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Yin J, Liu Y, He D, Li P, Qiao M, Luo H, Qu X, Mei S, Wu Y, Sun Y, Gan F, Tang B, Tang XF. A TrmBL2-like transcription factor mediates the growth phase-dependent expression of halolysin SptA in a concentration-dependent manner in Natrinema gari J7-2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0074124. [PMID: 38953660 PMCID: PMC11267917 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00741-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
To cope with a high-salinity environment, haloarchaea generally employ the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) pathway to transport secretory proteins across the cytoplasm membrane in a folded state, including Tat-dependent extracellular subtilases (halolysins) capable of autocatalytic activation. Some halolysins, such as SptA of Natrinema gari J7-2, are produced at late-log phase to prevent premature enzyme activation and proteolytic damage of cellular proteins in haloarchaea; however, the regulation mechanism for growth phase-dependent expression of halolysins remains largely unknown. In this study, a DNA-protein pull-down assay was performed to identify the proteins binding to the 5'-flanking sequence of sptA encoding halolysin SptA in strain J7-2, revealing a TrmBL2-like transcription factor (NgTrmBL2). The ΔtrmBL2 mutant of strain J7-2 showed a sharp decrease in the production of SptA, suggesting that NgTrmBL2 positively regulates sptA expression. The purified recombinant NgTrmBL2 mainly existed as a dimer although monomeric and higher-order oligomeric forms were detected by native-PAGE analysis. The results of electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) showed that NgTrmBL2 binds to the 5'-flanking sequence of sptA in a non-specific and concentration-dependent manner and exhibits an increased DNA-binding affinity with the increase in KCl concentration. Moreover, we found that a distal cis-regulatory element embedded in the neighboring upstream gene negatively regulates trmBL2 expression and thus participates in the growth phase-dependent biosynthesis of halolysin SptA. IMPORTANCE Extracellular proteases play important roles in nutrient metabolism, processing of functional proteins, and antagonism of haloarchaea, but no transcription factor involved in regulating the expression of haloaechaeal extracellular protease has been reported yet. Here we report that a TrmBL2-like transcription factor (NgTrmBL2) mediates the growth phase-dependent expression of an extracellular protease, halolysin SptA, of haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2. In contrast to its hyperthermophilic archaeal homologs, which are generally considered to be global transcription repressors, NgTrmBL2 functions as a positive regulator for sptA expression. This study provides new clues about the transcriptional regulation mechanism of extracellular protease in haloarchaea and the functional diversity of archaeal TrmBL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengting Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Mei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiqi Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Wuhan, China
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Hou J, Li XX, Sun Y, Li Y, Yang XY, Sun YP, Cui HL. Novel Archaeal Histamine Oxidase from Natronobeatus ordinarius: Insights into Histamine Degradation for Enhancing Food Safety. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:6519-6525. [PMID: 38497614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Histamine, found abundantly in salt-fermented foods, poses a risk of food poisoning. Natronobeatus ordinarius, a halophilic archaeon isolated from a salt lake, displayed a strong histamine degradation ability. Its histamine oxidase (HOD) gene was identified (hodNbs). This is the first report of an archaeal HOD. The HODNbs protein was determined to be a tetramer with a molecular weight of 307 kDa. HODNbs displayed optimum activity at 60-65 °C, 1.5-2.0 M NaCl, and pH 6.5. Notably, within the broad NaCl range between 0.5 and 2.5 M, HODNbs retained above 50% of its maximum activity. HODNbs exhibited good thermal stability, pH stability, and salinity tolerance. HODNbs was able to degrade various biogenic amines. The Vmax of HODNbs for histamine was 0.29 μmol/min/mg, and the Km was 0.56 mM. HODNbs exhibited high efficiency in histamine removal from fish sauce, namely, 100 μg of HODNbs degraded 5.63 mg of histamine (37.9%) in 10 g of fish sauce within 24 h at 50 °C. This study showed that HODNbs with excellent enzymatic properties has promising application potentials to degrade histamine in high-salt foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xin Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Oceanography, Zhejiang University, 1 Zheda Road, Dinghai District, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Lin Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Luo H, Qu X, Deng X, He L, Wu Y, Liu Y, He D, Yin J, Wang B, Gan F, Tang B, Tang XF. HtrAs are essential for the survival of the haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2 in response to heat, high salinity, and toxic substances. Appl Environ Microbiol 2024; 90:e0204823. [PMID: 38289131 PMCID: PMC10880668 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02048-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and eukaryotic HtrAs can act as an extracytoplasmic protein quality control (PQC) system to help cells survive in stress conditions, but the functions of archaeal HtrAs remain unknown. Particularly, haloarchaea route most secretory proteins to the Tat pathway, enabling them to fold properly in well-controlled cytoplasm with cytosolic PQC systems before secretion. It is unclear whether HtrAs are required for haloarchaeal survival and stress response. The haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2 encodes three Tat signal peptide-bearing HtrAs (NgHtrA, NgHtrB, and NgHtrC), and the signal peptides of NgHtrA and NgHtrC contain a lipobox. Here, the in vitro analysis reveals that the three HtrAs show different profiles of temperature-, salinity-, and metal ion-dependent proteolytic activities and could exhibit chaperone-like activities to prevent the aggregation of reduced lysozyme when their proteolytic activities are inhibited at low temperatures or the active site is disrupted. The gene deletion and complementation assays reveal that NgHtrA and NgHtrC are essential for the survival of strain J7-2 at elevated temperature and/or high salinity and contribute to the resistance of this haloarchaeon to zinc and inhibitory substances generated from tryptone. Mutational analysis shows that the lipobox mediates membrane anchoring of NgHtrA or NgHtrC, and both the membrane-anchored and free extracellular forms of the two enzymes are involved in the stress resistance of strain J7-2, depending on the stress conditions. Deletion of the gene encoding NgHtrB in strain J7-2 causes no obvious growth defect, but NgHtrB can functionally substitute for NgHtrA or NgHtrC under some conditions.IMPORTANCEHtrA-mediated protein quality control plays an important role in the removal of aberrant proteins in the extracytoplasmic space of living cells, and the action mechanisms of HtrAs have been extensively studied in bacteria and eukaryotes; however, information about the function of archaeal HtrAs is scarce. Our results demonstrate that three HtrAs of the haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2 possess both proteolytic and chaperone-like activities, confirming that the bifunctional nature of HtrAs is conserved across all three domains of life. Moreover, we found that NgHtrA and NgHtrC are essential for the survival of strain J7-2 under stress conditions, while NgHtrB can serve as a substitute for the other two HtrAs under certain circumstances. This study provides the first biochemical and genetic evidence of the importance of HtrAs for the survival of haloarchaea in response to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingxue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education and Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education and Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Ministry of Education and Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
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Hong T, Pan R, Ke J, Luo Y, Hao Y, Chen L, Tu D, Dai Y, Chen T, Chen S. Expression, purification, and enzymatic characterization of an extracellular protease from Halococcus salifodinae. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:2689-2703. [PMID: 37661213 PMCID: PMC10689711 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular proteases from halophilic archaea displays increased enzymatic activities in hypersaline environment. In this study, an extracellular protease-coding gene, hly34, from the haloarchaeal strain Halococcus salifodinae PRR34, was obtained through homologous search. The protease activity produced by this strain at 20% NaCl, 42 °C, and pH 7.0 was 32.5 ± 0.5 (U·mL-1). The codon-optimized hly34 which is specific for Escherichia coli can be expressed in E. coli instead of native hly34. It exhibits proteolytic activity under a wide range of low- or high-salt concentrations, slightly acidic or alkaline conditions, and slightly higher temperatures. The Hly34 presented the highest proteolytic activity at 50 °C, pH 9.0, and 0-1 M NaCl. It was found that the Hly34 showed a higher enzyme activity under low-salt conditions. Hly34 has good stability at different NaCl concentrations (1-4 M) and pH (6.0-10.0), as well as good tolerance to some metal ions. However, at 60 °C, the stability is reduced. It has a good tolerance to some metal ions. The proteolytic activity was completely inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, suggesting that the Hly34 is a serine protease. This study further deepens our understanding of haloarchaeal extracellular protease, most of which found in halophilic archaea are classified as serine proteases. These proteases exhibit a certain level of alkaline resistance and moderate heat resistance, and they may emerge with higher activity under low-salt conditions than high-salt conditions. The protease Hly34 is capable of degrading a number of proteins, including substrate proteins, such as azocasein, whey protein and casein. It has promising applications in industrial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Ruru Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yuqing Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yuling Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Liangzhong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Demei Tu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yongpei Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shaoxing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10010, China.
