number of burs uses affecting internal fit and surface trueness. The results demonstrated the better adaptation of restorations made with 5-axis over 3-axis milling machines. Lithium disilicate and zirconia were the most commonly used materials, and crowns and inlays were popular designs. Marginal and internal adaptation were the primary outcomes assessed using the various techniques. CONCLUSIONS The study presented a comprehensive exploration of CAM systems and parameters, and their influence on indirect restorations. The planned cement space was not properly reproduced by the milling. Bur characteristics can affect restoration fit and trueness. The 5-axis units seem to result in better-adapted restorations compared with 3- and 4-axis units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Oliveira Pilecco
- Postgraduate student, Postgraduate Program in Oral Sciences (Prosthodontics Units), Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Renan Vaz Machry
- Postdoctoral student, Postgraduate Program in Oral Sciences (Prosthodontics Units), Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Andrea Baldi
- Postdoctoral student, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, Turin, Italy
| | - João Paulo Mendes Tribst
- Assistant Professor, Department of Reconstructive Oral Care, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands.
| | - Rafael Sarkis-Onofre
- Associate Professor, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Meridional Faculty, IMED, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Valandro
- Full Professor, Postgraduate Program in Oral Sciences (Prosthodontics Unit), Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Cornelis Johannes Kleverlaan
- Full Professor, Department of Dental Materials Science, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, North Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Scotti
- Associate Professor, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dental School, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira
- Adjunct Professor, Postgraduate Program in Oral Sciences (Prosthodontics Unit), Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Brazil
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Son YT, Son K, Eo GO, Lee KB. Feasibility of images acquired using smartphone camera for marginal and internal fit of fixed dental prosthesis: comparison and correlation study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5291. [PMID: 38438467 PMCID: PMC10912410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to measure marginal and internal fit using images captured with both an optical microscope and a smartphone camera, comparing the fit measurement performance of these devices and analyzing their correlation. Working casts (with 10 posterior and 10 anterior teeth) created to fabricate fixed dental prostheses were used. These working casts were scanned using a desktop scanner (E1) to design an interim crown, and the designed interim crown was fabricated using a three-dimensional (3D) printer. Utilizing the silicone replica technique, the fabricated interim crown replicated the fit, which was then captured using both an optical microscope and a smartphone camera. The captured images were used to measure the marginal and internal fit according to the imaging device. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used for reliability analysis according to the imaging device. Furthermore, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was adopted for the comparative evaluation of the marginal and internal fit between the imaging devices (α = 0.05). The measurement results of the marginal and internal fit according to the optical microscope and smartphone camera did exhibit a significant difference (P < 0.05). The ICC between the two devices showed an "excellent" agreement of over 0.9 at all measurement points (P < 0.001). A smartphone camera could be used to obtain images for evaluating the marginal and internal fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Tak Son
- Department of Dental Science, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Dental Device Development Institute, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubuldaero, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - KeunBaDa Son
- Advanced Dental Device Development Institute, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubuldaero, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-O Eo
- Department of Smart Software, Yonam Institute of Technology, Jinju-Si, Gyeongsangnam-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Bok Lee
- Advanced Dental Device Development Institute, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubuldaero, Jung-Gu, Daegu, 41940, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Loetzerich JM, Raith S, Reich S. Verification of a digital approach for three-dimensional evaluation of marginal and internal fit. J Prosthet Dent 2023:S0022-3913(23)00618-2. [PMID: 37852857 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Internal fit is an important aspect of indirect restorations, but methods for the 3-dimensional (3D) measurement of absolute marginal and intaglio fit are sparse. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate an innovative 3D measurement method (AIXFit) based on intraoral scanning data for analyzing the fit of dental restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS For the evaluation of AIXFit, 12 monolithic zirconia crowns were fabricated on typodont preparations. The fit was measured digitally with the AIXFit system and compared with the results obtained from an established 2-dimensional (2D) sectional procedure. To compare the values of both methods at identical locations, a common reference system was developed, with each die fixed in a gypsum stand with reference points. Using an intraoral scanner (True Definition), each die with its reference points and the intaglio surface of the finished crown were digitalized as standard tessellation language files. The AIXFit software program, with a specially developed best-fit algorithm, was used to match the intaglio surface of the crown with the surface of the preparation. The virtual cement gap was calculated over the entire surface and returned values for x≥0 µm. A 2D comparison method involved adhesively fixing the crown to the die and sectioning it into 4 parts with a diamond band saw. The thickness of the cement gap was determined under a light microscope at ×100 magnification at 5 defined measuring points per quarter, so that a total of 240 measurements were available for comparison. A software program (Blender Foundation) was used to superimpose the data from the AIXFit system with the data from the 2D method and to compare the cement gaps at the same locations. The agreement between these methods was verified using paired t tests and determine correlation coefficients (α=.05). RESULTS The mean ±standard deviation difference between the AIXFit and 2D methods was 6.7 ±29 µm). Two 1-sided tests showed statistical equivalence between the methods of measurement when considering an interval between -20 and +20 µm. The correlation coefficients showed a positive association for both methods (r=.931). CONCLUSIONS The AIXFit software program appeared to be accurate for the digital measurement of internal fit when using the True Definition scanner. It enabled a cast-free workflow and allowed the analysis of the entire intaglio surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Markus Loetzerich
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, Centre of Implantology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Raith
- Research Assistant, Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, Centre of Implantology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sven Reich
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, Centre of Implantology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Tabatabaian F, Namdari M, Mahshid M, Vora SR, Mirabbasi S. Accuracy and precision of intraoral scanners for shade matching: A systematic review. J Prosthet Dent 2022:S0022-3913(22)00565-0. [PMID: 36347647 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The use of intraoral scanners is rising in prosthetic dentistry; however, systematic analysis of their accuracy and precision for shade matching is scarce. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the accuracy and precision of intraoral scanners for shade matching. MATERIAL AND METHODS In addition to a manual search, an electronic systematic search was conducted on MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane, and Scopus databases. English-language original studies published between January 1, 2010 and March 1, 2022 with intraoral or digital scanners were chosen based on the keywords of tooth color or shade selection or determination, color or shade matching, accuracy, validity, or trueness, and precision, repeatability, or reproducibility as inclusive criteria. Two reviewers independently performed the literature search, selected the studies, collected the data from the studies included, and evaluated the quality of the studies included using a quality assessment method and the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies. A third reviewer resolved disagreements. RESULTS A total of 17 articles concerning the shade matching accuracy and precision of intraoral scanners were selected and reviewed. Among them, 4 articles evaluated only accuracy, 4 articles assessed only precision, and 9 articles investigated both accuracy and precision. Ten articles reported low levels of shade matching accuracy for intraoral scanners, while 11 articles reported high levels of shade matching precision for intraoral scanners. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current literature, intraoral scanners show acceptable precision but unacceptable accuracy for shade matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Tabatabaian
- PhD student, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Mahshid Namdari
- Assistant Professor of Biostatistics, Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Mahshid
- Emeritus Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siddhart R Vora
- Assistant Professor, Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shahriar Mirabbasi
- Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Tokuc M, Yilmaz H. Comparison of fit accuracy between conventional and CAD/CAM-fabricated band-loop space maintainers. Int J Paediatr Dent 2022; 32:764-771. [PMID: 35122341 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the band fit of metallic band-loop space maintainers fabricated by conventional and 3D printing technologies for clinical applications. DESIGN Sixteen digital intraoral impressions were selected, and resin models were printed with a 3D printer. Forty band-loop space maintainers were fabricated (20 each for both the conventional and digital groups). To evaluate the band fit of conventional and CAD/CAM-fabricated space maintainers, cement space was visualized with low-viscosity condensation silicone material on resin models. Digital evaluation was carried out using dual scan method by superimposing two scans of resin models covered with or without a silicone layer on the abutment tooth. The mean quadratic deviation (root mean square, RMS) was calculated. The RMS values between the groups were evaluated with Student's t test. Statistical significance was set at p < .05. RESULTS No statistical significance was found between the conventional and digital groups (p = .56). CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this study, the band fit of conventional and CAD/CAM-fabricated space maintainers had no difference. Future research into CAD/CAM-fabricated appliances from different perspectives such as fracture strength and patient comfort is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Tokuc
