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Leo P, Onofri S, Zucconi L, Selbmann L, Turchetti B, Buzzini P, Chander AM, Simpson A, Singh N, Vellone D, Tighe S, Venkateswaran K. Draft genome sequencing of Naganishia species isolated from the polar environments. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0038823. [PMID: 37754785 PMCID: PMC10586123 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00388-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The draft genomes of five Naganishia strains were sequenced using MinION and annotated using Funannotate pipeline. Phylogenetic and genomic analyses were performed to provide their genetic relationships, diversity, and potential functional capabilities. This approach will aid in understanding their potential to survive under microgravity and their resilience to extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Leo
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA‐Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, University Ca’ Foscari of Venice, Mestre, Italy
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, Viterbo, Italy
- Institute of Polar Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISP), Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell’Università snc, Viterbo, Italy
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA), Mycological Section, Genoa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Turchetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences & Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Sciences & Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Atul M. Chander
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA‐Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Anna Simpson
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA‐Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Nitin Singh
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA‐Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Daniel Vellone
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Lab, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Health Science Research Facility, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Scott Tighe
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Lab, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Health Science Research Facility, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, NASA‐Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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Leo P, de Melo Texeira M, Chander AM, Singh NK, Simpson AC, Yurkov A, Karouia F, Stajich JE, Mason CE, Venkateswaran K. Genomic characterization and radiation tolerance of Naganishia kalamii sp. nov. and Cystobasidium onofrii sp. nov. from Mars 2020 mission assembly facilities. IMA Fungus 2023; 14:15. [PMID: 37568226 PMCID: PMC10422843 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-023-00119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the construction and assembly of the Mars 2020 mission components at two different NASA cleanrooms, several fungal strains were isolated. Based on their colony morphology, two strains that showed yeast-like appearance were further characterized for their phylogenetic position. The species-level classification of these two novel strains, using traditional colony and cell morphology methods combined with the phylogenetic reconstructions using multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on several gene loci (ITS, LSU, SSU, RPB1, RPB2, CYTB and TEF1), and whole genome sequencing (WGS) was carried out. This polyphasic taxonomic approach supported the conclusion that the two basidiomycetous yeasts belong to hitherto undescribed species. The strain FJI-L2-BK-P3T, isolated from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory Spacecraft Assembly Facility, was placed in the Naganishia albida clade (Filobasidiales, Tremellomycetes), but is genetically and physiologically different from other members of the clade. Another yeast strain FKI-L6-BK-PAB1T, isolated from the Kennedy Space Center Payload Hazardous and Servicing Facility, was placed in the genus Cystobasidium (Cystobasidiales, Cystobasidiomycetes) and is distantly related to C. benthicum. Here we propose two novel species with the type strains, Naganishia kalamii sp. nov. (FJI-L2-BK-P3T = NRRL 64466 = DSM 115730) and Cystobasidium onofrii sp. nov. (FKI-L6-BK-PAB1T = NRRL 64426 = DSM 114625). The phylogenetic analyses revealed that single gene phylogenies (ITS or LSU) were not conclusive, and MLSA and WGS-based phylogenies were more advantageous for species discrimination in the two genera. The genomic analysis predicted proteins associated with dehydration and desiccation stress-response and the presence of genes that are directly related to osmotolerance and psychrotolerance in both novel yeasts described. Cells of these two newly-described yeasts were exposed to UV-C radiation and compared with N. onofrii, an extremophilic UV-C resistant cold-adapted Alpine yeast. Both novel species were UV resistant, emphasizing the need for collecting and characterizing extremotolerant microbes, including yeasts, to improve microbial reduction techniques used in NASA planetary protection programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Leo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172, Mestre, Italy
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
- NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, California Institute of Technology, M/S 245-103, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Marcus de Melo Texeira
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Atul M Chander
- NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, California Institute of Technology, M/S 245-103, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Nitin K Singh
- NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, California Institute of Technology, M/S 245-104, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Anna C Simpson
- NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, California Institute of Technology, M/S 245-103, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Andrey Yurkov
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Fathi Karouia
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, PO BOX 1 MS 239/4, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Space Research Within Reach, San Francisco, CA, 941110, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of CA-Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and the WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- NASA-Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, California Institute of Technology, M/S 245-104, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
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Nikitin DA. Ecological Characteristics of Antarctic Fungi. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2023; 508:32-54. [PMID: 37186046 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496622700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In view of the high responsiveness of polar ecosystems to the global climate change, the research of Antarctic microorganisms has become a topical issue. The unique ecosystems that have developed under the severe climate conditions of the continent lack flowering plants but are dominated by soil mycobiota. In addition to performing their classical ecological functions, Antarctic fungi form the basis of local communities, e.g., endoliths and microbial mats. Furthermore, Antarctic fungi are a major force that mediates transformation of rock minerals in situ and makes biologically significant elements available for other organisms. For these reasons, mycobiota plays a central role in the maintenance of ecological equilibrium in Antarctica. The dominant fungal division on the continent is Ascomycota (77.1%), and not Basidiomycota (9.1%), as it is the case on other continents. For a number of reasons, yeasts and yeast-like micromycetes (mainly basidiomycetes) are more tolerant to extreme conditions in various Antarctic biotopes than filamentous fungi. Substantial evidence suggests that filamentous fungi and yeasts are better adapted to existence in ecosystems with extremely low temperatures than other microorganisms. Due to the long-term isolation of Antarctica from other continents, local biota has been evolving largely independently, which led to emergence of multiple endemic fungal taxa. The presence of eurytopes on the continent is presumably related to the global warming and growing anthropogenic pressure. This review discusses the current state of research on the structure of fungal communities of Antarctic subaerial and subaquatic biotopes, the ecological role of yeast-mycelial dimorphism in Antarctic fungi, the problem of endemism of Antarctic mycobiota, as well as the ecological and physiological adaptations of fungi to low temperatures; it also justifies the relevance of research into secondary metabolites of psychrophilic micromycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Nikitin
- Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute, 119017, Moscow, Russia.
- Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119017, Moscow, Russia.
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Suyal DC, Joshi D, Kumar S, Bhatt P, Narayan A, Giri K, Singh M, Soni R, Kumar R, Yadav A, Devi R, Kaur T, Kour D, Yadav AN. Himalayan Microbiomes for Agro-environmental Sustainability: Current Perspectives and Future Challenges. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:643-675. [PMID: 34647148 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01849-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Himalayas are one of the most mystical, yet least studied terrains of the world. One of Earth's greatest multifaceted and diverse montane ecosystems is also one of the thirty-four global biodiversity hotspots of the world. These are supposed to have been uplifted about 60-70 million years ago and support, distinct environments, physiography, a variety of orogeny, and great biological diversity (plants, animals, and microbes). Microbes are the pioneer colonizer of the Himalayas that are involved in various bio-geological cycles and play various significant roles. The applications of Himalayan microbiomes inhabiting in lesser to greater Himalayas have been recognized. The researchers explored the applications of indigenous microbiomes in both agricultural and environmental sectors. In agriculture, microbiomes from Himalayan regions have been suggested as better biofertilizers and biopesticides for the crops growing at low temperature and mountainous areas as they help in the alleviation of cold stress and other biotic stresses. Along with alleviation of low temperature, Himalayan microbes also have the capability to enhance plant growth by availing the soluble form of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and iron. These microbes have been recognized for producing plant growth regulators (abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellins). These microbes have been reported for bioremediating the diverse pollutants (pesticides, heavy metals, and xenobiotics) for environmental sustainability. In the current perspectives, present review provides a detailed discussion on the ecology, biodiversity, and adaptive features of the native Himalayan microbiomes in view to achieve agro-environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deep Chandra Suyal
- Department of Microbiology, Akal College of Basic Sciences, Eternal University, Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Joshi
- Uttarakhand Pollution Control Board, Regional Office, Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Division of Crop Research, Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Arun Narayan
- Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, 2480 06, India
| | - Krishna Giri
- Rain Forest Research Institute, Jorhat, 785 010, India
| | - Manali Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis Institute of Engineering and Technology (IIET), Invertis University, Bareilly, 243123, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravindra Soni
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Rakshak Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Ashok Yadav
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rubee Devi
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Tanvir Kaur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Divjot Kour
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Ajar Nath Yadav
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Khem Singh Gill Akal College of Agriculture, Eternal University, Baru Sahib, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Bijlani S, Parker C, Singh NK, Sierra MA, Foox J, Wang CCC, Mason CE, Venkateswaran K. Genomic Characterization of the Titan-like Cell Producing Naganishia tulchinskyi, the First Novel Eukaryote Isolated from the International Space Station. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:165. [PMID: 35205919 PMCID: PMC8875396 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple strains of a novel yeast belonging to genus Naganishia were isolated from environmental surfaces aboard the International Space Station (ISS). These strains exhibited a phenotype similar to Titan cell (~10 µm diameter) morphology when grown under a combination of simulated microgravity and 5% CO2 conditions. Confocal, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy revealed distinct morphological differences between the microgravity-grown cells and the standard Earth gravity-grown cells, including larger cells and thicker cell walls, altered intracellular morphology, modifications to extracellular fimbriae, budding, and the shedding of bud scars. Phylogenetic analyses via multi-locus sequence typing indicated that these ISS strains represented a single species in the genus Naganishia and were clustered with Naganishia diffluens. The name Naganishia tulchinskyi is proposed to accommodate these strains, with IF6SW-B1T as the holotype. The gene ontologies were assigned to the cell morphogenesis, microtubule-based response, and response to UV light, suggesting a variety of phenotypes that are well suited to respond to microgravity and radiation. Genomic analyses also indicated that the extracellular region, outer membrane, and cell wall were among the highest cellular component results, thus implying a set of genes associated with Titan-like cell plasticity. Finally, the highest molecular function matches included cytoskeletal motor activity, microtubule motor activity, and nuclear export signal receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Bijlani
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (S.B.); (C.C.C.W.)
| | - Ceth Parker
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; (C.P.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Nitin K. Singh
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; (C.P.); (N.K.S.)
| | - Maria A. Sierra
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- Tri-Institutional Computational Biology & Medicine Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Tri-Institutional Computational Biology & Medicine Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Clay C. C. Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; (S.B.); (C.C.C.W.)
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- Tri-Institutional Computational Biology & Medicine Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA;
- The WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; (C.P.); (N.K.S.)