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Yao H, Liu S, Liu T, Ren D, Zhou Z, Yang Q, Mao J. Microbial-derived salt-tolerant proteases and their applications in high-salt traditional soybean fermented foods: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2023; 10:82. [PMID: 38647906 PMCID: PMC10992980 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-023-00704-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Different microorganisms can produce different proteases, which can adapt to different industrial requirements such as pH, temperature, and pressure. Salt-tolerant proteases (STPs) from microorganisms exhibit higher salt tolerance, wider adaptability, and more efficient catalytic ability under extreme conditions compared to conventional proteases. These unique enzymes hold great promise for applications in various industries including food, medicine, environmental protection, agriculture, detergents, dyes, and others. Scientific studies on microbial-derived STPs have been widely reported, but there has been little systematic review of microbial-derived STPs and their application in high-salt conventional soybean fermentable foods. This review presents the STP-producing microbial species and their selection methods, and summarizes and analyzes the salt tolerance mechanisms of the microorganisms. It also outlines various techniques for the isolation and purification of STPs from microorganisms and discusses the salt tolerance mechanisms of STPs. Furthermore, this review demonstrates the contribution of modern biotechnology in the screening of novel microbial-derived STPs and their improvement in salt tolerance. It highlights the potential applications and commercial value of salt-tolerant microorganisms and STPs in high-salt traditional soy fermented foods. The review ends with concluding remarks on the challenges and future directions for microbial-derived STPs. This review provides valuable insights into the separation, purification, performance enhancement, and application of microbial-derived STPs in traditional fermented foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Biology and Food Engineering, Bozhou University, Bozhou, 236800, Anhui, China
| | - Shuangping Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, 31200, Zhejiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine CO., LTD, Shaoxing, 646000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, 31200, Zhejiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine CO., LTD, Shaoxing, 646000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongliang Ren
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhilei Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, Guangdong, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, 31200, Zhejiang, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine CO., LTD, Shaoxing, 646000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qilin Yang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Mao
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, Guangdong, China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
- Jiangnan University (Shaoxing) Industrial Technology Research Institute, Shaoxing, 31200, Zhejiang, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Huangjiu, Zhejiang Guyuelongshan Shaoxing Wine CO., LTD, Shaoxing, 646000, Zhejiang, China.
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Nwankwo C, Hou J, Cui HL. Extracellular proteases from halophiles: diversity and application challenges. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:5923-5934. [PMID: 37566160 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Halophilic extracellular proteases offer promising application in various fields. Information on these prominent proteins including the synthesizing organisms, biochemical properties, domain organisation, purification, and application challenges has never been covered in recent reviews. Although extracellular proteases from bacteria pioneered the study of proteases in halophiles, progress is being made in proteases from halophilic archaea. Recent advances in extracellular proteases from archaea revealed that archaeal proteases are more robust and applicable. Extracellular proteases are composed of domains that determine their mechanisms of action. The intriguing domain structure of halophilic extracellular proteases consists of N-terminal domain, catalytic domain, and C-terminal extension. The role of C-terminal domains varies among different organisms. A high diversity of C-terminal domains would endow the proteases with diverse functions. With the development of genomics, culture-independent methods involving heterologous expression, affinity chromatography, and in vitro refolding are deployed with few challenges on purification and presenting novel research opportunities. Halophilic extracellular proteases have demonstrated remarkable potentials in industries such as detergent, leather, peptide synthesis, and biodegradation, with desirable properties and ability to withstand harsh industrial processes. KEY POINTS: • Halophilic extracellular proteases have robust properties suitable for applications. • A high diversity of C-terminal domains may endow proteases with diverse properties. • Novel protease extraction methods present novel application opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidiebele Nwankwo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Natural Sciences Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410002, Enugu State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, 410002, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Jing Hou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heng-Lin Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Gaonkar SK, Alvares JJ, Furtado IJ. Recent advances in the production, properties and applications of haloextremozymes protease and lipase from haloarchaea. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:322. [PMID: 37755613 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Proteases and lipases are significant groups of enzymes for commercialization at the global level. Earlier, the industries depended on mesophilic proteases and lipases, which remain nonfunctional under extreme conditions. The discovery of extremophilic microorganisms, especially those belonging to haloarchaea, paved a new reserve of industrially competent extremozymes. Haloarchaea or halophilic archaea are polyextremophiles of domain Archaea that grow at high salinity, elevated temperature, pH range (pH 6-12), and low aw. Interestingly, haloarchaeal proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes also perform their catalytic function in the presence of 4-5 M NaCl in vivo and in vitro. Also, they are of great interest to study due to their capacity to function and are active at elevated temperatures, tolerance to pH extremes, and in non-aqueous media. In recent years, advances have been achieved in various aspects of genomic/molecular expression methods involving homologous and heterologous processes for the overproduction of these extremozymes and their characterization from haloarchaea. A few protease and lipase extremozymes have been successfully expressed in prokaryotic systems, especially E.coli, and enzyme modification techniques have improved the catalytic properties of the recombinant enzymes. Further, in-silico methods are currently applied to elucidate the structural and functional features of salt-stable protease and lipase in haloarchaea. In this review, the production and purification methods, catalytic and biochemical properties and biotechnological applications of haloextremozymes proteases and lipases are summarized along with recent advancements in overproduction and characterization of these enzymes, concluding with the directions for further in-depth research on proteases and lipases from haloarchaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket K Gaonkar
- Microbiology Programme, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India.
- Department of Microbiology, P.E.S's R.S.N College of Arts and Science, Farmagudi, Ponda-Goa, 403401, India.
