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Samuel MS, Lopez JI, McGhee EJ, Croft DR, Strachan D, Timpson P, Munro J, Schröder E, Zhou J, Brunton VG, Barker N, Clevers H, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Weaver VM, Olson MF. Actomyosin-Mediated Cellular Tension Drives Increased Tissue Stiffness and β-Catenin Activation to Induce Epidermal Hyperplasia and Tumor Growth. Cancer Cell 2024; 42:317. [PMID: 38350422 PMCID: PMC10871601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
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2
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Fletcher G, Anderson KI. What is the structure of our infrastructure? -A Review of UK Light Microscopy Facilities. J Microsc 2021; 285:55-67. [PMID: 34841540 PMCID: PMC9302651 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Core Facilities and Technology Platforms are increasingly important components of the science research landscape. However, data on facility operations and staff careers are lacking to inform their development. Here we have surveyed 114 people working in 46 Light Microscopy (LM) facilities within the United Kingdom. Our survey explores issues around Career Progression, Facility Operations, and Funding. The data show that facilities are substantial repositories of equipment and knowledge which adapt to meet the needs of their local environments. Our report highlights the challenges faced by facility managers, institutions, and funders in evaluating facility performance and devising strategies to maximize the return on research funding investment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Floerchinger A, Murphy KJ, Latham SL, Warren SC, McCulloch AT, Lee YK, Stoehr J, Mélénec P, Guaman CS, Metcalf XL, Lee V, Zaratzian A, Da Silva A, Tayao M, Rolo S, Phimmachanh M, Sultani G, McDonald L, Mason SM, Ferrari N, Ooms LM, Johnsson AKE, Spence HJ, Olson MF, Machesky LM, Sansom OJ, Morton JP, Mitchell CA, Samuel MS, Croucher DR, Welch HCE, Blyth K, Caldon CE, Herrmann D, Anderson KI, Timpson P, Nobis M. Optimizing metastatic-cascade-dependent Rac1 targeting in breast cancer: Guidance using optical window intravital FRET imaging. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109689. [PMID: 34525350 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessing drug response within live native tissue provides increased fidelity with regards to optimizing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. Here, using longitudinal intravital imaging of a Rac1-Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor mouse coupled with in vivo photoswitching to track intratumoral movement, we help guide treatment scheduling in a live breast cancer setting to impair metastatic progression. We uncover altered Rac1 activity at the center versus invasive border of tumors and demonstrate enhanced Rac1 activity of cells in close proximity to live tumor vasculature using optical window imaging. We further reveal that Rac1 inhibition can enhance tumor cell vulnerability to fluid-flow-induced shear stress and therefore improves overall anti-metastatic response to therapy during transit to secondary sites such as the lung. Collectively, this study demonstrates the utility of single-cell intravital imaging in vivo to demonstrate that Rac1 inhibition can reduce tumor progression and metastases in an autochthonous setting to improve overall survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Floerchinger
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sharissa L Latham
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew T McCulloch
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Young-Kyung Lee
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Janett Stoehr
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Cris S Guaman
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Xanthe L Metcalf
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Victoria Lee
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew Da Silva
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael Tayao
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sonia Rolo
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Monica Phimmachanh
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ghazal Sultani
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Laura McDonald
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Susan M Mason
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Nicola Ferrari
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - Lisa M Ooms
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | | | - Heather J Spence
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Michael F Olson
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Laura M Machesky
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - Christina A Mitchell
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia; and the School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G111QH, UK
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK; Francis Crick Institute, London NW11AT, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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4
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Borile G, Sandrin D, Filippi A, Anderson KI, Romanato F. Label-Free Multiphoton Microscopy: Much More Than Fancy Images. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2657. [PMID: 33800802 PMCID: PMC7961783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy has recently passed the milestone of its first 30 years of activity in biomedical research. The growing interest around this approach has led to a variety of applications from basic research to clinical practice. Moreover, this technique offers the advantage of label-free multiphoton imaging to analyze samples without staining processes and the need for a dedicated system. Here, we review the state of the art of label-free techniques; then, we focus on two-photon autofluorescence as well as second and third harmonic generation, describing physical and technical characteristics. We summarize some successful applications to a plethora of biomedical research fields and samples, underlying the versatility of this technique. A paragraph is dedicated to an overview of sample preparation, which is a crucial step in every microscopy experiment. Afterwards, we provide a detailed review analysis of the main quantitative methods to extract important information and parameters from acquired images using second harmonic generation. Lastly, we discuss advantages, limitations, and future perspectives in label-free multiphoton microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Borile
- Laboratory of Optics and Bioimaging, Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Deborah Sandrin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
- L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Filippi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
| | - Kurt I. Anderson
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy Facility (CALM), The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Filippo Romanato
- Laboratory of Optics and Bioimaging, Institute of Pediatric Research Città della Speranza, 35127 Padua, Italy;
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “G. Galilei”, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (D.S.); (A.F.)
- L.I.F.E.L.A.B. Program, Consorzio per la Ricerca Sanitaria (CORIS), Veneto Region, 35128 Padua, Italy
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5
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Wershof E, Park D, Barry DJ, Jenkins RP, Rullan A, Wilkins A, Schlegelmilch K, Roxanis I, Anderson KI, Bates PA, Sahai E. A FIJI macro for quantifying pattern in extracellular matrix. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:e202000880. [PMID: 33504622 PMCID: PMC7898596 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse extracellular matrix patterns are observed in both normal and pathological tissue. However, most current tools for quantitative analysis focus on a single aspect of matrix patterning. Thus, an automated pipeline that simultaneously quantifies a broad range of metrics and enables a comprehensive description of varied matrix patterns is needed. To this end, we have developed an ImageJ plugin called TWOMBLI, which stands for The Workflow Of Matrix BioLogy Informatics. This pipeline includes metrics of matrix alignment, length, branching, end points, gaps, fractal dimension, curvature, and the distribution of fibre thickness. TWOMBLI is designed to be quick, versatile and easy-to-use particularly for non-computational scientists. TWOMBLI can be downloaded from https://github.com/wershofe/TWOMBLI together with detailed documentation and tutorial video. Although developed with the extracellular matrix in mind, TWOMBLI is versatile and can be applied to vascular and cytoskeletal networks. Here we present an overview of the pipeline together with examples from a wide range of contexts where matrix patterns are generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Wershof
- Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Danielle Park
- Developmental Signalling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - David J Barry
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Robert P Jenkins
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Antonio Rullan
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Anna Wilkins
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Ioannis Roxanis
- Breast Cancer Research Division, Toby Robins Breast Cancer Now Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Paul A Bates
- Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Erik Sahai
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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6
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Kondo H, Ratcliffe CDH, Hooper S, Ellis J, MacRae JI, Hennequart M, Dunsby CW, Anderson KI, Sahai E. Single-cell resolved imaging reveals intra-tumor heterogeneity in glycolysis, transitions between metabolic states, and their regulatory mechanisms. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108750. [PMID: 33596424 PMCID: PMC7900713 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-cellular heterogeneity in metabolic state has been proposed to influence many cancer phenotypes, including responses to targeted therapy. Here, we track the transitions and heritability of metabolic states in single PIK3CA mutant breast cancer cells, identify non-genetic glycolytic heterogeneity, and build on observations derived from methods reliant on bulk analyses. Using fluorescent biosensors in vitro and in tumors, we have identified distinct subpopulations of cells whose glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism are regulated by combinations of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling, bromodomain activity, and cell crowding effects. The actin severing protein cofilin, as well as PI3K, regulates rapid changes in glucose metabolism, whereas treatment with the bromodomain inhibitor slowly abrogates a subpopulation of cells whose glycolytic activity is PI3K independent. We show how bromodomain function and PI3K signaling, along with actin remodeling, independently modulate glycolysis and how targeting these pathways affects distinct subpopulations of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kondo
- Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Colin D H Ratcliffe
- Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Steven Hooper
- Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James Ellis
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - James I MacRae
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Marc Hennequart
- p53 and Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Christopher W Dunsby
- Photonics Group, Physics Department, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
| | - Erik Sahai
- Tumor Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK.