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Rönnander J, Wright SAI. Growth of wood-inhabiting yeasts of the Faroe Islands in the presence of spent sulphite liquor. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2021; 114:649-666. [PMID: 33851316 PMCID: PMC8137469 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-021-01543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the microbial community of decaying wood, yeasts are important for the recycling of nutrients. Nevertheless, information on their biodiversity in this niche in the Northern hemisphere is limited. Wood-colonising yeasts encounter identical and similar growth-inhibitory compounds as those in spent sulphite liquor (SSL), an energy-rich, acid hydrolysate and waste product from the paper industry, which may render them well-suited for cultivation in SSL. In the present study, yeasts were isolated from decaying wood on the Faroe Islands and identified based on sequence homology of the ITS and D1/D2 regions. Among the yeasts isolated, Candida argentea, Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum, Naganishia albidosimilis, Naganishia onofrii, Holtermanniella takashimae and Goffeauzyma gastrica were new to decaying wood in cold and temperate climates. C. argentea and Rhodotorula are rarely-isolated species, with no previous documentation from cold and maritime climates. The isolates were further tested for growth in a medium with increasing concentrations of softwood SSL. Most grew in the presence of 10% SSL. Isolates of Debaryomyces sp., C. argentea and Rhodotorula sp. were the most tolerant. Representatives of Debaryomyces and Rhodotorula have previously been found in decaying wood. In contrast, the least tolerant isolates belonged to species that are rarely reported from decaying wood. The relative importance of individual inhibitors to yeast growth is discussed. To our knowledge, none of the present yeast species have previously been cultivated in SSL medium. Decaying wood can be a useful future source of yeasts for valorisation of various hydrolysates to industrial chemicals and biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rönnander
- Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, University of Gävle, 80176, Gävle, Sweden
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Yarzábal LA, Salazar LMB, Batista-García RA. Climate change, melting cryosphere and frozen pathogens: Should we worry…? ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2021; 4:489-501. [PMID: 38624658 PMCID: PMC8164958 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-021-00184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Permanently frozen environments (glaciers, permafrost) are considered as natural reservoirs of huge amounts of microorganisms, mostly dormant, including human pathogens. Due to global warming, which increases the rate of ice-melting, approximately 4 × 1021 of these microorganisms are released annually from their frozen confinement and enter natural ecosystems, in close proximity to human settlements. Some years ago, the hypothesis was put forward that this massive release of potentially-pathogenic microbes-many of which disappeared from the face of the Earth thousands and even millions of years ago-could give rise to epidemics. The recent anthrax outbreaks that occurred in Siberia, and the presence of bacterial and viral pathogens in glaciers worldwide, seem to confirm this hypothesis. In that context, the present review summarizes the currently available scientific evidence that allows us to imagine a near future in which epidemic outbreaks, similar to the abovementioned, could occur as a consequence of the resurrection and release of microbes from glaciers and permafrost. Supplementary Information The online version of this article (10.1007/s42398-021-00184-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Andrés Yarzábal
- Unidad de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas and Calle Humboldt, Cuenca, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología (CIITT), Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Campus Miracielos, Ricaurte, Ecuador
| | - Lenys M. Buela Salazar
- Unidad de Salud y Bienestar, Universidad Católica de Cuenca, Av. Las Américas and Calle Humboldt, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Ramón Alberto Batista-García
- Centro de Investigación en Dinámica Celular, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Básicas y Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
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Sajjad W, Rafiq M, Din G, Hasan F, Iqbal A, Zada S, Ali B, Hayat M, Irfan M, Kang S. Resurrection of inactive microbes and resistome present in the natural frozen world: Reality or myth? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 735:139275. [PMID: 32480145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present world faces a new threat of ancient microbes and resistomes that are locked in the cryosphere and now releasing upon thawing due to climate change and anthropogenic activities. The cryosphere act as the best preserving place for these microbes and resistomes that stay alive for millions of years. Current reviews extensively discussed whether the resurrection of microbes and resistomes existing in these pristine environments is true or just a hype. Release of these ancient microorganisms and naked DNA is of great concern for society as these microbes can either cause infections directly or they can interact with contemporary microorganisms and affect their fitness, survival, and mutation rate. Moreover, the contemporary microorganisms may uptake the unlocked naked DNA, which might transform non-pathogenic microorganisms into deadly antibiotic-resistant microbes. Additionally, the resurrection of glacial microorganisms can cause adverse effects on ecosystems downstream. The release of glacial pathogens and naked DNA is real and can lead to fatal outbreaks; therefore, we must prepare ourselves for the possible reemergence of diseases caused by these microbes. This study provides a scientific base for the adoption of actions by international cooperation to develop preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasim Sajjad
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of IT, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Ghufranud Din
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Hasan
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Awais Iqbal
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Sahib Zada
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Barkat Ali
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Muhammad Hayat
- Institute of Microbial Technology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao Campus, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- College of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. USA