| | - Jyothi Judith Alvares
- Microbiology Programme, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India
| | - Irene J Furtado
- Microbiology Programme, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa, 403206, India
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Wu Y, Zhang J, Wang B, Zhang Y, Li H, Liu Y, Yin J, He D, Luo H, Gan F, Tang B, Tang XF. Dissecting the Arginine and Lysine Biosynthetic Pathways and Their Relationship in Haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2 via Endogenous CRISPR-Cas System-Based Genome Editing. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0028823. [PMID: 37347159 PMCID: PMC10433800 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00288-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary relationship between arginine and lysine biosynthetic pathways has been well established in bacteria and hyperthermophilic archaea but remains largely unknown in haloarchaea. Here, the endogenous CRISPR-Cas system was harnessed to edit arginine and lysine biosynthesis-related genes in the haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2. The ΔargW, ΔargX, ΔargB, and ΔargD mutant strains display an arginine auxotrophic phenotype, while the ΔdapB mutant shows a lysine auxotrophic phenotype, suggesting that strain J7-2 utilizes the ArgW-mediated pathway and the diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway to synthesize arginine and lysine, respectively. Unlike the ArgD in Escherichia coli acting as a bifunctional aminotransferase in both the arginine biosynthesis pathway and the DAP pathway, the ArgD in strain J7-2 participates only in arginine biosynthesis. Meanwhile, in strain J7-2, the function of argB cannot be compensated for by its evolutionary counterpart ask in the DAP pathway. Moreover, strain J7-2 cannot utilize α-aminoadipate (AAA) to synthesize lysine via the ArgW-mediated pathway, in contrast to hyperthermophilic archaea that employ a bifunctional LysW-mediated pathway to synthesize arginine (or ornithine) and lysine from glutamate and AAA, respectively. Additionally, the replacement of a 5-amino-acid signature motif responsible for substrate specificity of strain J7-2 ArgX with that of its hyperthermophilic archaeal homologs cannot endow the ΔdapB mutant with the ability to biosynthesize lysine from AAA. The in vitro analysis shows that strain J7-2 ArgX acts on glutamate rather than AAA. These results suggest that the arginine and lysine biosynthetic pathways of strain J7-2 are highly specialized during evolution. IMPORTANCE Due to their roles in amino acid metabolism and close evolutionary relationship, arginine and lysine biosynthetic pathways represent interesting models for probing functional specialization of metabolic routes. The current knowledge with respect to arginine and lysine biosynthesis is limited for haloarchaea compared to that for bacteria and hyperthermophilic archaea. Our results demonstrate that the haloarchaeon Natrinema gari J7-2 employs the ArgW-mediated pathway and the DAP pathway for arginine and lysine biosynthesis, respectively, and the two pathways are functionally independent of each other; meanwhile, ArgX is a key determinant of substrate specificity of the ArgW-mediated pathway in strain J7-2. This study provides new clues about haloarchaeal amino acid metabolism and confirms the convenience and efficiency of endogenous CRISPR-Cas system-based genome editing in haloarchaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingxue Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan He
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation (Ministry of Education & Hubei Province), Wuhan, China
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9
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Zhang S, Chen F, Ke J, Hao Y, Pan R, Hong T, Dai Y, Chen S. Hly176B, a low-salt tolerant halolysin from the haloarchaeon Haloarchaeobius sp. FL176. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:189. [PMID: 37157004 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03632-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular proteases of haloarchaea can adapt to high concentrations of NaCl and can find useful applications in industrial or biotechnology processes where hypersaline conditions are desired. The diversity of extracellular proteases produced by haloarchaea is largely unknown though the genomes of many species have been sequenced and are publicly available. In this study, a gene encoding the extracellular protease Hly176B from the haloarchaeon Haloarchaeobius sp. FL176 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. A related gene homolog to hly176B, hly176A, from the same strain was also expressed in E.coli, but did not show any proteinase activity after the same renaturation process. Therefore, we focus on the enzymatic properties of the Hly176B. The catalytic triad Asp-His-Ser was confirmed via site-directed mutagenesis, indicating that Hly176B belongs to the class of serine proteases (halolysin). Unlike previously reported extracellular proteases from haloarchaea, the Hly176B remained active for a relatively long time in an almost salt-free solution. In addition, the Hly176B displayed prominent tolerance to some metal ions, surfactants and organic solvents, and exerts its highest enzyme activity at 40 °C, pH 8.0 and 0.5 M NaCl. Therefore, this study enriches our knowledge of extracellular proteases and expands their applications for various industrial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Feilong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
- Anhui Jiaotianxiang Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Xuancheng, 242000, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yuling Hao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Ruru Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Tao Hong
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yongpei Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shaoxing Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 10010, China.
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10
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Simultaneous purification and characterization of detergent-stable, solvent-tolerant haloextremozymes protease and lipase from Haloferax sp. strain GUBF 2. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:705. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03286-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Hou J, Li SY, Zhao YJ, Cui HL. A novel halolysin without C-terminal extension from an extremely halophilic archaeon. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3009-3019. [PMID: 35435453 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Halolysins are extracellular proteases secreted by halophilic archaea for nutritional purposes. They bear great application potentials in various industries. Yet the diversity of halolysins remains underexplored. In this study, a halolysin from the extremely halophilic archaeon Haladaptatus sp. DYF46 (HlyHap) was identified to be a novel type of halolysin without C-terminal extension (CTE). Addition of the CTE of a halolysin from Halococcus salifodinae to HlyHap did not significantly affect its extracellular proteolytic activity. Mature HlyHap was generated from recombinant HlyHap precursor by high-affinity column refolding. HlyHap displayed optimal activity at 0.25-0.50 M NaCl, 45 °C and pH 8.5-9.0. Interestingly, HlyHap preferred a low salinity and was stable in a broad range of salinity, albeit from an extremely halophilic archaeon. Ca2+ and Mg2+ significantly promoted HlyHap activity. HlyHap activity was stable with organic solvents and detergents. The Km and Vmax values of HlyHap against azocasein were 0.018 mM and 7,179 U/mg, and those against succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA were 0.32 mM and 3×106 μmol/min/μg, respectively. The unusual traits of HlyHap, a novel type of halolysin without CTE, may endow it with strong potential for various industrial uses, such as biocatalysis in fluctuating salinities and aqueous-organic solvent. KEY POINTS: • This is the first report of a novel type of halolysin without C-terminal extension • HlyHap was obtained by heterologous expression and high-affinity column refolding • HlyHap exhibited good salinity tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Ya Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang-Jie Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Lin Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Sec-Dependent Secretion of Subtilase SptE in Haloarchaea Facilitates Its Proper Folding and Heterocatalytic Processing by Halolysin SptA Extracellularly. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0024622. [PMID: 35348390 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00246-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to high-salt conditions, haloarchaea export most secretory proteins through the Tat pathway in folded states; however, it is unclear why some haloarchaeal proteins are still routed to the Sec pathway. SptE is an extracellular subtilase of Natrinema sp. strain J7-2. Here, we found that SptE precursor comprises a Sec signal peptide, an N-terminal propeptide, a catalytic domain, and a long C-terminal extension (CTE) containing seven domains (C1 to C7). SptE is produced extracellularly as a mature form (M180) in strain J7-2 and a proform (ΔS) in the ΔsptA mutant strain, indicating that halolysin SptA mediates the conversion of the secreted proform into M180. The proper folding of ΔS is more efficient in the presence of NaCl than KCl. ΔS requires SptA for cleavage of the N-terminal propeptide and C-terminal C6 and C7 domains to generate M180, accompanied by the appearance of autoprocessing product M120 lacking C5. At lower salinities or elevated temperatures, M180 and M120 could be autoprocessed into M90, which comprises the catalytic and C1 domains and has a higher activity than M180. When produced in Haloferax volcanii, SptE could be secreted as a properly folded proform, but its variant (TSptE) with a Tat signal peptide does not fold properly and suffers from severe proteolysis extracellularly; meanwhile, TSptE is more inclined to aggregate intracellularly than SptE. Systematic domain deletion analysis reveals that the long CTE is an important determinant for secretion of SptE via the Sec rather than Tat pathway to prevent enzyme aggregation before secretion. IMPORTANCE While Tat-dependent haloarchaeal subtilases (halolysins) have been extensively studied, the information about Sec-dependent subtilases of haloarchaea is limited. Our results demonstrate that proper maturation of Sec-dependent subtilase SptE of Natrinema sp. strain J7-2 depends on the action of halolysin SptA from the same strain, yielding multiple hetero- and autocatalytic mature forms. Moreover, we found that the different extra- and intracellular salt types (NaCl versus KCl) of haloarchaea and the long CTE are extrinsic and intrinsic factors crucial for routing SptE to the Sec rather than Tat pathway. This study provides new clues about the secretion and adaptation mechanisms of Sec substrates in haloarchaea.