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7
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Pickering KA, Gilroy K, Cassidy JW, Fey SK, Najumudeen AK, Zeiger LB, Vincent DF, Gay DM, Johansson J, Fordham RP, Miller B, Clark W, Hedley A, Unal EB, Kiel C, McGhee E, Machesky LM, Nixon C, Johnsson AE, Bain M, Strathdee D, van Hoof SR, Medema JP, Anderson KI, Brachmann SM, Stucke VM, Malliri A, Drysdale M, Turner M, Serrano L, Myant K, Campbell AD, Sansom OJ. A RAC-GEF network critical for early intestinal tumourigenesis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:56. [PMID: 33397922 PMCID: PMC7782582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
RAC1 activity is critical for intestinal homeostasis, and is required for hyperproliferation driven by loss of the tumour suppressor gene Apc in the murine intestine. To avoid the impact of direct targeting upon homeostasis, we reasoned that indirect targeting of RAC1 via RAC-GEFs might be effective. Transcriptional profiling of Apc deficient intestinal tissue identified Vav3 and Tiam1 as key targets. Deletion of these indicated that while TIAM1 deficiency could suppress Apc-driven hyperproliferation, it had no impact upon tumourigenesis, while VAV3 deficiency had no effect. Intriguingly, deletion of either gene resulted in upregulation of Vav2, with subsequent targeting of all three (Vav2-/- Vav3-/- Tiam1-/-), profoundly suppressing hyperproliferation, tumourigenesis and RAC1 activity, without impacting normal homeostasis. Critically, the observed RAC-GEF dependency was negated by oncogenic KRAS mutation. Together, these data demonstrate that while targeting RAC-GEF molecules may have therapeutic impact at early stages, this benefit may be lost in late stage disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Pickering
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - K Gilroy
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - J W Cassidy
- CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - S K Fey
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - A K Najumudeen
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - L B Zeiger
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - D F Vincent
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - D M Gay
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - J Johansson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - R P Fordham
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - B Miller
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - W Clark
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A Hedley
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - E B Unal
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Kiel
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E McGhee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - L M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - C Nixon
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - A E Johnsson
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - M Bain
- IBAHCM and School of Veterinary Medicine, 464 Bearsden Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - D Strathdee
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - S R van Hoof
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM) and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM) and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K I Anderson
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - S M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse, 141, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V M Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Klybeckstrasse, 141, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Malliri
- CRUK Manchester Institute, 553 Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - M Drysdale
- Broad Institute, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, United States
| | - M Turner
- The Babraham Institute, Babraham Hall, Babraham, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - L Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - K Myant
- Edinburgh Research Centre, The Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
| | - A D Campbell
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
| | - O J Sansom
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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8
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Messal HA, Almagro J, Zaw Thin M, Tedeschi A, Ciccarelli A, Blackie L, Anderson KI, Miguel-Aliaga I, van Rheenen J, Behrens A. Antigen retrieval and clearing for whole-organ immunofluorescence by FLASH. Nat Protoc 2020; 16:239-262. [PMID: 33247285 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-00414-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in light-sheet and confocal microscopy now allow imaging of cleared large biological tissue samples and enable the 3D appreciation of cell and protein localization in their native organ environment. However, the sample preparations for such imaging are often onerous, and their capability for antigen detection is limited. Here, we describe FLASH (fast light-microscopic analysis of antibody-stained whole organs), a simple, rapid, fully customizable technique for molecular phenotyping of intact tissue volumes. FLASH utilizes non-degradative epitope recovery and membrane solubilization to enable the detection of a multitude of membranous, cytoplasmic and nuclear antigens in whole mouse organs and embryos, human biopsies, organoids and Drosophila. Retrieval and immunolabeling of epithelial markers, an obstacle for previous clearing techniques, can be achieved with FLASH. Upon volumetric imaging, FLASH-processed samples preserve their architecture and integrity and can be paraffin-embedded for subsequent histopathological analysis. The technique can be performed by scientists trained in light microscopy and yields results in <1 week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik A Messal
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.,Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jorge Almagro
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - May Zaw Thin
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Antonio Tedeschi
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Laura Blackie
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Advanced Light Microscopy Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jacco van Rheenen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Oncode Institute, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Axel Behrens
- Adult Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK. .,Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,Convergence Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK. .,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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9
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Nobis M, Herrmann D, Warren SC, Strathdee D, Cox TR, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Shedding new light on RhoA signalling as a drug target in vivo using a novel RhoA-FRET biosensor mouse. Small GTPases 2020; 11:240-247. [PMID: 29457531 PMCID: PMC7549666 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2018.1438024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA is a master regulator of signalling in cell-extracellular matrix interactions. RhoA signalling is critical to many cellular processes including migration, mechanotransduction, and is often disrupted in carcinogenesis. Investigating RhoA activity in a native tissue environment is challenging using conventional biochemical methods; we therefore developed a RhoA-FRET biosensor mouse, employing the adaptable nature of intravital imaging to a variety of settings. Mechanotransduction was explored in the context of osteocyte processes embedded in the calvaria responding in a directional manner to compression stress. Further, the migration of neutrophils was examined during in vivo "chemotaxis" in wound response. RhoA activity was tightly regulated during tissue remodelling in mammary gestation, as well as during mammary and pancreatic carcinogenesis. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of RhoA was temporally resolved by the use of optical imaging windows in fully developed pancreatic and mammary tumours in vivo. The RhoA-FRET mouse therefore constitutes a powerful tool to facilitate development of new inhibitors targeting the RhoA signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | - Sean C. Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, GlasgowG611BD, UK
| | - Thomas R. Cox
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
| | | | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2010NSW, Australia
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10
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Abstract
When used appropriately, a confocal fluorescence microscope is an excellent tool for making quantitative measurements in cells and tissues. The confocal microscope's ability to block out-of-focus light and thereby perform optical sectioning through a specimen allows the researcher to quantify fluorescence with very high spatial precision. However, generating meaningful data using confocal microscopy requires careful planning and a thorough understanding of the technique. In this tutorial, the researcher is guided through all aspects of acquiring quantitative confocal microscopy images, including optimizing sample preparation for fixed and live cells, choosing the most suitable microscope for a given application and configuring the microscope parameters. Suggestions are offered for planning unbiased and rigorous confocal microscope experiments. Common pitfalls such as photobleaching and cross-talk are addressed, as well as several troubling instrumentation problems that may prevent the acquisition of quantitative data. Finally, guidelines for analyzing and presenting confocal images in a way that maintains the quantitative nature of the data are presented, and statistical analysis is discussed. A visual summary of this tutorial is available as a poster (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-020-0307-7).