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Zhou Y, Jia BS, Zhou YG, Li AH, Xue L. Naganishia floricola sp. nov., a novel basidiomycetous yeast species isolated from flowers of Sorbaria sorbifolia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:4496-4501. [DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two yeast strains representing a novel species in the basidiomycetous yeast genus Naganishia were isolated from flowers of Sorbaria sorbifolia collected in Beijing Olympic Forest Park, PR China. Results of multi-gene phylogenetic analysis indicated that the two strains were closely related to the type strains of Naganishia bhutanensis (CBS 6294T) and Naganishia antarctica (CBS 7687T). However, the new isolates differed from N. bhutanensis CBS 6294T by 1.79 % sequence divergence in the D1/D2 domain (11 nt substitutions and three indels), and 2.42 % (15 nt differences and one indel) to N. antarctica CBS 7687T. In the ITS region, the new isolates showed 1.15 % divergence (7 nt substitutions and one indel) to N. bhutanensis CBS 6294T and 0.92 % divergence (5 nt substitutions and no indels) to N. antarctica CBS 7687T. A phylogenetic analysis employing the sequences of six genes (D1/D2 domain of large subunit rDNA, ITS, small subunit rDNA, two subunits of the RNA polymerase II and elongation factor-1α) indicated that the novel species belonged to the genus Naganishia and formed a well-supported clade with N. bhutanensis, N. antarctica and N. indica. Moreover, the two strains differed from their closest relatives by the ability to grow on distinct carbon and nitrogen sources and ability to grow at 30 °C. On the basis of these findings, we propose a novel species in the genus Naganishia (Filobasidiales), Naganishia floricola sp. nov. (holotype CGMCC 2.5856).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, PR China
- China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
| | - Bi-Si Jia
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yu-Guang Zhou
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Ai-Hua Li
- School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lu Xue
- China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center and State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
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Lorenzini M, Zapparoli G. Yeast-like fungi and yeasts in withered grape carposphere: Characterization of Aureobasidium pullulans population and species diversity. Int J Food Microbiol 2019; 289:223-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Fotedar R, Kolecka A, Boekhout T, Fell JW, Anand A, Al Malaki A, Zeyara A, Al Marri M. Naganishia qatarensis sp. nov., a novel basidiomycetous yeast species from a hypersaline marine environment in Qatar. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:2924-2929. [PMID: 30070622 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two yeast strains (INY29 and INY13) representing a novel yeast species were isolated from the hypersaline marine environment of the Inland Sea, Qatar. Phylogenetic analysis based on the D1/D2 domains of the large subunit (LSU) regions and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) regions showed that the two strains represent a single species in the genus Naganishia that is distinct from other species. These two strains were classified as members of the genus Naganishia and clustered in a strongly supported clade represented by Naganishia albidus in the Filobasidiales order in the phylogenetic tree drawn from ITS and D1/D2 sequences. The novel species was most closely related to the type strain of Naganishia cerealis but the two species differed by 1 % sequence divergence (four substitutions and one gap) in the D1/D2 domains and (five substitutions and one gap) in the ITS regions. In contrast to the closest relative, N. cerealis, the novel yeast species assimilated melibiose, glycerol, meso-erythritol, dl-lactate, methanol, propane 1-2-diol, butane 2-3-diol, and grew at 35 °C. The name Naganishia qatarensis sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate these strains, with INY29 as the holotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Fotedar
- 1Department of Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology Centre, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Anna Kolecka
- 2Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (Westerdijk Institute), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Boekhout
- 2Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute (Westerdijk Institute), Utrecht, The Netherlands.,3Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jack W Fell
- 4Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Key Biscayne, FL, USA
| | - Anjana Anand
- 1Department of Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology Centre, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Ameena Al Malaki
- 1Department of Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology Centre, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Aisha Zeyara
- 1Department of Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology Centre, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, State of Qatar
| | - Masoud Al Marri
- 1Department of Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology Centre, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Doha, State of Qatar
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13
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Coleine C, Zucconi L, Onofri S, Pombubpa N, Stajich JE, Selbmann L. Sun Exposure Shapes Functional Grouping of Fungi in Cryptoendolithic Antarctic Communities. Life (Basel) 2018; 8:E19. [PMID: 29865244 PMCID: PMC6027399 DOI: 10.3390/life8020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antarctic cryptoendolithic microbial communities dominate ice-free areas of continental Antarctica, among the harshest environments on Earth. The endolithic lifestyle is a remarkable adaptation to the exceptional environmental extremes of this area, which is considered the closest terrestrial example to conditions on Mars. Recent efforts have attempted to elucidate composition of these extremely adapted communities, but the functionality of these microbes have remained unexplored. We have tested for interactions between measured environmental characteristics, fungal community membership, and inferred functional classification of the fungi present and found altitude and sun exposure were primary factors. Sandstone rocks were collected in Victoria Land, Antarctica along an altitudinal gradient from 834 to 3100 m a.s.l.; differently sun-exposed rocks were selected to test the influence of this parameter on endolithic settlement. Metabarcoding targeting the fungal internal transcribed spacer region 1 (ITS1) was used to catalogue the species found in these communities. Functional profile of guilds found in the samples was associated to species using FUNGuild and variation in functional groups compared across sunlight exposure and altitude. Results revealed clear dominance of lichenized and stress-tolerant fungi in endolithic communities. The main variations in composition and abundance of functional groups among sites correlated to sun exposure, but not to altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Coleine
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy.
| | - Laura Zucconi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy.
| | - Silvano Onofri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy.
| | - Nuttapon Pombubpa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Laura Selbmann
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy.
- Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA), Mycological Section, Genoa 16166, Italy.