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13
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Wang H, Cai C, Gan L, Tian Y. New application of SptA protease: A cleaner and potential water-conserving approach to dehairing of skin. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.2003788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chufan Cai
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Longzhan Gan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Tian
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, PR China
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14
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Wang H, Cai C, Gan L, Wang S, Tian Y. Expression and Characterization of Surfactnt-Stable Calcium-Dependent Protease: a Potential Additive for Laundry Detergents. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821040165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Wang J, Hao C, Cao L, Yao Y, Ding Y, Yang Y, Tang XF, Tang B. Enhancing extracellular production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli by co-expressing with a haloarchaeal protein containing a putative LolA-like domain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:4609-4620. [PMID: 34043081 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11352-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli represents one of the most widely used hosts for recombinant protein production, but its limited capacity for producing extracellular proteins is often cited as a drawback. NJ7G_0991 is an extracellular protein of the haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7-2 and comprises a signal peptide, a putative LolA-like domain, and a C-terminal domain of unknown function. Here, we found that the full-length (0991) and the C-terminal domain-deletion variant (0991ΔC) of NJ7G_0991, but not its signal peptide-deletion variant (0991ΔS), were efficiently released into the culture supernatant of E. coli without extensive cell lysis as determined by β-galactosidase activity assay. After lysozyme treatment, E. coli cells producing 0991 or 0991ΔC, but not 0991ΔS, were converted from rod-shaped forms to spheres, suggesting that the secretion of 0991 or 0991ΔC into the periplasm leads to an increase of outer membrane permeability of E. coli. A pelB signal peptide was fused to the N-terminus of the LolA-like domain, and the resulting variant PelB-0991ΔC could be released into the culture supernatant of E. coli more efficiently than 0991ΔC. By using PelB-0991ΔC as a co-expression partner, the extracellular production level of a recombinant thermostable subtilase WF146 could be enhanced by up to 14-fold, and the extracellular concentration of an active site variant of WF146 (WF146-SA) reached up to 129 mg/l. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on archaeal protein-based co-expression system for extracellular production of recombinant proteins in E. coli. KEY POINTS: • The haloarchaeal protein NJ7G_0991 can be efficiently released into the culture supernatant of E. coli. • The recombinant NJ7G_0991 increases the outer membrane permeability of E. coli. • The LolA-like domain of NJ7G_0991 can be used as a co-expression partner to improve extracellular production of recombinant proteins in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chuang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yitong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yidi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China. .,Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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16
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Halolysin R4 of Haloferax mediterranei confers its host antagonistic and defensive activities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02889-20. [PMID: 33579684 PMCID: PMC8091122 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02889-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Halolysins, which are subtilisin-like serine proteases of haloarchaea, are usually secreted into the extracellular matrix via the twin-arginine translocation pathway. A small number of activated molecules can greatly affect cell growth owing to their proteolytic activity. It is, however, unclear as to whether this proteolysis-based growth inhibition by halolysins conveys antagonistic or defensive effects against other resident abd potentially competitive microorganisms. Here, we report that halolysin R4 (HlyR4), encoded by the hlyR4 gene, is the key enzyme in the initial steps of extracellular protein utilization in Haloferax mediterranei HlyR4 shows significant antagonistic activity against other haloarchaeal strains. Deletion of hlyR4 completely halts the inhibition activity of Hfx. mediterranei towards other haloarchaea, while correspondingly, complementation of hlyR4 almost completely restores the inhibition activity. Furthermore, Hfx. mediterranei strains containing hlyR4 showed a certain amount of resistance to halocins and halolysins in milieu, and this function of hlyR4 is reproducible in Haloarcula hispanica The versatility of HlyR4 enables its host to outcompete other haloarchaea living in the same hypersaline environment. Intriguingly, unlike the growth phase-dependent halolysins SptA and Nep, it is likely that HlyR4 may be secreted independent of growth phase. This study provides a new peptide antibiotics candidate in haloarchaea, as well as new insight towards a better understanding of the ecological roles of halolysins.Importance: This study shows that halolysin R4 from Haloferax mediterranei provides its host antagonistic and defensive activities against other haloarchaea, which expands our knowledge on the traditional function of haloarchaeal extracellular proteases. Haloarchaeal extracellular serine proteases have been previously discussed as growth-phase-dependent proteins, whereas our study reports constitutive expression of halolysin R4. This work also clearly reveals a hidden diversity of extracellular proteases from haloarchaea. Studies on multifunctional halolysins reveal that they play an important ecological role in shaping microbial community composition and provide a new perspective towards understanding the intricate interactions between haloarchaeal cells in hypersaline environments. HlyR4 can lyse competing cells living in the same environment, and the cell debris may probably be utilized as nutrients, which may constitute an important part of nutrient cycling in extremely hypersaline environments.
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17
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Hou J, Yin XM, Li Y, Han D, Lü B, Zhang JY, Cui HL. Biochemical characterization of a low salt-adapted extracellular protease from the extremely halophilic archaeon Halococcus salifodinae. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:253-259. [PMID: 33592265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular proteases from haloarchaea can expand the application fields of proteases. Exploring novel robust proteases is of great importance. An extracellular protease HlyA from Halococcus salifodinae was obtained by heterologous expression, affinity chromatography, in vitro refolding and gel filtration chromatography. Its activity was optimal at 45 °C, pH 9.0 and 1.5-2 M NaCl. Interestingly, although HlyA was from an extremely halophilic archaeon, it retained >75% of maximal activity in a broad NaCl concentration of 0.5-4 M. It displayed relatively stable activities over a wide range of temperature, pH and salinity. Thus, HlyA exhibited good temperature, pH and especially, salinity tolerance. Ca2+, Mg2+ and Sr2+ significantly enhanced the protease activity. HlyA activity was completely inhibited by phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), suggesting it is a serine protease. HlyA showed good tolerance to some surfactants and organic solvents. The Km and Vmax values of HlyA for azocasein were calculated to be 0.72 mM and 21.98 U/μg, respectively. HlyA was able to effectively degrade several protein substrates, including bovine hemoglobin, casein and azocasein. Generally, HlyA from the extremely halophilic archaeon Hcc. salifodinae is an alkaliphilic and low salt-adapted halolysin with high activity, thus representing an attractive candidate for various industrial uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Meng Yin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bu Lü
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng-Lin Cui
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Jingkou District, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Ding Y, Yang Y, Ren Y, Xia J, Liu F, Li Y, Tang XF, Tang B. Extracellular Production, Characterization, and Engineering of a Polyextremotolerant Subtilisin-Like Protease From Feather-Degrading Thermoactinomyces vulgaris Strain CDF. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:605771. [PMID: 33408708 PMCID: PMC7779483 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.605771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, the gene encoding a subtilisin-like protease (protease Als) was cloned from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris strain CDF and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant enzyme was released into the culture medium of E. coli as a mature form (mAls). Purified mAls displayed optimal activity at 60–70°C and pH 10.0 using azo-casein as the substrate, and showed a half-life of 13.8 h at 70°C. Moreover, the activity of thermostable mAls was comparable to or higher than those of mesophilic subtilisin Carlsberg and proteinase K at low temperatures (10–30°C). Protease Als was also stable in several organic solvents and showed high compatibility with commercial laundry detergents. Notably, mAls exhibited approximately 100% of its activity at 3 M NaCl, and showed enhanced thermostability with the increase of NaCl concentration up to 3 M. Protease Als possesses an excess of solvent-accessible acidic amino acid residues, which may account for the high halotolerance of the enzyme. Compared with homologous protease C2 from the same strain, protease Als exhibits substantially lower activity toward insoluble keratin substrates but efficiently hydrolyzes soluble keratin released from chicken feathers. Additionally, direct substitution of the substrate-binding site of protease Als with that of protease C2 improves its activity against insoluble keratin substrates. By virtue of its polyextremotolerant attribute and kerationolytic capacity, protease Als may find broad applications in various industries such as laundry detergents, food processing, non-aqueous biocatalysis, and feather processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuxia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingying Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, China
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19
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Hou J, Han D, Zhou Y, Li Y, Cui HL. Identification and characterization of the gene encoding an extracellular protease from haloarchaeon Halococcus salifodinae. Microbiol Res 2020; 236:126468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Proteolytic systems of archaea: slicing, dicing, and mincing in the extreme. Emerg Top Life Sci 2018; 2:561-580. [PMID: 32953999 DOI: 10.1042/etls20180025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Archaea are phylogenetically distinct from bacteria, and some of their proteolytic systems reflect this distinction. Here, the current knowledge of archaeal proteolysis is reviewed as it relates to protein metabolism, protein homeostasis, and cellular regulation including targeted proteolysis by proteasomes associated with AAA-ATPase networks and ubiquitin-like modification. Proteases and peptidases that facilitate the recycling of peptides to amino acids as well as membrane-associated and integral membrane proteases are also reviewed.