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jonkman
- Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility (AOMF), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Claire M Brown
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Graham D Wright
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform (AMP), Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy Facility (CALM), The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alison J North
- Bio-Imaging Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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11
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Jonkman J, Brown CM, Wright GD, Anderson KI, North AJ. Tutorial: guidance for quantitative confocal microscopy. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1585-1611. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- James Jonkman
- Advanced Optical Microscopy Facility (AOMF), University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Claire M Brown
- Advanced BioImaging Facility (ABIF), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Graham D Wright
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform (AMP), Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Crick Advanced Light Microscopy Facility (CALM), The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Alison J North
- Bio-Imaging Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Fort L, Batista JM, Thomason PA, Spence HJ, Whitelaw JA, Tweedy L, Greaves J, Martin KJ, Anderson KI, Brown P, Lilla S, Neilson MP, Tafelmeyer P, Zanivan S, Ismail S, Bryant DM, Tomkinson NCO, Chamberlain LH, Mastick GS, Insall RH, Machesky LM. Fam49/CYRI interacts with Rac1 and locally suppresses protrusions. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:1159-1171. [PMID: 30250061 PMCID: PMC6863750 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-018-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Actin-based protrusions are reinforced through positive feedback, but it is unclear what restricts their size, or limits positive signals when they retract or split. We identify an evolutionarily conserved regulator of actin-based protrusion: CYRI (CYFIP-related Rac interactor) also known as Fam49 (family of unknown function 49). CYRI binds activated Rac1 via a domain of unknown function (DUF1394) shared with CYFIP, defining DUF1394 as a Rac1-binding module. CYRI-depleted cells have broad lamellipodia enriched in Scar/WAVE, but reduced protrusion-retraction dynamics. Pseudopods induced by optogenetic Rac1 activation in CYRI-depleted cells are larger and longer lived. Conversely, CYRI overexpression suppresses recruitment of active Scar/WAVE to the cell edge, resulting in short-lived, unproductive protrusions. CYRI thus focuses protrusion signals and regulates pseudopod complexity by inhibiting Scar/WAVE-induced actin polymerization. It thus behaves like a 'local inhibitor' as predicted in widely accepted mathematical models, but not previously identified in cells. CYRI therefore regulates chemotaxis, cell migration and epithelial polarization by controlling the polarity and plasticity of protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Fort
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - José Miguel Batista
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jennifer Greaves
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Kurt I Anderson
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shehab Ismail
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - David M Bryant
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicholas C O Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Robert H Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Laura M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.
- University of Glasgow Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow, UK.
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14
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Warren SC, Nobis M, Magenau A, Mohammed YH, Herrmann D, Moran I, Vennin C, Conway JR, Mélénec P, Cox TR, Wang Y, Morton JP, Welch HC, Strathdee D, Anderson KI, Phan TG, Roberts MS, Timpson P. Removing physiological motion from intravital and clinical functional imaging data. eLife 2018; 7:35800. [PMID: 29985127 PMCID: PMC6037484 DOI: 10.7554/elife.35800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy can provide unique insights into the function of biological processes in a native context. However, physiological motion caused by peristalsis, respiration and the heartbeat can present a significant challenge, particularly for functional readouts such as fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), which require longer acquisition times to obtain a quantitative readout. Here, we present and benchmark Galene, a versatile multi-platform software tool for image-based correction of sample motion blurring in both time resolved and conventional laser scanning fluorescence microscopy data in two and three dimensions. We show that Galene is able to resolve intravital FLIM-FRET images of intra-abdominal organs in murine models and NADH autofluorescence of human dermal tissue imaging subject to a wide range of physiological motions. Thus, Galene can enable FLIM imaging in situations where a stable imaging platform is not always possible and rescue previously discarded quantitative imaging data. Understanding how molecules and cells behave in living animals can give researchers key insights into what goes wrong in diseases such as cancer, and how well potential treatments for these diseases work. A number of tools help us to see these processes. For example, fluorescent ‘biosensors’ change colour to tell us how active a particular protein is. This can indicate how well a drug works in different parts of a tumour. High resolution microscopy makes it possible to image events happening in single cells, or even specific parts of a cell. However, small movements like those due to the heartbeat or breathing can blur the images, making it difficult to study living animals. This is particularly problematic for images that take several minutes to capture. Warren et al. have now developed a new open source software tool called Galene. The tool can correct for small movements in images collected by a technique called fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). As a result, clear images can be captured in situations that were not previously possible. For example, Warren et al. watched cancer cells migrating to the liver of a mouse from the spleen over 24 hours, and, using a fluorescent biosensor, showed that a repurposed drug interferes with how well the cells can attach to the liver. In addition, Warren et al. used the software to take steady 3D images of human skin in a volunteer’s arm, which could be used to study drug penetration. Galene could help researchers to study a wide range of biological processes in living animals. The software can also be applied to existing data to clean up blurred images. In the future Galene could be further developed to work with the imaging techniques used during surgery. For example, surgeons could use it to help them find the edges of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Warren
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yousuf H Mohammed
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Imogen Moran
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - James Rw Conway
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pauline Mélénec
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Heidi Ce Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Therapeutics Research Centre, Diamantina Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia.,Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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15
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Martin KJ, McGhee EJ, Schwarz JP, Drysdale M, Brachmann SM, Stucke V, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI. Accepting from the best donor; analysis of long-lifetime donor fluorescent protein pairings to optimise dynamic FLIM-based FRET experiments. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0183585. [PMID: 29293509 PMCID: PMC5749721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
FRET biosensors have proven very useful tools for studying the activation of specific signalling pathways in living cells. Most biosensors designed to date have been predicated on fluorescent protein pairs that were identified by, and for use in, intensity based measurements, however fluorescence lifetime provides a more reliable measurement of FRET. Both the technology and fluorescent proteins available for FRET have moved on dramatically in the last decade. Lifetime imaging systems have become increasingly accessible and user-friendly, and there is an entire field of biology dedicated to refining and adapting different characteristics of existing and novel fluorescent proteins. This growing pool of fluorescent proteins includes the long-lifetime green and cyan fluorescent proteins Clover and mTurquoise2, the red variant mRuby2, and the dark acceptor sREACh. Here, we have tested these donors and acceptors in appropriate combinations against the standard or recommended norms (EGFP and mTFP as donors, mCherry and either Ypet or Venus as acceptors) to determine if they could provide more reliable, reproducible and quantifiable FLIM-FRET data to improve on the dynamic range compared to other donors and breadth of application of biosensor technologies. These tests were performed for comparison on both a wide-field, frequency domain system and a multiphoton, TCSPC time domain FLIM system. Clover proved to be an excellent donor with extended dynamic range in combination with mCherry on both platforms, while mRuby2 showed a high degree of variability and poor FRET efficiencies in all cases. mTFP-Venus was the most consistent cyan-yellow pair between the two FLIM methodologies, but mTurquoise2 has better dynamic range and transfers energy consistently over time to the dark acceptor sRCh. Combination of mTFP-sRCh with Clover-mCherry would allow the simultaneous use of two FLIM-FRET biosensors within one sample by eliminating the crosstalk between the yellow acceptor and green donor emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewan J. McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin Drysdale
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Volker Stucke
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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16