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14
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Duarte AWF, Dos Santos JA, Vianna MV, Vieira JMF, Mallagutti VH, Inforsato FJ, Wentzel LCP, Lario LD, Rodrigues A, Pagnocca FC, Pessoa Junior A, Durães Sette L. Cold-adapted enzymes produced by fungi from terrestrial and marine Antarctic environments. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 38:600-619. [PMID: 29228814 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2017.1379468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antarctica is the coldest, windiest, and driest continent on Earth. In this sense, microorganisms that inhabit Antarctica environments have to be adapted to harsh conditions. Fungal strains affiliated with Ascomycota and Basidiomycota phyla have been recovered from terrestrial and marine Antarctic samples. They have been used for the bioprospecting of molecules, such as enzymes. Many reports have shown that these microorganisms produce cold-adapted enzymes at low or mild temperatures, including hydrolases (e.g. α-amylase, cellulase, chitinase, glucosidase, invertase, lipase, pectinase, phytase, protease, subtilase, tannase, and xylanase) and oxidoreductases (laccase and superoxide dismutase). Most of these enzymes are extracellular and their production in the laboratory has been carried out mainly under submerged culture conditions. Several studies showed that the cold-adapted enzymes exhibit a wide range in optimal pH (1.0-9.0) and temperature (10.0-70.0 °C). A myriad of methods have been applied for cold-adapted enzyme purification, resulting in purification factors and yields ranging from 1.70 to 1568.00-fold and 0.60 to 86.20%, respectively. Additionally, some fungal cold-adapted enzymes have been cloned and expressed in host organisms. Considering the enzyme-producing ability of microorganisms and the properties of cold-adapted enzymes, fungi recovered from Antarctic environments could be a prolific genetic resource for biotechnological processes (industrial and environmental) carried out at low or mild temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte
- a Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Campus Arapiraca , Arapiraca , Brazil.,b Divisão de Recursos Microbianos , Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Paulínia , Brazil
| | - Juliana Aparecida Dos Santos
- c Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia , Universidade Estadual Paulistra (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Marina Vitti Vianna
- c Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia , Universidade Estadual Paulistra (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Juliana Maíra Freitas Vieira
- c Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia , Universidade Estadual Paulistra (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Vitor Hugo Mallagutti
- c Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia , Universidade Estadual Paulistra (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Fabio José Inforsato
- c Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia , Universidade Estadual Paulistra (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Lia Costa Pinto Wentzel
- c Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia , Universidade Estadual Paulistra (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Luciana Daniela Lario
- d Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos, Universidad Nacional de Rosario , Rosario , Argentina.,e Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Andre Rodrigues
- c Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia , Universidade Estadual Paulistra (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Fernando Carlos Pagnocca
- c Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia , Universidade Estadual Paulistra (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro , Rio Claro , Brazil
| | - Adalberto Pessoa Junior
- e Departamento de Tecnologia Bioquímico-Farmacêutica , Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Lara Durães Sette
- c Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia , Universidade Estadual Paulistra (UNESP), Câmpus de Rio Claro , Rio Claro , Brazil
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15
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Rigi M, Khan K, Smith SV, Suleiman AO, Lee AG. Evaluation and management of the swollen optic disk in cryptococcal meningitis. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 62:150-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Duarte AWF, Passarini MRZ, Delforno TP, Pellizzari FM, Cipro CVZ, Montone RC, Petry MV, Putzke J, Rosa LH, Sette LD. Yeasts from macroalgae and lichens that inhabit the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 8:874-885. [PMID: 27518570 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are largely dominated by lichens, while shallow coastal environments are mainly covered by macroalgae. The aim of this study was to isolate and to evaluate the diversity of yeasts in different species of macroalgae and lichens collected in South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. A total of 405 yeasts were recovered (205 from macroalgae and 200 from lichens). The yeast community from macroalgae was most diversity than the yeast community from lichen. The dominance index was similar for both substrates. A total of 24 taxa from macroalgae and 18 from lichens were identified, and only 5 were common to both substrates. Metschnikowia australis, Mrakia sp., Rhodotorula glacialis and Glaciozyma litorale were the most abundant yeasts in macroalgae and Cryptococcus victoriae, Rhodotorula laryngis, Rhodotorula arctica, Trichosporon sp. 1 and Mrakia sp. were the most abundant in lichens. Based on molecular and phylogenetic analyses, four yeast from macroalgae and six from lichens were considered potential new species. This is the first study to report the yeast communities from the Antarctic macroalgae Himantothallus grandifolius and lichen Ramalina terebrata. Results suggest that Antarctic phyco and lichensphere represent a huge substrate for cold-adapted yeasts and enhanced the knowledge of the microbiota from extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysson Wagner Fernandes Duarte
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Paulínia, SP, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Campus Arapiraca, Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Michel Rodrigo Zambrano Passarini
- Instituto Latino Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza, Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências da Vida, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Tiago Palladino Delforno
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Paulínia, SP, Brazil
| | - Franciane Maria Pellizzari
- Campus Paranaguá, Laboratório de Ficologia e Qualidade de Água Marinha, Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Caio Vinicius Zecchin Cipro
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS - Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, La Rochelle Cedex 01, 17042, France
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosalinda Carmela Montone
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Marinha, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Virginia Petry
- Laboratório de Ornitologia e Animais Marinhos, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos São Leopoldo, UNISINOS - RS, São Leopoldo, Brazil
| | - Jair Putzke
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Lara Durães Sette
- Divisão de Recursos Microbianos, Centro Pluridisciplinar de Pesquisas Químicas, Biológicas e Agrícolas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Paulínia, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Micologia Ambiental e Industrial, Departamento de Bioquímica e Microbiologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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17
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Microbial communities associated with Antarctic snow pack and their biogeochemical implications. Microbiol Res 2016; 192:192-202. [PMID: 27664737 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Snow ecosystems represent a large part of the Earth's biosphere and harbour diverse microbial communities. Despite our increased knowledge of snow microbial communities, the question remains as to their functional potential, particularly with respect to their role in adapting to and modifying the specific snow environment. In this work, we investigated the diversity and functional capabilities of microorganisms from 3 regions of East Antarctica, with respect to compounds present in snow and tested whether their functional signature reflected the snow environment. A diverse assemblage of bacteria (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia), archaea (Euryarchaeota), and eukarya (Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Cryptomycota and Rhizaria) were detected through culture-dependent and -independent methods. Although microbial communities observed in the three snow samples were distinctly different, all isolates tested produced one or more of the following enzymes: lipase, protease, amylase, β-galactosidase, cellulase, and/or lignin modifying enzyme. This indicates that the snow pack microbes have the capacity to degrade organic compounds found in Antarctic snow (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, lignin), thus highlighting their potential to be involved in snow chemistry.
