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Srijakotre N, Liu HJ, Nobis M, Man J, Yip HYK, Papa A, Abud HE, Anderson KI, Welch HCE, Tiganis T, Timpson P, McLean CA, Ooms LM, Mitchell CA. PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) promotes mammary tumor initiation and metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28056-28067. [PMID: 33097662 PMCID: PMC7668035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006445117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rac-GEF, P-Rex1, activates Rac1 signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors and PI3K. Increased P-Rex1 expression promotes melanoma progression; however, its role in breast cancer is complex, with differing reports of the effect of its expression on disease outcome. To address this we analyzed human databases, undertook gene array expression analysis, and generated unique murine models of P-Rex1 gain or loss of function. Analysis of PREX1 mRNA expression in breast cancer cDNA arrays and a METABRIC cohort revealed that higher PREX1 mRNA in ER+ve/luminal tumors was associated with poor outcome in luminal B cancers. Prex1 deletion in MMTV-neu or MMTV-PyMT mice reduced Rac1 activation in vivo and improved survival. High level MMTV-driven transgenic PREX1 expression resulted in apicobasal polarity defects and increased mammary epithelial cell proliferation associated with hyperplasia and development of de novo mammary tumors. MMTV-PREX1 expression in MMTV-neu mice increased tumor initiation and enhanced metastasis in vivo, but had no effect on primary tumor growth. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 or MEK1/2 reduced P-Rex1-driven tumoroid formation and cell invasion. Therefore, P-Rex1 can act as an oncogene and cooperate with HER2/neu to enhance breast cancer initiation and metastasis, despite having no effect on primary tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuthasuda Srijakotre
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Heng-Jia Liu
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Joey Man
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hon Yan Kelvin Yip
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Antonella Papa
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Helen E Abud
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Tumour Cell Migration, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, G611BD Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy, Francis Crick Institute, NW11AT London, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales (UNSW) Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Catriona A McLean
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ooms
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
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Berryhill GE, Trott JF, Derpinghaus AL, Hovey RC. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM/BOLFA: Dietary regulation of allometric ductal growth in the mammary glands. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:5664-5674. [PMID: 29293798 PMCID: PMC6292269 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although mammary gland growth and development in females is a lifelong process, it builds on isometric and allometric phases of mammary growth to establish a complex ductal network before and during puberty. Only then can other phases of branching and alveologenesis, differentiation, lactation, and involution proceed. Although the ductal network of various species differs in its histomorphology, all glands undergo a common phase of allometric growth when the mammary ducts penetrate into the supporting stromal microenvironment. Perhaps not surprisingly, different aspects of diet and nutrition can influence this allometric growth, either directly or indirectly. In this review, we outline some of the fundamental aspects of how allometric ductal growth in the mammary glands of various species is influenced by diet and nutrition and identify opportunities and questions for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. E. Berryhill
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - J. F. Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - A. L. Derpinghaus
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
| | - R. C. Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis 95616
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Yanagawa T, Denda K, Inatani T, Fukushima T, Tanaka T, Kumaki N, Inagaki Y, Komada M. Deficiency of X-Linked Protein Kinase Nrk during Pregnancy Triggers Breast Tumor in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:2751-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Yuri T, Tsubura A. Relation between parity and pregnancy-related hormones and breast cancer control. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.14.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Epidemiological research has indicated the beneficial effects of full-term pregnancy at an early age for a reduction in breast cancer risk. Experimental data have shown that pregnancy and pregnancy-related hormones, such as estrogen plus progesterone, estrogen alone and human chorionic gonadotropin, are involved in parity-induced protection. Pregnancy and short-duration treatment of a young host with pregnancy-related hormones to mimic the pregnancy environment provide mammary cancer protection by making cells refractory to carcinogenic stimuli and causing growth arrest and programmed cell death. Experimental data concerning pregnancy and pregnancy-related hormones are reviewed in relation to intrinsic subtypes of mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yuri
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Airo Tsubura
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Yuri T, Lai YC, Kanematsu S, Kuwata M, Yoshizawa K, Tsubura A. Effects of short-term estrogen treatment on the progression of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced premalignant mammary lesions in female Lewis rats. Med Mol Morphol 2011; 44:125-30. [PMID: 21922383 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-010-0515-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effects of short-term estrogen treatment (STET) on the progression of mammary lesions from ductal hyperplasia (DH) through ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in the N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis model. Three-week-old female Lewis rats (n = 40) received an intraperitoneal injection of MNU (50 mg/kg). Three weeks later, a 3-week-release, 0.25-mg, 17β-estradiol pellet was subcutaneously implanted for 2 weeks in 20 rats (STET); the remaining 20 rats did not receive the estradiol pellets (age-matched control). All rats were killed at 12 weeks of age, and their abdominal-inguinal mammary glands were histologically examined. The incidence and multiplicity of DHs were similar between groups (STET, 90% and 3.9 ± 0.6 vs. age-matched controls, 80% and 3.0 ± 0.5). However, DCIS and IDC did not develop in STET rats, whereas DCIS (25% and 1.4 ± 0.2) and IDC (35% and 1.4 ± 0.3) developed in the age-matched controls. Immunoscores of estrogen and progesterone receptors and positive rate of proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in DH were similar in both groups, while the positive rate of cyclin D1 was significantly reduced in the STET group (P < 0.05). Thus, STET blocked the progression from DH to DCIS in MNU-induced mammary carcinogenesis, and decreased expression of cyclin D1 may play an important role in the blockade of cell transition from DH to DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yuri
- Department of Pathology II, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8506, Japan.