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Nobis M, Herrmann D, Warren SC, Kadir S, Leung W, Killen M, Magenau A, Stevenson D, Lucas MC, Reischmann N, Vennin C, Conway JRW, Boulghourjian A, Zaratzian A, Law AM, Gallego-Ortega D, Ormandy CJ, Walters SN, Grey ST, Bailey J, Chtanova T, Quinn JMW, Baldock PA, Croucher PI, Schwarz JP, Mrowinska A, Zhang L, Herzog H, Masedunskas A, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW, Del Monte-Nieto G, Harvey RP, Samuel MS, Pajic M, McGhee EJ, Johnsson AKE, Sansom OJ, Welch HCE, Morton JP, Strathdee D, Anderson KI, Timpson P. A RhoA-FRET Biosensor Mouse for Intravital Imaging in Normal Tissue Homeostasis and Disease Contexts. Cell Rep 2017; 21:274-288. [PMID: 28978480 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The small GTPase RhoA is involved in a variety of fundamental processes in normal tissue. Spatiotemporal control of RhoA is thought to govern mechanosensing, growth, and motility of cells, while its deregulation is associated with disease development. Here, we describe the generation of a RhoA-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor mouse and its utility for monitoring real-time activity of RhoA in a variety of native tissues in vivo. We assess changes in RhoA activity during mechanosensing of osteocytes within the bone and during neutrophil migration. We also demonstrate spatiotemporal order of RhoA activity within crypt cells of the small intestine and during different stages of mammary gestation. Subsequently, we reveal co-option of RhoA activity in both invasive breast and pancreatic cancers, and we assess drug targeting in these disease settings, illustrating the potential for utilizing this mouse to study RhoA activity in vivo in real time.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Biosensing Techniques
- Bone and Bones/cytology
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Dasatinib/pharmacology
- Erlotinib Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Female
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/instrumentation
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/ultrastructure
- Intravital Microscopy/instrumentation
- Intravital Microscopy/methods
- Mammary Glands, Animal/blood supply
- Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Animal/ultrastructure
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/ultrastructure
- Mechanotransduction, Cellular
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neutrophils/metabolism
- Neutrophils/ultrastructure
- Osteocytes/metabolism
- Osteocytes/ultrastructure
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood supply
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Time-Lapse Imaging/instrumentation
- Time-Lapse Imaging/methods
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shereen Kadir
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Wilfred Leung
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Monica Killen
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Stevenson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nadine Reischmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - James R W Conway
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Alice Boulghourjian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew M Law
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stacey N Walters
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shane T Grey
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Jacqueline Bailey
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Paul A Baldock
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter I Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Juliane P Schwarz
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Agata Mrowinska
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Andrius Masedunskas
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Del Monte-Nieto
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St. Vincent's Clinical School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Marina Pajic
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | | | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB223AT, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | | | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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17
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Vennin C, Chin VT, Warren SC, Lucas MC, Herrmann D, Magenau A, Melenec P, Walters SN, Del Monte-Nieto G, Conway JRW, Nobis M, Allam AH, McCloy RA, Currey N, Pinese M, Boulghourjian A, Zaratzian A, Adam AAS, Heu C, Nagrial AM, Chou A, Steinmann A, Drury A, Froio D, Giry-Laterriere M, Harris NLE, Phan T, Jain R, Weninger W, McGhee EJ, Whan R, Johns AL, Samra JS, Chantrill L, Gill AJ, Kohonen-Corish M, Harvey RP, Biankin AV, Evans TRJ, Anderson KI, Grey ST, Ormandy CJ, Gallego-Ortega D, Wang Y, Samuel MS, Sansom OJ, Burgess A, Cox TR, Morton JP, Pajic M, Timpson P. Transient tissue priming via ROCK inhibition uncouples pancreatic cancer progression, sensitivity to chemotherapy, and metastasis. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaai8504. [PMID: 28381539 PMCID: PMC5777504 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aai8504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The emerging standard of care for patients with inoperable pancreatic cancer is a combination of cytotoxic drugs gemcitabine and Abraxane, but patient response remains moderate. Pancreatic cancer development and metastasis occur in complex settings, with reciprocal feedback from microenvironmental cues influencing both disease progression and drug response. Little is known about how sequential dual targeting of tumor tissue tension and vasculature before chemotherapy can affect tumor response. We used intravital imaging to assess how transient manipulation of the tumor tissue, or "priming," using the pharmaceutical Rho kinase inhibitor Fasudil affects response to chemotherapy. Intravital Förster resonance energy transfer imaging of a cyclin-dependent kinase 1 biosensor to monitor the efficacy of cytotoxic drugs revealed that priming improves pancreatic cancer response to gemcitabine/Abraxane at both primary and secondary sites. Transient priming also sensitized cells to shear stress and impaired colonization efficiency and fibrotic niche remodeling within the liver, three important features of cancer spread. Last, we demonstrate a graded response to priming in stratified patient-derived tumors, indicating that fine-tuned tissue manipulation before chemotherapy may offer opportunities in both primary and metastatic targeting of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Vennin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Venessa T Chin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - David Herrmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Pauline Melenec
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Stacey N Walters
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Del Monte-Nieto
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - James R W Conway
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Amr H Allam
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rachael A McCloy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Nicola Currey
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mark Pinese
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Alice Boulghourjian
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Anaiis Zaratzian
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Arne A S Adam
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Celine Heu
- Biomedical Imaging Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Adnan M Nagrial
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Angela Chou
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Department of Pathology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Angela Steinmann
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Alison Drury
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Danielle Froio
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Marc Giry-Laterriere
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Nathanial L E Harris
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Tri Phan
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales 2050, Australia
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - Renee Whan
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Amber L Johns
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
| | - Jaswinder S Samra
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Lorraine Chantrill
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Department of Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Anthony J Gill
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Cancer Diagnosis and Pathology Research Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research and Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia
- University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Macarthur Cancer Therapy Centre, Campbelltown Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2560, Australia
| | - Maija Kohonen-Corish
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Sydney, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - T R Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - Shane T Grey
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland G61 BD, U.K
| | - Andrew Burgess
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Thomas R Cox
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | | | - Marina Pajic
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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18
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Wildenberg ME, Koelink PJ, Diederen K, Te Velde AA, Wolfkamp SCS, Nuij VJ, Peppelenbosch MP, Nobis M, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, van der Woude CJ, D'Haens GRAM, van den Brink GR. The ATG16L1 risk allele associated with Crohn's disease results in a Rac1-dependent defect in dendritic cell migration that is corrected by thiopurines. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:352-360. [PMID: 27435106 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thiopurines are commonly used drugs in the therapy of Crohn's disease, but unfortunately only show a 30% response rate. The biological basis for the thiopurine response is unclear, thus hampering patient selection prior to treatment. A genetic risk factor associated specifically with Crohn's disease is a variant in ATG16L1 that reduces autophagy. We have previously shown that autophagy is involved in dendritic cell (DC)-T-cell interactions and cytoskeletal regulation. Here we further investigated the role of autophagy in DC cytoskeletal modulation and cellular trafficking. Autophagy-deficient DC displayed loss of filopodia, altered podosome distribution, and increased membrane ruffling, all consistent with increased cellular adhesion. Consequently, autophagy-deficient DC showed reduced migration. The cytoskeletal aberrations were mediated through hyperactivation of Rac1, a known thiopurine target. Indeed thiopurines restored the migratory defects in autophagy-deficient DC. Clinically, the ATG16L1 risk variant associated with increased response to thiopurine treatment in patients with Crohn's disease but not ulcerative colitis. These results suggest that the association between ATG16L1 and Crohn's disease is mediated at least in part through Rac1 hyperactivation and subsequent defective DC migration. As this phenotype can be corrected using thiopurines, ATG16L1 genotyping may be useful in the identification of patients that will benefit most from thiopurine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J Koelink