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
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New Caries Diagnostic Tools in Intraoral Scanners: A Comparative In Vitro Study to Established Methods in Permanent and Primary Teeth. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22062156. [PMID: 35336328 PMCID: PMC8950989 DOI: 10.3390/s22062156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this in vitro study was to systematically investigate new caries diagnostic tools, including three intraoral scanners, and compare them to established diagnostic methods. For a standardized analysis of occlusal and proximal caries lesions, human permanent and primary teeth (n = 64) were embedded in models and investigated in a phantom head using six different caries diagnostic methods: visual examination, bitewing radiography, Diagnocam (KaVo, Biberach, Germany), Trios 4 (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark), iTero Element 5D (Align Technology, San José, CA, USA), and Planmeca Emerald S (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland). The diagnostic methods were investigated and compared to reference µ-CT for permanent and primary teeth separately. For occlusal caries diagnostics in permanent teeth, the best agreement to the reference (reliability) was obtained for Planmeca Emerald S (ĸ = 0.700), whereas in primary teeth, for visual examination (ĸ = 0.927), followed by Trios 4 (ĸ = 0.579). Regarding proximal caries diagnostics, bitewing radiography, as the gold standard, exhibited the highest agreement for permanent (ĸ = 0.643) and primary teeth (ĸ = 0.871). Concerning the analysis of the diagnostic quality (sensitivity and specificity) using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, comparable findings were obtained for area under curve (AUC) values as for reliability. No diagnostic method could be identified that is generally suitable for occlusal and proximal lesions in both dentitions. Overall, caries diagnostics with intraoral scanners seem to be interesting tools that should be further investigated in clinical studies.
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LI Y, ZHAO J, SUN Z, LIN N, ZHENG Y. Three-dimensional fit of self-glazed zirconia monolithic crowns fabricated by wet deposition. Dent Mater J 2022; 41:363-367. [DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2021-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan LI
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Jing ZHAO
- Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Zhe SUN
- Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Nengjie LIN
- Stomatology Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
| | - Yuanna ZHENG
- School/Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
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Bae S, Hong MH, Lee H, Lee CH, Hong M, Lee J, Lee DH. Reliability of Metal 3D Printing with Respect to the Marginal Fit of Fixed Dental Prostheses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4781. [PMID: 33114737 PMCID: PMC7663231 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies have been widely used to manufacture crowns and frameworks for fixed dental prostheses. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the reliability of the marginal fit of 3D-printed cobalt-chromium-based fixed dental prostheses in comparison to conventional casting methods. Articles published until 25 June 2020, reporting the marginal fit of fixed prostheses fabricated with metal 3D printing, were searched using electronic literature databases. After the screening and quality assessment, 21 eligible peer-reviewed articles were selected. Meta-analysis revealed that the marginal gap of the prostheses manufactured using 3D printing was significantly smaller compared to that manufactured using casting methods (standard mean difference (95% CI): -0.92 (-1.45, -0.38); Z = -3.37; p = 0.0008). The estimated difference between the single and multi-unit types did not differ significantly (p = 0.3573). In the subgroup analysis for the measurement methods, the tendency of marginal discrepancy between the 3D printing and casting groups was significantly different between articles that used direct observation and those that used the silicone replica technique (p < 0.001). Metal 3D printing technologies appear reliable as an alternative to casting methods in terms of the fit of the fixed dental prostheses. In order to analyze the factors influencing manufacturing and confirm the results of this review, further controlled laboratory and clinical studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soohyun Bae
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.B.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Min-Ho Hong
- Department of Dental Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Pusan, Busan 46252, Korea;
| | - Hyunwoo Lee
- Department of Dental Clinic, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Korea;
| | - Cheong-Hee Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.B.); (C.-H.L.)
| | - Mihee Hong
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
| | - Jaesik Lee
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea;
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea; (S.B.); (C.-H.L.)
- Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41940, Korea
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Mai HY, Lee WK, Kwon TG, Lee DH. Reliability of digital measurement methods on the marginal fit of fixed prostheses: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 124:350.e1-350.e11. [PMID: 32665119 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Digital methods have been increasingly used to evaluate the fit of prostheses, but the accuracy of digital methodology has not been fully clarified. PURPOSE The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the reliability of digital measurement methods for evaluating the marginal fit of fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) and to identify the potential factors that can influence the accuracy of the measurement methods. MATERIAL AND METHODS The differences between digital and conventional measurement methods were analyzed by searching PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for studies reporting the marginal fit of FDPs. The agreement of data collection among the reviewers was confirmed by the Cohen kappa coefficient, and the MINORS scale was used to rate the quality of the included studies. The heterogeneity among the studies was evaluated, and meta-analyses with global and subgroup analyses were performed. RESULTS Ten in vitro studies were selected according to the eligibility criteria with substantial interreader concordance (κ=0.88). The standard mean difference of the meta-analysis for marginal discrepancy was 0.12 μm (95% confidence interval: -0.12 to 0.35), indicating that no statistically significant differences were found in the marginal discrepancies observed with digital and conventional methods (P=.343). The subgroup analysis for alloy-based prostheses was not significantly different, nor between the material and measurement methods (P=.060). CONCLUSIONS Digital methods appear to be reliable as an alternative to conventional methods for evaluating the marginal fit of FDPs. To confirm the results of this study and to identify the influencing factors on the accuracy of digital measurement methods, further controlled laboratory and clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yen Mai
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kee Lee
- Associate Professor, Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geon Kwon
- Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Du-Hyeong Lee
- Associate Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Institute for Translational Research in Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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New Intraoral Scanner-Based Chairside Measurement Method to Investigate the Internal Fit of Crowns: A Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072182. [PMID: 32218254 PMCID: PMC7177940 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To measure the internal fit of the computer-aided designed/computer-aided manufactured (CAD/CAM) crowns, a new scanner-based chairside approach was investigated in patients, and the results were compared to the established silicone replica technique and a digital laboratory replica method. Thirty full-coverage crown preparations were included. Based on a digital impression with an intraoral scanner (IOS, Trios 3), three CAD/CAM measurement copings (‘COM’, resin composite; ‘ZIR’, zirconium dioxide; ‘NPA’, non-precious alloy) were fabricated for each tooth preparation. The internal fit of the measurement copings was analyzed with three different evaluation methods: IOS-based digital approach (D-IOS), digital replica method with laboratory software (D-GOM), and conventional silicone replica technique (CV-SR). The congruence between the determined target parameter of the 80-µm cement space and the actual measured internal gap was investigated. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA (p-value < 0.05). No significant difference was determined between the three evaluation methods. However, significant differences were observed for the three coping materials (p-value < 0.05), the single measurement position (marginal, axial, and occlusal fit) (p-value < 0.05), and the interaction between the coping material and the measurement position (p-value < 0.05). COM revealed the smallest internal gap, followed by ZIR and NPA. Regardless of the coping material, the occlusal gap was higher than the axial and marginal gaps. Furthermore, only the internal gaps of the marginal area almost matched the target parameter of 80-µm for the cement space. D-IOS is effective for measuring internal fit of single crowns in different clinical settings.
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