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21
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Cabrera MÁ, Blamey JM. Biotechnological applications of archaeal enzymes from extreme environments. Biol Res 2018; 51:37. [PMID: 30290805 PMCID: PMC6172850 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, many industrial processes are performed using chemical compounds, which are harmful to nature. An alternative to overcome this problem is biocatalysis, which uses whole cells or enzymes to carry out chemical reactions in an environmentally friendly manner. Enzymes can be used as biocatalyst in food and feed, pharmaceutical, textile, detergent and beverage industries, among others. Since industrial processes require harsh reaction conditions to be performed, these enzymes must possess several characteristics that make them suitable for this purpose. Currently the best option is to use enzymes from extremophilic microorganisms, particularly archaea because of their special characteristics, such as stability to elevated temperatures, extremes of pH, organic solvents, and high ionic strength. Extremozymes, are being used in biotechnological industry and improved through modern technologies, such as protein engineering for best performance. Despite the wide distribution of archaea, exist only few reports about these microorganisms isolated from Antarctica and very little is known about thermophilic or hyperthermophilic archaeal enzymes particularly from Antarctica. This review summarizes current knowledge of archaeal enzymes with biotechnological applications, including two extremozymes from Antarctic archaea with potential industrial use, which are being studied in our laboratory. Both enzymes have been discovered through conventional screening and genome sequencing, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Ángeles Cabrera
- Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia, José Domingo Cañas, 2280, Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenny M Blamey
- Fundación Científica y Cultural Biociencia, José Domingo Cañas, 2280, Santiago, Chile. .,Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O´Higgins, 3363, Santiago, Chile.
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22
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Influence of salt of different origin on the microbiological characteristics, histamine generation and volatile profile of salted anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus L.). Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Li M, Yin J, Mei S, Wang X, Tang XF, Tang B. Halolysin SptA, a Serine Protease, Contributes to Growth-Phase Transition of Haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7-2, and Its Expression Involves Cooperative Action of Multiple Cis-Regulatory Elements. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1799. [PMID: 30123209 PMCID: PMC6085418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many haloarchaea produce extracellular subtilisin-like proteases (halolysins) during late log phase; however, the physiological function and regulatory mechanism of growth phase-dependent production of halolysins are unknown. Halolysin SptA, the major extracellular protease of Natrinema sp. J7-2, is capable of intracellular self-activation to affect haloarchaeal growth. Here, we report that deletion of sptA leads to loss of extracellular and intracellular protease activities against azocasein and/or suc-AAPF-pNA, as well as a change in growth-phase transition of the haloarchaeon. Our results suggest that SptA is important for strain J7-2 to enter the stationary and death phases. Deletion and mutational analyses of the 5'-flanking region of sptA revealed two partially overlapping, semi-palindromic sequences upstream of the TATA box act as positive and negative cis-regulatory elements, respectively, to mediate sptA expression in late log phase. Additionally, a negative cis-regulatory element covering WW motif and a distant enhancer contribute to the modulation of sptA expression. Our results demonstrate that SptA functions both extracellularly and intracellularly, and that sptA expression relies on the cooperative action of multiple cis-regulatory elements, allowing SptA to exert its function properly at different growth stages in strain J7-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation, Wuhan, China
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Marem A, Okamoto DN, Oliveira LC, Ruiz DM, Paggi RA, Kondo MY, Gouvea IE, Juliano MA, de Castro RE, Juliano L, Icimoto MY. Functional roles of C-terminal extension (CTE) of salt-dependent peptidase activity of the Natrialba magadii extracellular protease (NEP). Int J Biol Macromol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Promchai R, Boonchalearn A, Visessanguan W, Luxananil P. Rapid production of extracellular thermostable alkaline halophilic protease originating from an extreme haloarchaeon, Halobacterium salinarum by recombinant Bacillus subtilis. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Amoozegar MA, Siroosi M, Atashgahi S, Smidt H, Ventosa A. Systematics of haloarchaea and biotechnological potential of their hydrolytic enzymes. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2017; 163:623-645. [PMID: 28548036 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic archaea, also referred to as haloarchaea, dominate hypersaline environments. To survive under such extreme conditions, haloarchaea and their enzymes have evolved to function optimally in environments with high salt concentrations and, sometimes, with extreme pH and temperatures. These features make haloarchaea attractive sources of a wide variety of biotechnological products, such as hydrolytic enzymes, with numerous potential applications in biotechnology. The unique trait of haloarchaeal enzymes, haloenzymes, to sustain activity under hypersaline conditions has extended the range of already-available biocatalysts and industrial processes in which high salt concentrations inhibit the activity of regular enzymes. In addition to their halostable properties, haloenzymes can also withstand other conditions such as extreme pH and temperature. In spite of these benefits, the industrial potential of these natural catalysts remains largely unexplored, with only a few characterized extracellular hydrolases. Because of the applied impact of haloarchaea and their specific ability to live in the presence of high salt concentrations, studies on their systematics have intensified in recent years, identifying many new genera and species. This review summarizes the current status of the haloarchaeal genera and species, and discusses the properties of haloenzymes and their potential industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Amoozegar
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Siroosi
- Extremophiles Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Atashgahi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hauke Smidt
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Ventosa
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Construction of Expression Shuttle Vectors for the Haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7 Based on Its Chromosomal Origins of Replication. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2017; 2017:4237079. [PMID: 28348508 PMCID: PMC5350488 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4237079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7, the first reported archaeon harboring both plasmid and chromosome-based temperate viruses, is a useful model for investigating archaeal virus-host and virus-virus interactions. However, the lack of genetic tools has limited such studies. On the basis of the automatically replicating sequences of the J7 chromosome and the pyrF marker, we constructed seven vectors, six of which were confirmed to possess replication ability in a pyrF-deletion derivative of J7 (J7-F). Among these vectors, pFJ1, pFJ4, and pFJ6 could be transformed into the host strain with relatively high efficiency (approximately 103 colony-forming units/μg DNA) and were present at about one copy per chromosome. These three vectors could be stably maintained in J7-F without selection and were used for heterologous protein expression. Only pFJ6 was found to be present in the transformed cells in an exclusively episomal, nonintegrated state (one copy per chromosome). In contrast, some pFJ1 and pFJ4 DNA was probably integrated into the J7-F chromosome. In addition, pFJ6 was found to be compatible with pYCJ in J7 cells, suggesting that these two vectors could be used for further studies of virus-virus and virus-host interactions.