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18
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Schiaparelli S, Selbmann L, Onofri S, Zucconi L, Isola D, Rottigni M, Ghiglione C, Piazza P, Alvaro MC. Distributional records of Antarctic fungi based on strains preserved in the Culture Collection of Fungi from Extreme Environments (CCFEE) Mycological Section associated with the Italian National Antarctic Museum (MNA). MycoKeys 2015. [DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.10.5343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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19
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Liu XZ, Wang QM, Göker M, Groenewald M, Kachalkin A, Lumbsch H, Millanes A, Wedin M, Yurkov A, Boekhout T, Bai FY. Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of the Tremellomycetes. Stud Mycol 2015; 81:85-147. [PMID: 26955199 PMCID: PMC4777781 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Families and genera assigned to Tremellomycetes have been mainly circumscribed by morphology and for the yeasts also by biochemical and physiological characteristics. This phenotype-based classification is largely in conflict with molecular phylogenetic analyses. Here a phylogenetic classification framework for the Tremellomycetes is proposed based on the results of phylogenetic analyses from a seven-genes dataset covering the majority of tremellomycetous yeasts and closely related filamentous taxa. Circumscriptions of the taxonomic units at the order, family and genus levels recognised were quantitatively assessed using the phylogenetic rank boundary optimisation (PRBO) and modified general mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) tests. In addition, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on an expanded LSU rRNA (D1/D2 domains) gene sequence dataset covering as many as available teleomorphic and filamentous taxa within Tremellomycetes was performed to investigate the relationships between yeasts and filamentous taxa and to examine the stability of undersampled clades. Based on the results inferred from molecular data and morphological and physiochemical features, we propose an updated classification for the Tremellomycetes. We accept five orders, 17 families and 54 genera, including seven new families and 18 new genera. In addition, seven families and 17 genera are emended and one new species name and 185 new combinations are proposed. We propose to use the term pro tempore or pro tem. in abbreviation to indicate the species names that are temporarily maintained.
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Key Words
- A. cacaoliposimilis (J.L. Zhou, S.O. Suh & Gujjari) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. dehoogii (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. domesticum (Sugita, A. Nishikawa & Shinoda) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. dulcitum (Berkhout) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. gamsii (Middelhoven, Scorzetti, Sigler & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. gracile (Weigmann & A. Wolff) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. laibachii (Windisch) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. lignicola (Diddens) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. loubieri (Morenz) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. montevideense (L.A. Queiroz) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. mycotoxinivorans (O. Molnár, Schatzm. & Prillinger) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. scarabaeorum (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. siamense (Nakase, Jindam., Sugita & H. Kawas.) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. sporotrichoides (van Oorschot) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. vadense (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. veenhuisii (Middelhoven, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. wieringae (Middelhoven) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- A. xylopini (S.O. Suh, Lee, Gujjari & Zhou) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Apiotrichumbrassicae (Nakase) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Bandonia A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bandoniamarina (van Uden & Zobell) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. foliicola (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. hainanense (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. panici (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. pseudovariabile (F.Y. Bai, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. sanyaense (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. setariae (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. siamense (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. variabile (Nakase & M. Suzuki) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bu. wuzhishanense (Q.M. Wang, F.Y. Bai, Boekhout & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bulleraceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bulleribasidiaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Bulleribasidiumbegoniae (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Carc. polyporina (D.A. Reid) A.M. Yurkov
- Carcinomycesarundinariae (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov
- Carlosrosaea A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Carlosrosaeavrieseae (Landell, Brandão, Safar, Gomes, Félix, Santos, Pagani, Ramos, Broetto, Mott, Valente & Rosa) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cr. luteus (Roberts) Boekhout, Liu, Bai & M. Groenew.
- Cryptococcusdepauperatus (Petch) Boekhout, Liu, Bai & M. Groenew.