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Guttery DS, Shaw JA, Lloyd K, Pringle JH, Walker RA. Expression of tenascin-C and its isoforms in the breast. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 29:595-606. [PMID: 20814719 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-010-9249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tenascin-C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein which is frequently up-regulated in a variety of pathological conditions including chronic inflammation and cancer. TNC has been implicated in the modulation of cell migration, proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis. Multiple isoforms of TNC can be generated through the alternative splicing of nine exons located in the fibronectin type III region of the molecule. The profile of isoforms expressed differs between cancers and normal breast, with the fully truncated TNC isoform being predominant in normal and benign tissues and higher molecular weight isoforms induced predominantly in cancer. The addition of extra domains within the fibronectin type III repeat domain greatly affects TNC function with multiple exon combinations available for splicing. Exons 14 and 16 are considered to be tumour-associated and have been shown to affect breast cell line invasion and growth in vitro to a greater extent than the full-length TNC isoform. This mini review will provide a summary of the literature to date regarding the expression of TNC isoforms in the breast and also discuss more recent developments in the field regarding exon AD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Guttery
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, LE2 7LX, UK.
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Cx43 suppresses mammary tumor metastasis to the lung in a Cx43 mutant mouse model of human disease. Oncogene 2010; 30:1681-92. [PMID: 21151177 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions, the channels formed by the connexin (Cx) family of proteins, are responsible for direct intercellular communication. Although connexins are considered as tumor suppressors, their overall role in cancer onset, progression and metastasis is somewhat controversial. This study uses a novel Cx43 mutant mouse model (G60S mice) and cross-breeding strategies to determine the role of Cx43 in all stages of breast tumorigenesis. G60S mice were cross-bred with ErbB2 overexpressing mice, and spontaneous and 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumor development was evaluated. Mice were killed when tumors reached ∼1 cm(3) or when mice showed signs of critical illness. In both spontaneous and DMBA studies, onset of palpable tumors was delayed in G60S mice compared with mice in control groups. Moreover, while tumors from control mice reached the size threshold, most DMBA-exposed Cx43 mutant mice were killed prematurely because of labored breathing, independent of the presence of a palpable tumor. Reduced Cx43 levels in Cx43 mutant mice were accompanied by extensive mammary gland hyperplasia. Lung histology revealed that all Cx43 mutant mice exhibited mammaglobin-positive mammary gland metastases to the lung, and the number of metastases was increased by threefold in Cx43 mutant mice on treatment with DMBA. Thus, while reduced levels of Cx43 delayed the onset of palpable tumors, normal Cx43 levels inhibited mammary gland tumor metastasis to the lungs. Understanding the mechanisms of how Cx43, which is expressed primarily in myoepithelial cells, inhibits mammary gland tumor metastasis is critical as Cx43 is assessed as a candidate for therapeutic intervention.
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Trotte M, Santos B, Menezes R, Tortelly R. Neoplasias espontâneas em camundongos de um centro de criação de animais de laboratório. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352010000400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Verificaram-se a prevalência e as características anatomopatológicas de neoplasias espontâneas encontradas em camundongos, provenientes de biotério. Foram necropsiados 9.219 camundongos pertencentes a 13 linhagens, entre agosto de 2002 e janeiro de 2007, para monitoramento sanitário. Amostras de tecidos foram colhidas, fixadas em formol tamponado a 10% e processadas pelas técnicas habituais para inclusão em parafina. Foram realizados 84 diagnósticos de neoplasmas, sendo acometidos 82 camundongos (0,9%). As principais neoplasias diagnosticadas com as respectivas ocorrências foram: carcinoma mamário, 27,4%; linfoma, 19,0%; adenocarcinoma papilífero pulmonar primário, 17,9%; carcinoma epidermoide, 8,3%; osteossarcoma osteoblástico, 4,8%; e outros com menor porcentagem de ocorrência. Houve predomínio de tumores malignos, sendo mais frequentes os carcinomas mamários. A linhagem BALB/c An foi a que apresentou a maior variedade de tipos de neoplasias, seguida das linhagens outbred Swiss Webster e NIH. Fibrossarcoma em camundongos C57BL/10 ScSn-Dmd mdx/J e carcinoma mamário na linhagem NOD foram relatados pela primeira vez.
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Imaoka T, Nishimura M, Iizuka D, Daino K, Takabatake T, Okamoto M, Kakinuma S, Shimada Y. Radiation-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rodent models: what's different from chemical carcinogenesis? JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 50:281-293. [PMID: 19506345 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is one of a few well-characterized etiologic factors of human breast cancer. Laboratory rodents serve as useful experimental models for investigating dose responses and mechanisms of cancer development. Using these models, a lot of information has been accumulated about mammary gland cancer, which can be induced by both chemical carcinogens and radiation. In this review, we first list some experimental rodent models of breast cancer induction. We then focus on several topics that are important in understanding the mechanisms and risk modification of breast cancer development, and compare radiation and chemical carcinogenesis models. We will focus on the pathology and natural history of cancer development in these models, genetic changes observed in induced cancers, indirect effects of carcinogens, and finally risk modification by reproductive factors and age at exposure to the carcinogens. In addition, we summarize the knowledge available on mammary stem/progenitor cells as a potential target of carcinogens. Comparison of chemical and radiation carcinogenesis models on these topics indicates certain similarities, but it also indicates clear differences in several important aspects, such as genetic alterations of induced cancers and modification of susceptibility by age and reproductive factors. Identification of the target cell type and relevant translational research for human risk management may be among the important issues that are addressed by radiation carcinogenesis models.JRRS Incentive Award in 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- Experimental Radiobiology for Children's Health Research Group, Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan.
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