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - K Diederen
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S C S Wolfkamp
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V J Nuij
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Nobis
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - O J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - K I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| | - C J van der Woude
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G R A M D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G R van den Brink
- Tytgat Institute for Intestinal and Liver Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Rath N, Morton JP, Julian L, Helbig L, Kadir S, McGhee EJ, Anderson KI, Kalna G, Mullin M, Pinho AV, Rooman I, Samuel MS, Olson MF. ROCK signaling promotes collagen remodeling to facilitate invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumor cell growth. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:198-218. [PMID: 28031255 PMCID: PMC5286371 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a major cause of cancer death; identifying PDAC enablers may reveal potential therapeutic targets. Expression of the actomyosin regulatory ROCK1 and ROCK2 kinases increased with tumor progression in human and mouse pancreatic tumors, while elevated ROCK1/ROCK2 expression in human patients, or conditional ROCK2 activation in a KrasG12D/p53R172H mouse PDAC model, was associated with reduced survival. Conditional ROCK1 or ROCK2 activation promoted invasive growth of mouse PDAC cells into three-dimensional collagen matrices by increasing matrix remodeling activities. RNA sequencing revealed a coordinated program of ROCK-induced genes that facilitate extracellular matrix remodeling, with greatest fold-changes for matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) Mmp10 and Mmp13 MMP inhibition not only decreased collagen degradation and invasion, but also reduced proliferation in three-dimensional contexts. Treatment of KrasG12D/p53R172H PDAC mice with a ROCK inhibitor prolonged survival, which was associated with increased tumor-associated collagen. These findings reveal an ancillary role for increased ROCK signaling in pancreatic cancer progression to promote extracellular matrix remodeling that facilitates proliferation and invasive tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Rath
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Linda Julian
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lena Helbig
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Margaret Mullin
- Electron Microscopy Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andreia V Pinho
- Cancer Research Program, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ilse Rooman
- Oncology Research Centre, Free University Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michael S Samuel
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and the University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael F Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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20
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Rath N, Kadir S, Morton JP, Pinho AV, Helbig L, Julian L, McGhee EJ, Kalna G, Vazquez A, Anderson KI, Rooman I, Samuel MS, Olson MF. Abstract C22: ROCK kinases drive invasive pancreatic tumor growth. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.tme16-c22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death and despite advances in chemotherapeutic regimens the overall 5-year survival rate remains less than 5%. The actomyosin-regulating ROCK1 and ROCK2 kinases are downstream-targets of the Rho GTPase pathway. They contribute to various processes, such as cell adhesion, motility, proliferation, differentiation and survival, which then influence numerous stages of cancer growth and progression. Interestingly, exome sequencing of pancreatic cancer genomes revealed that 15% of pancreatic cancer patients carry an amplification of the ROCK1 gene (1). Moreover, we found significant increases in ROCK1 and ROCK2 RNA expression in pancreatic cancer datasets obtained using Oncomine. When we further determined the protein expression of ROCK2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) we found an up-regulation of ROCK2 during disease progression. Higher ROCK2 levels also correlated with less differentiated tumors. A characteristic of advanced stages of pancreatic cancer is a collagen and fibroblast enriched stroma. To analyze the effect of ROCK kinases on cancer cell invasion, we performed 3-dimensional organotypic assays. Our results demonstrate that increased ROCK signaling was sufficient to convert non-invasive PDAC cells into ones capable of invasion into organotypic collagen matrix. Using an RNA sequencing approach, we investigated the effect of ROCK activation on pancreatic cancer cell gene transcription. Differential expression analysis revealed an enrichment of gene sets that are involved in cell-matrix interaction, and we found a higher release of matrix metalloproteinases MMP10 and MMP13 upon ROCK activation. In addition, our organotypic studies revealed extensive tissue remodeling and an accumulation of cleaved collagen bundles at the sites of PDAC cell invasion. Furthermore, collagen degradation and cell invasion into organotypic matrices were significantly reduced by application of a broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor, confirming that ROCK-induced invasion is dependent on MMP activity. Interestingly, our studies also indicated that ROCK-driven invasion of PDAC cells into collagen matrix enabled cell growth. To study the function of ROCK kinase signaling in pancreatic cancer in vivo, we expressed conditionally active ROCK2 in a mouse model of PDAC. We found that an increase of ROCK activity in pancreatic cancer cells accelerated PDAC progression, which resulted in reduced survival. Contrary, the administration of a ROCK inhibitor during tumor progression had a beneficial effect on survival. In summary, our results suggest that targeting ROCK kinases should be considered for chemotherapy of invasive pancreatic cancer.
(1) Biankin et al. Nature. 2012 Nov 15;491(7424):399-405
Citation Format: Nicola Rath, Shereen Kadir, Jennifer P. Morton, Andreia V. Pinho, Lena Helbig, Linda Julian, Ewan J. McGhee, Gabriela Kalna, Alexei Vazquez, Kurt I. Anderson, Ilse Rooman, Michael S. Samuel, Michael F. Olson. ROCK kinases drive invasive pancreatic tumor growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Function of Tumor Microenvironment in Cancer Progression; 2016 Jan 7–10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(15 Suppl):Abstract nr C22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Rath
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Shereen Kadir
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | | | | | - Lena Helbig
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Linda Julian
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Ewan J. McGhee
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Gabriela Kalna
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | - Alexei Vazquez
- 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, United Kingdom,
| | | | - Ilse Rooman
- 2Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia,
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21
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Kumar A, Ouyang M, Van den Dries K, McGhee EJ, Tanaka K, Anderson MD, Groisman A, Goult BT, Anderson KI, Schwartz MA. Correction: Talin tension sensor reveals novel features of focal adhesion force transmission and mechanosensitivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 214:231. [PMID: 27432899 PMCID: PMC4949446 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.20151001207062016c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Patella F, Neilson LJ, Athineos D, Erami Z, Anderson KI, Blyth K, Ryan KM, Zanivan S. In-Depth Proteomics Identifies a Role for Autophagy in Controlling Reactive Oxygen Species Mediated Endothelial Permeability. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2187-97. [PMID: 27246970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner layer of blood vessels and physically separate the blood from the surrounding tissue. To support tissues with nutrients and oxygen, the endothelial monolayer is semipermeable. When EC permeability is altered, blood vessels are not functional, and this is associated with disease. A comprehensive knowledge of the mechanisms regulating EC permeability is key in developing strategies to target this mechanism in pathologies. Here we have used an in vitro model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells mimicking the formation of a physiologically permeable vessel and performed time-resolved in-depth molecular profiling using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture mass spectrometry (MS)-proteomics. Autophagy is induced when ECs are assembled into a physiologically permeable monolayer. By using siRNA and drug treatment to block autophagy in combination with functional assays and MS proteomics, we show that ECs require autophagy flux to maintain intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, and this is required to maintain the physiological permeability of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa J Neilson
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute , Glasgow G611BD, U.K
| | | | - Zahra Erami
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute , Glasgow G611BD, U.K
| | | | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute , Glasgow G611BD, U.K
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute , Glasgow G611BD, U.K
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK, Beatson Institute , Glasgow G611BD, U.K