- Cu. curvatus (Diddens & Lodder) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. cutaneum (de Beurmann, Gougerot & Vaucher) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. cyanovorans (Motaung, Albertyn, J.L.F. Kock et Pohl) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. daszewskae (Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. debeurmannianum (Sugita, Takash., Nakase & Shinoda) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. dermatis (Sugita, Takash., Nakase, Ichikawa, Ikeda & Shinoda) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. guehoae (Middelhoven, Scorzettii & Fell) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. haglerorum (Middelhoven, Á. Fonseca, S.C. Carreiro, Pagnocca & O.C. Bueno) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. jirovecii (Frágner) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. moniliiforme (Weigmann & A. Wolff) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. mucoides (E. Guého & M.T. Smith) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. oleaginosus (J.J. Zhou, S.O. Suh & Gujjari) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. smithiae (Middelhoven, Scorzetti, Sugita & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cu. terricola (Sugita, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cutaneotrichosporon X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Cutaneotrichosporonarboriformis (Sugita, M. Takash., Sano, Nishim., Kinebuchi, S. Yamag. & Osanai) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Dimennazyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Dimennazyma cistialbidi (Á. Fonseca, J. Inácio & Spenc.-Mart.) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Effuseotrichosporon A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Effuseotrichosporon vanderwaltii (Motaung, Albertyn, Kock, C.F. Lee, S.O. Suh, M. Blackwell & C.H. Pohl) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fil. magnum (Lodder & Kreger-van Rij) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fil. oeirense (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fil. stepposum (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fil. wieringae (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Filobasidium chernovii (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fon. mujuensis (K.S. Shin & Y.H. Park) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fon. tronadorensis (V. De Garcia, Zalar, Brizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brook) A.M. Yurkov
- Fonsecazyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Fonsecazyma betulae (K. Sylvester, Q.M. Wang, C. T. Hittinger) A.M. Yurkov, A.V. Kachalkin & Boekhout
- Gelidatrema A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai
- Gelidatrema spencermartinsiae (Garcia, Brizzio, Boekhout, Theelen, Libkind & van Broock) A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gen. armeniaca (Á. Fonseca & J. Inácio) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gen. bromeliarum (Landell & P. Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gen. tibetensis (F.Y. Bai & Q.M. Wang) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Genolevuria X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Genolevuria amylolytica (Á. Fonseca, J. Inácio & Spenc.-Mart.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. agrionensis (Russo, Libkind, Samp. & van Broock) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. gastrica (Reiersöl & di Menna) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. gilvescens (Chernov & Babeva) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. iberica (Gadanho & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Gof. metallitolerans (Gadanho & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Goffeauzyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Goffeauzyma aciditolerans (Gadanho & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Haglerozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Haglerozymachiarellii (Pagnocca, Legaspe, Rodrigues & Ruivo) A. M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Het. bachmannii (Diederich & M.S. Christ.) Millanes & Wedin
- Het. physciacearum (Diederich) Millanes & Wedin
- Heterocephalacriaarrabidensis (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Itersoniliapannonica (Niwata, Takash., Tornai-Lehoczki, T. Deák & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Jelly fungi
- Ko. distylii (Hamam., Kuroy. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ko. fuzhouensis (J.Z. Yue) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ko. lichenicola (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai
- Ko. mexicana (Lopandic, O. Molnár & Prillinger) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ko. ogasawarensis (Hamam., Kuroy. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ko. sichuanensis (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kockovaellachinensis (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kockovaellaprillingeri (Prillinger, G. Kraep. & Lopandic) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kr. tahquamenonensis (Wang, Hulfachor, Sylvester and Hittinger) A.M. Yurkov
- Krasilnikovozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Krasilnikovozymahuempii (C. Ramírez & A. E. González) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kw. dejecticola (Thanh, Hai & Lachance) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kw. dendrophila (Van der Walt & D.B. Scott) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kw. pini (Golubev & Pfeiffer) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kw. shivajii (S.R. Ravella, S.A. James, C.J. Bond, I.N. Roberts, K. Cross, Retter & P.J. Hobbs) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Kwoniellabestiolae (Thanh, Hai & Lachance) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- M. cryoconiti (Margesin & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- M. niccombsii (Thomas-Hall) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Morphology
- Mrakiaaquatica (E.B.G. Jones & Slooff) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Mrakiaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Multigene phylogeny
- Naem. microspora (Lloyd) Millanes & Wedin
- Naemateliaaurantialba (Bandoni & M. Zang) Millanes & Wedin
- Naemateliaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. albida (Saito) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. albidosimilis (Vishniac & Kurtzman) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. antarctica (Vishniac & Kurtzman) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. bhutanensis (Goto & Sugiy.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. cerealis (Passoth, A.-C. Andersson, Olstorpe, Theelen, Boekhout & Schnürer) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. diffluens (Zach) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. friedmannii (Vishniac) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. liquefaciens (Saito & M. Ota) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. onofrii (Turchetti, Selbmann & Zucconi) A.M. Yurkov
- Nag. randhawae (Z.U. Khan, S.O. Suh. Ahmad, F. Hagen, Fell, Kowshik, Chandy & Boekhout) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. uzbekistanensis (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nag. vaughanmartiniae (Turchetti, Blanchette & Arenz) A.M. Yurkov
- Nag. vishniacii (Vishniac & Hempfling) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Naganishiaadeliensis (Scorzetti, I. Petrescu, Yarrow & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Niel. melastomae (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nielozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Nielozymaformosana (Nakase, Tsuzuki, F.L. Lee & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- P. mycophaga (G.W. Martin) Millanes & Wedin