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Alternative Translation Initiation of a Haloarchaeal Serine Protease Transcript Containing Two In-Frame Start Codons. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1892-901. [PMID: 27137502 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00202-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Recent studies have shown that haloarchaea employ leaderless and Shine-Dalgarno (SD)-less mechanisms for translation initiation of leaderless transcripts with a 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of <10 nucleotides (nt) and leadered transcripts with a 5' UTR of ≥10 nt, respectively. However, whether the two mechanisms can operate on the same naturally occurring haloarchaeal transcript carrying multiple potential start codons is unknown. In this study, the transcript of the sptA gene (encoding an extracellular serine protease of Natrinema sp. strain J7-2) was experimentally determined and found to contain two potential in-frame AUG codons (AUG(1) and AUG(2)) located 5 and 29 nt, respectively, downstream of the transcription start site. Mutational analysis revealed that both AUGs can function as the translation start codon for production of active SptA, although AUG(1) is more efficient than AUG(2) for translation initiation. Insertion of a stable stem-loop structure between the two AUGs completely abolished initiation at AUG(1) but did not affect initiation at AUG(2), indicating that AUG(2)-initiated translation does not involve ribosome scanning from the 5' end of the transcript. Furthermore, the efficiency of AUG(2)-initiated translation was not influenced by an upstream SD-like sequence. In addition, both AUG(1) and AUG(2) contribute to transcript stability, probably by recruiting ribosomes to protect the transcript against degradation. These data suggest that depending on which of two in-frame start codons is used, the sptA transcript can act as either a leaderless or a leadered transcript for SptA production in haloarchaea. IMPORTANCE In eukaryotes and bacteria, alternative translation start sites contribute to proteome complexity and can be used as a functional mechanism to increase translation efficiency. However, little is known about alternative translation initiation in archaea. Our results demonstrate that leaderless and SD-less mechanisms can be used for translation initiation of the sptA transcript from two in-frame start codons, raising the possibility that in haloarchaea, alternative translation initiation on one transcript functions to increase translation efficiency and/or contribute to proteome complexity.
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Extremophilic Proteases: Developments of Their Special Functions, Potential Resources and Biotechnological Applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY OF EXTREMOPHILES: 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13521-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Isolation and Molecular Identification of Auxotrophic Mutants to Develop a Genetic Manipulation System for the Haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7-2. ARCHAEA-AN INTERNATIONAL MICROBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2015; 2015:483194. [PMID: 26089742 PMCID: PMC4454726 DOI: 10.1155/2015/483194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the genus Natrinema is presently limited due to the lack of available genetic tools. Auxotrophic markers have been widely used to construct genetic systems in bacteria and eukaryotes and in some archaeal species. Here, we isolated four auxotrophic mutants of Natrinema sp. J7-2, via 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitroso-guanidin mutagenesis, and designated them as J7-2-1, J7-2-22, J7-2-26, and J7-2-52, respectively. The mutant phenotypes were determined to be auxotrophic for leucine (J7-2-1), arginine (J7-2-22 and J7-2-52), and lysine (J7-2-26). The complete genome and the biosynthetic pathways of amino acids in J7-2 identified that the auxotrophic phenotype of three mutants was due to gene mutations in leuB (J7-2-1), dapD (J7-2-26), and argC (J7-2-52). These auxotrophic phenotypes were employed as selectable makers to establish a transformation method. The transformation efficiencies were determined to be approximately 10(3) transformants per µg DNA. And strains J7-2-1 and J7-2-26 were transformed into prototrophic strains with the wild type genomic DNA, amplified fragments of the corresponding genes, or the integrative plasmids carrying the corresponding genes. Additionally, exogenous genes, bgaH or amyH gene, were expressed successfully in J7-2-1. Thus, we have developed a genetic manipulation system for the Natrinema genus based on the isolated auxotrophic mutants of Natrinema sp. J7-2.
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Du X, Li M, Tang W, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wang J, Li T, Tang B, Tang XF. Secretion of Tat-dependent halolysin SptA capable of autocatalytic activation and its relation to haloarchaeal growth. Mol Microbiol 2015; 96:548-65. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Moran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Yaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation; Wuhan China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
- Hubei Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center of Industrial Fermentation; Wuhan China
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Chitin accelerates activation of a novel haloarchaeal serine protease that deproteinizes chitin-containing biomass. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:5698-708. [PMID: 25002433 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01196-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. strain J7-2 has the ability to degrade chitin, and its genome harbors a chitin metabolism-related gene cluster that contains a halolysin gene, sptC. The sptC gene encodes a precursor composed of a signal peptide, an N-terminal propeptide consisting of a core domain (N*) and a linker peptide, a subtilisin-like catalytic domain, a polycystic kidney disease domain (PkdD), and a chitin-binding domain (ChBD). Here we report that the autocatalytic maturation of SptC is initiated by cis-processing of N* to yield an autoprocessed complex (N*-I(WT)), followed by trans-processing/degradation of the linker peptide, the ChBD, and N*. The resulting mature form (M(WT)) containing the catalytic domain and the PkdD showed optimum azocaseinolytic activity at 3 to 3.5 M NaCl, demonstrating salt-dependent stability. Deletion analysis revealed that the PkdD did not confer extra stability on the enzyme but did contribute to enzymatic activity. The ChBD exhibited salt-dependent chitin-binding capacity and mediated the binding of N*-I(WT) to chitin. ChBD-mediated chitin binding enhances SptC maturation by promoting activation of the autoprocessed complex. Our results also demonstrate that SptC is capable of removing proteins from shrimp shell powder (SSP) at high salt concentrations. Interestingly, N*-I(WT) released soluble peptides from SSP faster than did M(WT). Most likely, ChBD-mediated binding of the autoprocessed complex to chitin in SSP not only accelerates enzyme activation but also facilitates the deproteinization process by increasing the local protease concentration around the substrate. By virtue of these properties, SptC is highly attractive for use in preparation of chitin from chitin-containing biomass.