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23
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Kumar A, Ouyang M, Van den Dries K, McGhee EJ, Tanaka K, Anderson MD, Groisman A, Goult BT, Anderson KI, Schwartz MA. Talin tension sensor reveals novel features of focal adhesion force transmission and mechanosensitivity. J Cell Biol 2016; 213:371-83. [PMID: 27161398 PMCID: PMC4862330 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201510012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin-dependent adhesions are mechanosensitive structures in which talin mediates a linkage to actin filaments either directly or indirectly by recruiting vinculin. Here, we report the development and validation of a talin tension sensor. We find that talin in focal adhesions is under tension, which is higher in peripheral than central adhesions. Tension on talin is increased by vinculin and depends mainly on actin-binding site 2 (ABS2) within the middle of the rod domain, rather than ABS3 at the far C terminus. Unlike vinculin, talin is under lower tension on soft substrates. The difference between central and peripheral adhesions requires ABS3 but not vinculin or ABS2. However, differential stiffness sensing by talin requires ABS2 but not vinculin or ABS3. These results indicate that central versus peripheral adhesions must be organized and regulated differently, and that ABS2 and ABS3 have distinct functions in spatial variations and stiffness sensing. Overall, these results shed new light on talin function and constrain models for cellular mechanosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Mingxing Ouyang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Koen Van den Dries
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Ewan James McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G20 0TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Keiichiro Tanaka
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511
| | - Marie D Anderson
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, England, UK
| | - Alexander Groisman
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NZ, England, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G20 0TZ, Scotland, UK
| | - Martin A Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
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24
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Pajak MZ, Volgyes D, Pimlott SL, Salvador CC, Asensi AS, McKeown C, Waldeck J, Anderson KI. NEMA NU4-2008 Performance Evaluation of Albira: A Two-Ring Small-Animal PET System Using Continuous LYSO Crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/1874220301603010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Goals:This paper presents the performance review based on a dual-ring Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanner being a part of Bruker Albira: a multi-modal small-animal imaging platform. Each ring of Albira PET contains eight detectors arranged as octagon, and each detector is built using a single continuous lutetium-yttrium oxyorthosilicate crystal and multi-anode photo multiplier tube. In two-ring configuration, the scanner covers 94.4 mm in axial- and 80´80 mm in trans-axial direction, which is sufficient to acquire images of small animals (e.g.mice) without the need of moving the animal bed during the scan.Methods:All measurements and majority of data processing were performed according to the NEMA NU4-2008 standard with one exception. Due to the scanner geometry, the spatial resolution test was reconstructed using iterative algorithm instead of the analytical one. The main performance characteristics were compared with those of the other PET sub-systems of tri-modal small-animal scanners.Results:The measured spatial resolution at the centre of the axial field of view in radial, tangential and axial directions was 1.72, 1.70 and 2.45 mm, respectively. The scatter fraction for the mouse-like phantom was 9.8% and for the rat-like phantom, 21.8%. The maximum absolute sensitivity was 5.30%. Finally, the recovery co-efficients for 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 mm diameter rods in image quality phantom were: 0.90, 0.77, 0.66, 0.30 and 0.05, respectively.Conclusion:The Bruker Albira is a versatile small-animal multi-modal device that can be used for variety of studies. Overall the PET sub-system provides a good spatial resolution coupled with better-than average sensitivity and the ability to produce good quality animal images when administering low activities.
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25
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Erami Z, Herrmann D, Warren SC, Nobis M, McGhee EJ, Lucas MC, Leung W, Reischmann N, Mrowinska A, Schwarz JP, Kadir S, Conway JRW, Vennin C, Karim SA, Campbell AD, Gallego-Ortega D, Magenau A, Murphy KJ, Ridgway RA, Law AM, Walters SN, Grey ST, Croucher DR, Zhang L, Herzog H, Hardeman EC, Gunning PW, Ormandy CJ, Evans TRJ, Strathdee D, Sansom OJ, Morton JP, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Intravital FRAP Imaging using an E-cadherin-GFP Mouse Reveals Disease- and Drug-Dependent Dynamic Regulation of Cell-Cell Junctions in Live Tissue. Cell Rep 2016; 14:152-167. [PMID: 26725115 PMCID: PMC4709331 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell junctions play a prominent role in maintaining the epithelial architecture. The disruption or deregulation of these adhesions in cancer can lead to the collapse of tumor epithelia that precedes invasion and subsequent metastasis. Here we generated an E-cadherin-GFP mouse that enables intravital photobleaching and quantification of E-cadherin mobility in live tissue without affecting normal biology. We demonstrate the broad applications of this mouse by examining E-cadherin regulation in multiple tissues, including mammary, brain, liver, and kidney tissue, while specifically monitoring E-cadherin mobility during disease progression in the pancreas. We assess E-cadherin stability in native pancreatic tissue upon genetic manipulation involving Kras and p53 or in response to anti-invasive drug treatment and gain insights into the dynamic remodeling of E-cadherin during in situ cancer progression. FRAP in the E-cadherin-GFP mouse, therefore, promises to be a valuable tool to fundamentally expand our understanding of E-cadherin-mediated events in native microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Erami
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sean C Warren
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Max Nobis
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Morghan C Lucas
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Wilfred Leung
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Nadine Reischmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Agata Mrowinska
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Juliane P Schwarz
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shereen Kadir
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - James R W Conway
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Claire Vennin
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Saadia A Karim
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andrew D Campbell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Gallego-Ortega
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Kendelle J Murphy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Rachel A Ridgway
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Andrew M Law
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stacey N Walters
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Shane T Grey
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - David R Croucher
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Herbert Herzog
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter W Gunning
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Christopher J Ormandy
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - T R Jeffry Evans
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Douglas Strathdee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Division, St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
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Abstract
E-cadherin is a trans-membrane tumor suppressor responsible for epithelial cell adhesion. E-cadherin forms adhesive clusters through combined extra-cellular cis- and trans-interactions and intracellular interaction with the actin cytoskeleton. Here we identify four populations of E-cadherin within cell junctions based on the molecular interactions which determine their mobility and adhesive properties. Adhesive and non-adhesive populations of E-cadherin each consist of mobile and immobile fractions. Up to half of the E-cadherin immobilized in cell junctions is non-adhesive. Incorporation of E-cadherin into functional adhesions require all three adhesive interactions, with deletion of any one resulting in loss of effective cell-cell adhesion. Interestingly, the only interaction which could independently slow the diffusion of E-cadherin was the tail-mediated intra-cellular interaction. The adhesive and non-adhesive mobile fractions of E-cadherin can be distinguished by their sensitivity to chemical cross-linking with adhesive clusters. Our data define the size, mobility, and adhesive properties of four distinct populations of E-cadherin within cell junctions, and support association with the actin cytoskeleton as the first step in adhesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Erami
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G11 7DU, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G11 7DU, UK
| | - Wu Yao
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411
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28