- Pap. aspenensis (K. Ferreira-Paim, T.B. Ferreira, L. Andrade-Silva, D.J. Mora, D.J. Springer, J. Heitman, F.M. Fonseca, D. Matos, M.S.C. Melhem & M.L. Silva-Vergara) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Pap. aurea (Saito) M. Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. baii (A.M. Yurkov, M.A. Guerreiro & Á. Fonseca) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. flavescens (Saito) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. fonsecae (V. de García, Zalar, Braizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brollck) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. frias (V. de García, Zalar, Braizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Brollck) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. fuscus (J.P. Samp., J. Inácio, Fonseca & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. hoabinhensis (D.T. Luong, M. Takash., Ty. Dung & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. japonica (J.P. Samp., Fonseca & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. laurentii (Kuff.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. mangalensis (Fell, Statzell & Scorzett) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. nemorosus (Golubev, Gadanho, J.P. Samp. & N.W. Golubev) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. perniciosus (Golubev, Gadanho, J.P. Samp. & N.W. Golubev) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai
- Pap. pseudoalba (Nakase & M. Suzuki) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. rajasthanensis (Saluja & G.S. Prasad) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. ruineniae (A.M. Yurkov, M.A. Guerreiro & Á. Fonseca) A.M. Yurkov
- Pap. taeanensis (K.S. Shin & Y.H. Park) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. terrestris (Crestani, Landell, Faganello, Vainstein, Vishniac & P. Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pap. wisconsinensis (Crestani, Landell, Faganello, Vainstein, Vishniac & P. Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Papiliotremaanemochoreius (C.H. Pohl, Kock, P.W.J. van Wyk & Albertyn) F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ph. mycetophiloides (Kobayasi) Millanes & Wedin
- Ph. neofoliacea (Chee J. Chen) Millanes & Wedin
- Ph. simplex (H.S. Jacks. & G.W. Martin) Millanes & Wedin
- Ph. skinneri (Phaff & Carmo Souza) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Phaeotremellaceae A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Phaeotremellafagi (Middelhoven & Scorzetti) A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Pis. cylindrica (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pis. fildesensis (T. Zhang & L.-Y. Yu) A.M. Yurkov
- Pis. filicatus (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) Kachalkin
- Pis. silvicola (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pis. sorana (Hauerslev) A.M. Yurkov
- Pis. taiwanensis (Nakase, Tsuzuki & M. Takash.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Piskurozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Piskurozymacapsuligena (Fell, Statzell, I.L. Hunter & Phaff) A.M. Yurkov
- Piskurozymaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ps. lacticolor (Satoh & Makimura) A.M. Yurkov
- Ps. moriformis (Berk.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Ps. nivalis (Chee J. Chen) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pseudotremella X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, A.M. Yurkov, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Pseudotremellaallantoinivorans (Middelhoven) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- R. complexa (Landell, Pagnocca, Sette, Passarini, Garcia, Ribeiro, Lee, Brandao, Rosa & Valente) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. fermentans (Lee) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. glucofermentans (S.O. Suh & Blackwell) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. nanyangensis (F.L. Hui & Q.H. Niu) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. noutii (Boekhout, Fell, Scorzett & Theelen) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. tunnelae (Boekhout, Fell, Scorzetti & Theelen) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- R. visegradensis (Peter & Dlauchy) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- Ranks
- Rhynchogastremaaquatica (Brandao, Valente, Pimenta & Rosa) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- Sait. ninhbinhensis (Luong, Takash., Dung & Nakase) A.M. Yurkov
- Sait. paraflava (Golubev & J.P. Samp.) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Sait. podzolica (Babeva & Reshetova) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Saitozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Saitozymaflava (Saito) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Sol. fuscescens (Golubev) A.M. Yurkov
- Sol. keelungensis (C.F. Chang & S.M. Liu) A.M. Yurkov
- Sol. phenolicus (Á. Fonseca, Scorzetti & Fell) A.M. Yurkov
- Sol. terreus (Di Menna) A.M. Yurkov
- Sol. terricola (T.A. Pedersen) A.M. Yurkov
- Solicoccozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Solicoccozymaaeria (Saito) A.M. Yurkov
- Sugitazyma A.M. Yurkov, X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Sugitazymamiyagiana (Nakase, Itoh, Takem. & Bandoni) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Tausoniapullulans (Lindner) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Taxonomy
- Tremellayokohamensis (Alshahni, Satoh & Makimura) A.M. Yurkov
- Tremellomycetes
- Trimorphomycessakaeraticus (Fungsin, M. Takash. & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew., Boekhout & A.M. Yurkov
- Trimorphomycetaceae X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Van. meifongana (C.F. Lee) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Van. nantouana (C.F. Lee) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Van. thermophila (Vogelmann, Chaves & Hertel) Kachalkin, A.M. Yurkov & Boekhout
- Vanrijafragicola (M. Takash., Sugita, Shinoda & Nakase) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. dimennae (Fell & Phaff) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. foliicola (Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai) A.M. Yurkov
- Vis. globispora (B.N. Johri & Bandoni) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. heimaeyensis (Vishniac) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. nebularis (Vishniac) A.M. Yurkov
- Vis. peneaus (Phaff, Mrak & O.B. Williams) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. psychrotolerans (V. de García, Zalar, Brizzio, Gunde-Cim. & van Broock) A.M. Yurkov
- Vis. taibaiensis (Q.M. Wang & F.Y. Bai) A.M. Yurkov
- Vis. tephrensis (Vishniac) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vis. victoriae (M.J. Montes, Belloch, Galiana, M.D. García, C. Andrés, S. Ferrer, Torr.-Rodr. & J. Guinea) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vishniacozyma X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Vishniacozymacarnescens (Verona & Luchetti) X.Z. Liu, F.Y. Bai, M. Groenew. & Boekhout
- Yeasts
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Affiliation(s)
- X.-Z. Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Q.-M. Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M. Göker
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - M. Groenewald
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A.V. Kachalkin
- Faculty of Soil Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - H.T. Lumbsch
- Science & Education, The Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA
| | - A.M. Millanes
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - M. Wedin
- Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A.M. Yurkov
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig 38124, Germany
| | - T. Boekhout
- State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Medical Mycology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - F.-Y. Bai
- State Key Laboratory for Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, PR China
- CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre (CBS-KNAW), Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
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