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Sinha R, Srivastava AK, Khare SK. EFFICIENT PROTEOLYSIS AND APPLICATION OF AN ALKALINE PROTEASE FROM HALOPHILICBacillussp. EMB9. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 44:680-96. [DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2013.844711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Molecular bases of protein halotolerance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:850-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Feng J, Wang J, Zhang Y, Du X, Xu Z, Wu Y, Tang W, Li M, Tang B, Tang XF. Proteomic analysis of the secretome of haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7-2. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:1248-58. [PMID: 24512091 DOI: 10.1021/pr400728x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although in silico predictions have revealed that haloarchaea can be distinguished from other organisms in that the Tat pathway is used more extensively than the Sec pathway for haloarchaeal protein secretion, only a few haloarchaeal-secreted proteins have been experimentally confirmed. Here, the culture supernatant and membrane fraction of the haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7-2 grown at 23% salt concentration were subjected to RPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. In total, 46 predicted Tat substrates, 14 predicted Sec substrates, and 3 class III signal peptide-bearing proteins were detected. Approximately 65% of the detected Tat substrates contain lipoboxes, emphasizing the role of the Tat pathway in haloarchaeal lipoprotein secretion. Most of the detected Tat substrates are extracellular substrate (solute)-binding proteins and redox proteins. Despite the small number of Sec substrates, two of them, a cell surface glycoprotein and a putative lipoprotein carrier protein, were identified to be high-abundance secreted proteins. While limited proteins were detected in the culture supernatant, most of the secreted proteins were found in the membrane fraction. The anchoring of secreted proteins to the cell surface via a lipobox or a PGF-CTERM seems to be an adaptation strategy of haloarchaea to handle the harsh extracellular environment. Additionally, ∼15% of the integral membrane proteins (IMPs) detected in the membrane fraction possess putative Sec signal peptides or signal anchors, implying that the Sec pathway is important for membrane insertion of IMPs. This is the first report to describe the experimental secretome of haloarchaea and provide new information for better understanding of haloarchaeal protein secretion patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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Karbalaei-Heidari HR, Shahbazi M, Absalan G. Characterization of a Novel Organic Solvent Tolerant Protease from a Moderately Halophilic Bacterium and Its Behavior in Ionic Liquids. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:573-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen Z, Pan Y, Wang S, Ding Y, Yang W, Zhu C. Overexpression of a protein disulfide isomerase-like protein from Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicum enhances mercury tolerance in transgenic rice. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 197:10-20. [PMID: 23116667 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
MTH1745, from thermophilic archaea Methanothermobacter thermoautotrophicum, is a protein disulfide isomerase-like protein (PDIL) with a chaperone function and disulfide isomerase activity. Mercuric cations have a high affinity for sulfhydryl groups and consequently inhibit plant growth. Disulfide compounds (e.g., copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, Cu/Zn SOD) and sulfhydryl compounds (e.g., glutathione, phytochelatins, and metallothioneins) play important roles in mercury (Hg) response. To study the relationship between Hg detoxification and PDILs, we overexpressed MTH1745 in Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgenic rice seedlings displayed Hg tolerance with obvious phenotypes and more effective photosynthesis compared to wild-type plants. Furthermore, lower levels of superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde were observed in leaves or roots of transgenic plants. Antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were notably higher in transgenic seedlings under different concentrations of mercuric chloride. Moreover, increased content of non-protein thiols, reduced glutathione (GSH), and GSH/GSSG (GSSG, oxidized glutathione) ratio were also observed in the detoxification of Hg. These results indicated that heterologous expression of a PDIL from extremophiles in rice could protect the synthesis, increase stability of proteins, and enhance Hg tolerance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Feng J, Liu B, Zhang Z, Ren Y, Li Y, Gan F, Huang Y, Chen X, Shen P, Wang L, Tang B, Tang XF. The complete genome sequence of Natrinema sp. J7-2, a haloarchaeon capable of growth on synthetic media without amino acid supplements. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41621. [PMID: 22911826 PMCID: PMC3402447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natrinema sp. J7-2 is an extreme haloarchaeon capable of growing on synthetic media without amino acid supplements. Here we report the complete genome sequence of Natrinema sp. J7-2 which is composed of a 3,697,626-bp chromosome and a 95,989-bp plasmid pJ7-I. This is the first complete genome sequence of a member of the genus Natrinema. We demonstrate that Natrinema sp. J7-2 can use gluconate, glycerol, or acetate as the sole carbon source and that its genome encodes complete metabolic pathways for assimilating these substrates. The biosynthetic pathways for all 20 amino acids have been reconstructed, and we discuss a possible evolutionary relationship between the haloarchaeal arginine synthetic pathway and the bacterial lysine synthetic pathway. The genome harbors the genes for assimilation of ammonium and nitrite, but not nitrate, and has a denitrification pathway to reduce nitrite to N2O. Comparative genomic analysis suggests that most sequenced haloarchaea employ the TrkAH system, rather than the Kdp system, to actively uptake potassium. The genomic analysis also reveals that one of the three CRISPR loci in the Natrinema sp. J7-2 chromosome is located in an integrative genetic element and is probably propagated via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Finally, our phylogenetic analysis of haloarchaeal genomes provides clues about evolutionary relationships of haloarchaea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqian Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Ren
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BT); (X-FT)
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BT); (X-FT)
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Szabo Z, Pohlschroder M. Diversity and subcellular distribution of archaeal secreted proteins. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:207. [PMID: 22783239 PMCID: PMC3387779 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted proteins make up a significant percentage of a prokaryotic proteome and play critical roles in important cellular processes such as polymer degradation, nutrient uptake, signal transduction, cell wall biosynthesis, and motility. The majority of archaeal proteins are believed to be secreted either in an unfolded conformation via the universally conserved Sec pathway or in a folded conformation via the Twin arginine transport (Tat) pathway. Extensive in vivo and in silico analyses of N-terminal signal peptides that target proteins to these pathways have led to the development of computational tools that not only predict Sec and Tat substrates with high accuracy but also provide information about signal peptide processing and targeting. Predictions therefore include indications as to whether a substrate is a soluble secreted protein, a membrane or cell wall anchored protein, or a surface structure subunit, and whether it is targeted for post-translational modification such as glycosylation or the addition of a lipid. The use of these in silico tools, in combination with biochemical and genetic analyses of transport pathways and their substrates, has resulted in improved predictions of the subcellular localization of archaeal secreted proteins, allowing for a more accurate annotation of archaeal proteomes, and has led to the identification of potential adaptations to extreme environments, as well as phyla-specific pathways among the archaea. A more comprehensive understanding of the transport pathways used and post-translational modifications of secreted archaeal proteins will also facilitate the identification and heterologous expression of commercially valuable archaeal enzymes.
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Ruiz DM, Paggi RA, Giménez MI, De Castro RE. Autocatalytic maturation of the Tat-dependent halophilic subtilase Nep produced by the archaeon Natrialba magadii. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:3700-7. [PMID: 22582277 PMCID: PMC3393506 DOI: 10.1128/jb.06792-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Halolysins are subtilisin-like extracellular proteases produced by haloarchaea that possess unique protein domains and are salt dependent for structural integrity and functionality. In contrast to bacterial subtilases, the maturation mechanism of halolysins has not been addressed. The halolysin Nep is secreted by the alkaliphilic haloarchaeon Natrialba magadii, and the recombinant active enzyme has been synthesized in Haloferax volcanii. Nep contains an N-terminal signal peptide with the typical Tat consensus motif (GRRSVL), an N-terminal propeptide, the protease domain, and a C-terminal domain. In this study, we used Nep as a model protease to examine the secretion and maturation of halolysins by using genetic and biochemical approaches. Mutant variants of Nep were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and expressed in H. volcanii, which were then analyzed by protease activity and Western blotting. The Tat dependence of Nep secretion was demonstrated in Nep RR/KK variants containing double lysine (KK) in place of the twin arginines (RR), in which Nep remained cell associated and the extracellular activity was undetectable. High-molecular-mass Nep polypeptides without protease activity were detected as cell associated and extracellularly in the Nep S/A variant, in which the catalytic serine 352 had been changed by alanine, indicating that Nep protease activity was needed for precursor processing and activation. Nep NSN 1-2 containing a modification in two potential cleavage sites for signal peptidase I (ASA) was not efficiently processed and activated. This study examined for the first time the secretion and maturation of a Tat-dependent halophilic subtilase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata-CONICET, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Souza TACB, Okamoto DN, Ruiz DM, Oliveira LCG, Kondo MY, Tersario ILS, Juliano L, De Castro RE, Gouvea IE, Murakami MT. Correlation between catalysis and tertiary structure arrangement in an archaeal halophilic subtilase. Biochimie 2011; 94:798-805. [PMID: 22177966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Nep (Natrialba magadii extracellular protease) is a halolysin-like peptidase secreted by the haloalkaliphilic archaeon N. magadii that exhibits optimal activity and stability in salt-saturated solutions. In this work, the effect of salt on the function and structure of Nep was investigated. In absence of salt, Nep became unfolded and aggregated, leading to the loss of activity. The enzyme did not recover its structural and functional properties even after restoring the ideal conditions for catalysis. At salt concentrations higher than 1 M (NaCl), Nep behaved as monomers in solution and its enzymatic activity displayed a nonlinear concave-up dependence with salt concentration resulting in a 20-fold activation at 4 M NaCl. Although transition from a high to a low-saline environment (3-1 M NaCl) did not affect its secondary structure contents, it diminished the enzyme stability and provoked large structural rearrangements, changing from an elongated shape at 3 M NaCl to a compact conformational state at 1 M NaCl. The thermodynamic analysis of peptide hydrolysis by Nep suggests a significant enzyme reorganization depending on the environmental salinity, which supports in solution SAXS and DLS studies. Moreover, solvent kinetic isotopic effect (SKIE) data indicates the general acid-base mechanism as the rate-limiting step for Nep catalysis, like classical serine-peptidases. All these data correlate the Nep conformational states with the enzymatic behavior providing a further understanding on the stability and structural determinants for the functioning of halolysins under different salinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A C B Souza
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências, Centro Nacional de Pesquisas em Energia e Materiais, Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro, 10000, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
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Xu Z, Du X, Li T, Gan F, Tang B, Tang XF. Functional insight into the C-terminal extension of halolysin SptA from haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23562. [PMID: 21886797 PMCID: PMC3158780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Halolysin SptA from haloarchaeon Natrinema sp. J7 consists of a subtilisin-like catalytic domain and a C-terminal extension (CTE) containing two cysteine residues. In this report, we have investigated the function of the CTE using recombinant enzymes expressed in Haloferax volcanii WFD11. Deletion of the CTE greatly reduced but did not abolish protease activity, which suggests that the CTE is not essential for enzyme folding. Mutational analysis suggests that residues Cys303 and Cys338 within the CTE form a disulfide bond that make this domain resistant to autocleavage and proteolysis under hypotonic conditions. Characterization of full-length and CTE-truncation enzymes indicates the CTE not only confers extra stability to the enzyme but also assists enzyme activity on protein substrates by facilitating binding at high salinities. Interestingly, homology modeling of the CTE yields a β-jelly roll-like structure similar to those seen in Claudin-binding domain of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (clostridial C-CPE) and collagen binding domain (CBD), and the CTE also possesses collagen-binding activity, making it a potential candidate as an anchoring unit in drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Potential for industrial products from the halophilic Archaea. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 38:1635-47. [PMID: 21853327 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The halophilic Archaea are a group of microorganisms that have not been extensively considered for biotechnological applications. This review describes some of the enzymes and products and the potential applications of this unique group of microorganisms to various industrial processes. Specifically, the characteristics of the glycosyl hydrolases, lipases and esterases, proteases, biopolymers and surfactants, as well as some miscellaneous other activities will be described.