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Cameron JM, Gabrielsen M, Chim YH, Munro J, McGhee EJ, Sumpton D, Eaton P, Anderson KI, Yin H, Olson MF. Polarized cell motility induces hydrogen peroxide to inhibit cofilin via cysteine oxidation. Curr Biol 2015; 25:1520-5. [PMID: 25981793 PMCID: PMC4454775 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cell motility is driven by polarized actin polymerization [1]. Signals at the leading edge recruit actin polymerization machinery to promote membrane protrusion, while matrix adhesion generates tractive force to propel forward movement. To work effectively, cell motility is regulated by a complex network of signaling events that affect protein activity and localization. H2O2 has an important role as a diffusible second messenger [2], and mediates its effects through oxidation of cysteine thiols. One cell activity influenced by H2O2 is motility [3]. However, a lack of sensitive and H2O2-specific probes for measurements in live cells has not allowed for direct observation of H2O2 accumulation in migrating cells or protrusions. In addition, the identities of proteins oxidized by H2O2 that contribute to actin dynamics and cell motility have not been characterized. We now show, as determined by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, that motile cells generate H2O2 at membranes and cell protrusions and that H2O2 inhibits cofilin activity through oxidation of cysteines 139 (C139) and 147 (C147). Molecular modeling suggests that C139 oxidation would sterically hinder actin association, while the increased negative charge of oxidized C147 would lead to electrostatic repulsion of the opposite negatively charged surface. Expression of oxidation-resistant cofilin impairs cell spreading, adhesion, and directional migration. These findings indicate that H2O2 production contributes to polarized cell motility through localized cofilin inhibition and that there are additional proteins oxidized during cell migration that might have similar roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer M Cameron
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Mads Gabrielsen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ya Hua Chim
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - June Munro
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Sumpton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Philip Eaton
- Cardiovascular Division, The Rayne Institute, St. Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Huabing Yin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Michael F Olson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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29
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von Karstedt S, Conti A, Nobis M, Montinaro A, Hartwig T, Lemke J, Legler K, Annewanter F, Campbell AD, Taraborrelli L, Grosse-Wilde A, Coy JF, El-Bahrawy MA, Bergmann F, Koschny R, Werner J, Ganten TM, Schweiger T, Hoetzenecker K, Kenessey I, Hegedüs B, Bergmann M, Hauser C, Egberts JH, Becker T, Röcken C, Kalthoff H, Trauzold A, Anderson KI, Sansom OJ, Walczak H. Cancer cell-autonomous TRAIL-R signaling promotes KRAS-driven cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis. Cancer Cell 2015; 27:561-73. [PMID: 25843002 PMCID: PMC6591140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many cancers harbor oncogenic mutations of KRAS. Effectors mediating cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis in KRAS-mutated cancers are only incompletely understood. Here we identify cancer cell-expressed murine TRAIL-R, whose main function ascribed so far has been the induction of apoptosis as a crucial mediator of KRAS-driven cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis and in vivo Rac-1 activation. Cancer cell-restricted genetic ablation of murine TRAIL-R in autochthonous KRAS-driven models of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) reduces tumor growth, blunts metastasis, and prolongs survival by inhibiting cancer cell-autonomous migration, proliferation, and invasion. Consistent with this, high TRAIL-R2 expression correlates with invasion of human PDAC into lymph vessels and with shortened metastasis-free survival of KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia von Karstedt
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Annalisa Conti
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK; Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Max Nobis
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Antonella Montinaro
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Torsten Hartwig
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Johannes Lemke
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Karen Legler
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franka Annewanter
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrew D Campbell
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Lucia Taraborrelli
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anne Grosse-Wilde
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Systems Biology, 401 Terry Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Johannes F Coy
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 580, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; TAVARLIN AG, Biotechpark Pfungstadt, Reißstraße 1a, 64319 Pfungstadt, Germany
| | - Mona A El-Bahrawy
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ronald Koschny
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom M Ganten
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schweiger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Hoetzenecker
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Istvan Kenessey
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University Budapest, Ulloi ut 93, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Hegedüs
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Molecular Oncology Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michael Bergmann
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte Hauser
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Egberts
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Holger Kalthoff
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Trauzold
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany; Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic, Transplantation and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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30
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Masuzzo P, Martens L, Ampe C, Anderson KI, Barry J, De Wever O, Debeir O, Decaestecker C, Dolznig H, Friedl P, Gaggioli C, Geiger B, Goldberg IG, Horn E, Horwitz R, Kam Z, Le Dévédec SE, Vignjevic DM, Moore J, Olivo-Marin JC, Sahai E, Sansone SA, Sanz-Moreno V, Strömblad S, Swedlow J, Textor J, Van Troys M, Zantl R. An open data ecosystem for cell migration research. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:55-8. [PMID: 25484346 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration research has recently become both a high content and a high throughput field thanks to technological, computational, and methodological advances. Simultaneously, however, urgent bioinformatics needs regarding data management, standardization, and dissemination have emerged. To address these concerns, we propose to establish an open data ecosystem for cell migration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Masuzzo
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lennart Martens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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31
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Rai TS, Cole JJ, Nelson DM, Dikovskaya D, Faller WJ, Vizioli MG, Hewitt RN, Anannya O, McBryan T, Manoharan I, van Tuyn J, Morrice N, Pchelintsev NA, Ivanov A, Brock C, Drotar ME, Nixon C, Clark W, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, King A, Blyth K, Adams PD. HIRA orchestrates a dynamic chromatin landscape in senescence and is required for suppression of neoplasia. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2712-25. [PMID: 25512559 PMCID: PMC4265675 DOI: 10.1101/gad.247528.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable proliferation arrest that suppresses tumorigenesis. Cellular senescence and associated tumor suppression depend on control of chromatin. Histone chaperone HIRA deposits variant histone H3.3 and histone H4 into chromatin in a DNA replication-independent manner. Appropriately for a DNA replication-independent chaperone, HIRA is involved in control of chromatin in nonproliferating senescent cells, although its role is poorly defined. Here, we show that nonproliferating senescent cells express and incorporate histone H3.3 and other canonical core histones into a dynamic chromatin landscape. Expression of canonical histones is linked to alternative mRNA splicing to eliminate signals that confer mRNA instability in nonproliferating cells. Deposition of newly synthesized histones H3.3 and H4 into chromatin of senescent cells depends on HIRA. HIRA and newly deposited H3.3 colocalize at promoters of expressed genes, partially redistributing between proliferating and senescent cells to parallel changes in expression. In senescent cells, but not proliferating cells, promoters of active genes are exceptionally enriched in H4K16ac, and HIRA is required for retention of H4K16ac. HIRA is also required for retention of H4K16ac in vivo and suppression of oncogene-induced neoplasia. These results show that HIRA controls a specialized, dynamic H4K16ac-decorated chromatin landscape in senescent cells and enforces tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranjit Singh Rai
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - John J Cole
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David M Nelson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Dina Dikovskaya
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - William J Faller
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Vizioli
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael N Hewitt
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Orchi Anannya
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Tony McBryan
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Indrani Manoharan
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - John van Tuyn
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Morrice
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay A Pchelintsev
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Ivanov
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Brock
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Drotar
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Nixon
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - William Clark
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Ayala King
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Blyth
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Adams
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom;
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32
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Kalafatovic D, Nobis M, Javid N, Frederix PWJM, Anderson KI, Saunders BR, Ulijn RV. MMP-9 triggered micelle-to-fibre transitions for slow release of doxorubicin. Biomater Sci 2014. [PMID: 26218115 DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00297k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phenylacetyl-peptide amphiphiles were designed, which upon cleavage by a disease-associated enzyme reconfigure from micellar aggregates to fibres. Upon this morphological change, a doxorubicin payload could be retained in the fibres formed, which makes them valuable carriers for localised formation of nanofibre depots for slow release of hydrophobic anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kalafatovic