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Kumar L, Awasthi G, Singh B. Extremophiles: A Novel Source of Industrially Important Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2011.121.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Takenaka S, Yoshida N, Yoshida KI, Murakami S, Aoki K. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of two distinct halotolerant extracellular proteases from Bacillus subtilis FP-133. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75:148-51. [PMID: 21228481 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.100588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We cloned the genes encoding the two distinct extracellular halotolerant proteases of Bacillus subtilis FP-133 Expro-I and Expro-II, which were classified as alkaline serine and neutral proteases respectively. Three-dimensional modeling suggested that acidic and polar amino acid residues located on the surface stabilize protein structure in the presence of relatively high NaCl concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takenaka
- Department of Agrobioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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46
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Karan R, Khare SK. Purification and characterization of a solvent-stable protease from Geomicrobium sp. EMB2. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2010; 31:1061-1072. [PMID: 20718288 DOI: 10.1080/09593331003674556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A moderately haloalkaliphilic bacterium, Geomicrobium sp. EMB2, was isolated from the Sambhar Salt Lake located in the western part of India. It secreted an alkaline protease, which was stable and active in the presence of a wide range of organic solvents. The protease was purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Phenyl Sepharose 6 Fast Flow matrix, and a 22.6-fold purification with 51.2% recovery was attained. The apparent molecular mass was estimated to be 38 kDa. The enzyme was stable in the pH range 6.0-12.0, the optimum being 10.0. The Km and Vmax towards casein were found to be 0.10 mM and 526 U/min, respectively. The protease was most active at 50 degrees C. It appeared to be serine type, owing to its sensitivity to phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride (PMSF). It withstood a range of detergents and surfactants, and exhibited remarkable stability in the presence of solvents having a log P >2. The presence of NaCl or osmolytes exerted a protective effect and further enhanced the stability of the enzyme. These properties make this novel protease potentially useful for catalysis in non-aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Karan
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology - Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Paggi RA, Madrid EA, D'Alessandro CP, Cerletti M, De Castro RE. Growth phase-dependent biosynthesis of Nep, a halolysin-like protease secreted by the alkaliphilic haloarchaeon Natrialba magadii. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 51:36-41. [PMID: 20477957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02855.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The alkaliphilic haloarchaeon Natrialba magadii secretes a halolysin-like protease (Nep) that is active and stable in high salt and in organic solvents, which represents a potential resource for biocatalysis in low water activity conditions. In this study, the effect of the growth stage on Nep biosynthesis was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS Nep mRNA and extracellular protease activity were measured by RT-PCR and azocaseinolytic activity determination, respectively. Increased abundance in Nep mRNA was observed in Nab. magadii cells with culture age, which correlated with accumulation of extracellular protease activity. Moreover, a 'stationary phase behavior' on synthesis of Nep was evidenced in low-density cultures incubated with stationary phase medium. CONCLUSIONS nep gene expression is up-regulated during the transition to the stationary phase in response to 'factors' (metabolite and/or regulatory molecule) occurring in high-density cultures of Nab. magadii. Although the identity of these molecules remains to be determined, preliminary evidence suggests that they are hydrophobic and stable in high salt and high pH values (3.5 mol l(-1) NaCl, pH 10). SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY This study contributes to gain insight into the regulation of haloarchaeal protease biosynthesis, facilitating the large-scale production of this extremozyme for basic studies or potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Paggi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, FCEyN-UNMDP, Funes 3250, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Müller-Santos M, de Souza EM, Pedrosa FDO, Mitchell DA, Longhi S, Carrière F, Canaan S, Krieger N. First evidence for the salt-dependent folding and activity of an esterase from the halophilic archaea Haloarcula marismortui. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:719-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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The haloprotease CPI produced by the moderately halophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas ruthenica is secreted by the type II secretion pathway. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4197-201. [PMID: 19376897 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00156-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene (cpo) encoding the extracellular protease CPI produced by the moderately halophilic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas ruthenica CP76 was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was analyzed. The cpo gene encodes a 733-residue protein showing sequence similarity to metalloproteases of the M4 family. The type II secretion apparatus was shown to be responsible for secretion of the haloprotease CPI.
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Bagos PG, Tsirigos KD, Plessas SK, Liakopoulos TD, Hamodrakas SJ. Prediction of signal peptides in archaea. Protein Eng Des Sel 2008; 22:27-35. [PMID: 18988691 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzn064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational prediction of signal peptides (SPs) and their cleavage sites is of great importance in computational biology; however, currently there is no available method capable of predicting reliably the SPs of archaea, due to the limited amount of experimentally verified proteins with SPs. We performed an extensive literature search in order to identify archaeal proteins having experimentally verified SP and managed to find 69 such proteins, the largest number ever reported. A detailed analysis of these sequences revealed some unique features of the SPs of archaea, such as the unique amino acid composition of the hydrophobic region with a higher than expected occurrence of isoleucine, and a cleavage site resembling more the sequences of gram-positives with almost equal amounts of alanine and valine at the position-3 before the cleavage site and a dominant alanine at position-1, followed in abundance by serine and glycine. Using these proteins as a training set, we trained a hidden Markov model method that predicts the presence of the SPs and their cleavage sites and also discriminates such proteins from cytoplasmic and transmembrane ones. The method performs satisfactorily, yielding a 35-fold cross-validation procedure, a sensitivity of 100% and specificity 98.41% with the Matthews' correlation coefficient being equal to 0.964. This particular method is currently the only available method for the prediction of secretory SPs in archaea, and performs consistently and significantly better compared with other available predictors that were trained on sequences of eukaryotic or bacterial origin. Searching 48 completely sequenced archaeal genomes we identified 9437 putative SPs. The method, PRED-SIGNAL, and the results are freely available for academic users at http://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/PRED-SIGNAL/ and we anticipate that it will be a valuable tool for the computational analysis of archaeal genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Bagos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15701, Greece.
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