- West CHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK
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33
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Morran DC, Wu J, Jamieson NB, Mrowinska A, Kalna G, Karim SA, Au AYM, Scarlett CJ, Chang DK, Pajak MZ, Oien KA, McKay CJ, Carter CR, Gillen G, Champion S, Pimlott SL, Anderson KI, Evans TRJ, Grimmond SM, Biankin AV, Sansom OJ, Morton JP. Targeting mTOR dependency in pancreatic cancer. Gut 2014; 63:1481-9. [PMID: 24717934 PMCID: PMC4145424 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death in the Western world. Current chemotherapy regimens have modest survival benefit. Thus, novel, effective therapies are required for treatment of this disease. DESIGN Activating KRAS mutation almost always drives pancreatic tumour initiation, however, deregulation of other potentially druggable pathways promotes tumour progression. PTEN loss leads to acceleration of Kras(G12D)-driven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in mice and these tumours have high levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling. To test whether these KRAS PTEN pancreatic tumours show mTOR dependence, we compared response to mTOR inhibition in this model, to the response in another established model of pancreatic cancer, KRAS P53. We also assessed whether there was a subset of pancreatic cancer patients who may respond to mTOR inhibition. RESULTS We found that tumours in KRAS PTEN mice exhibit a remarkable dependence on mTOR signalling. In these tumours, mTOR inhibition leads to proliferative arrest and even tumour regression. Further, we could measure response using clinically applicable positron emission tomography imaging. Importantly, pancreatic tumours driven by activated KRAS and mutant p53 did not respond to treatment. In human tumours, approximately 20% of cases demonstrated low PTEN expression and a gene expression signature that overlaps with murine KRAS PTEN tumours. CONCLUSIONS KRAS PTEN tumours are uniquely responsive to mTOR inhibition. Targeted anti-mTOR therapies may offer clinical benefit in subsets of human PDAC selected based on genotype, that are dependent on mTOR signalling. Thus, the genetic signatures of human tumours could be used to direct pancreatic cancer treatment in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/diagnostic imaging
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Mutation
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/deficiency
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Positron-Emission Tomography
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/deficiency
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Sirolimus/therapeutic use
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/deficiency
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianmin Wu
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and the Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nigel B Jamieson
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher J Scarlett
- School of Environmental & Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David K Chang
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and the Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- The Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Karin A Oien
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin J McKay
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - C Ross Carter
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gerry Gillen
- West of Scotland PET Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sue Champion
- West of Scotland Radionuclide Dispensary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sally L Pimlott
- West of Scotland Radionuclide Dispensary, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - T R Jeffry Evans
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sean M Grimmond
- The Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Queensland Centre for Medical Genomics, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew V Biankin
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and the Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- West of Scotland Pancreatic Unit, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Surgery, Bankstown Hospital, Bankstown, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, South Western Sydney Clinical School, University of NSW, Liverpool, New South Wales, Australia
- The Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Lo Re D, Zhou Y, Nobis M, Anderson KI, Murphy PV. Synthesis of Migrastatin and its Macroketone Analogue and In Vivo FRAP Analysis of the Macroketone on E-Cadherin Dynamics. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1459-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ioannidou K, Anderson KI, Strachan D, Edgar JM, Barnett SC. Astroglial-axonal interactions during early stages of myelination in mixed cultures using in vitro and ex vivo imaging techniques. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:59. [PMID: 24886503 PMCID: PMC4024314 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] Myelination is a very complex process that requires the cross talk between various neural cell types. Previously, using cytosolic or membrane associated GFP tagged neurospheres, we followed the interaction of oligodendrocytes with axons using time-lapse imaging in vitro and ex vivo and demonstrated dynamic changes in cell morphology. In this study we focus on GFP tagged astrocytes differentiated from neurospheres and their interactions with axons. RESULTS We show the close interaction of astrocyte processes with axons and with oligodendrocytes in mixed mouse spinal cord cultures with formation of membrane blebs as previously seen for oligodendrocytes in the same cultures. When GFP-tagged neurospheres were transplanted into the spinal cord of the dysmyelinated shiverer mouse, confirmation of dynamic changes in cell morphology was provided and a prevalence for astrocyte differentiation compared with oligodendroglial differentiation around the injection site. Furthermore, we were able to image GFP tagged neural cells in vivo after transplantation and the cells exhibited similar membrane changes as cells visualised in vitro and ex vivo. CONCLUSION These data show that astrocytes exhibit dynamic cell process movement and changes in their membrane topography as they interact with axons and oligodendrocytes during the process of myelination, with the first demonstration of bleb formation in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julia M Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Johnsson AKE, Dai Y, Nobis M, Baker MJ, McGhee EJ, Walker S, Schwarz JP, Kadir S, Morton JP, Myant KB, Huels DJ, Segonds-Pichon A, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Timpson P, Welch HCE. The Rac-FRET mouse reveals tight spatiotemporal control of Rac activity in primary cells and tissues. Cell Rep 2014; 6:1153-1164. [PMID: 24630994 PMCID: PMC3988842 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The small G protein family Rac has numerous regulators that integrate extracellular signals into tight spatiotemporal maps of its activity to promote specific cell morphologies and responses. Here, we have generated a mouse strain, Rac-FRET, which ubiquitously expresses the Raichu-Rac biosensor. It enables FRET imaging and quantification of Rac activity in live tissues and primary cells without affecting cell properties and responses. We assessed Rac activity in chemotaxing Rac-FRET neutrophils and found enrichment in leading-edge protrusions and unexpected longitudinal shifts and oscillations during protruding and stalling phases of migration. We monitored Rac activity in normal or disease states of intestinal, liver, mammary, pancreatic, and skin tissue, in response to stimulation or inhibition and upon genetic manipulation of upstream regulators, revealing unexpected insights into Rac signaling during disease development. The Rac-FRET strain is a resource that promises to fundamentally advance our understanding of Rac-dependent responses in primary cells and native environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin E Johnsson
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Yanfeng Dai
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Max Nobis
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Martin J Baker
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Simon Walker
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Juliane P Schwarz
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Shereen Kadir
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kevin B Myant
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David J Huels
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Anne Segonds-Pichon
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; Garvan Institute of Medical Research and Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Cancer Research Program, St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2010 Sydney, Australia.
| | - Heidi C E Welch
- Signalling Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK.
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Nobis M, McGhee EJ, Herrmann D, Magenau A, Morton JP, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Monitoring the dynamics of Src activity in response to anti-invasive dasatinib treatment at a subcellular level using dual intravital imaging. Cell Adh Migr 2014; 8:478-86. [PMID: 25482620 PMCID: PMC4594577 DOI: 10.4161/19336918.2014.970004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimising response to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer remains an extensive field of research. Intravital imaging is an emerging tool, which can be used in drug discovery to facilitate and fine-tune maximum drug response in live tumors. A greater understanding of intratumoural delivery and pharmacodynamics of a drug can be obtained by imaging drug target-specific fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors in real time. Here, we outline our recent work using a Src-FRET biosensor as a readout of Src activity to gauge optimal tyrosine kinase inhibition in response to dasatinib treatment regimens in vivo. By simultaneously monitoring both the inhibition of Src using FRET imaging, and the modulation of the surrounding extracellular matrix using second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, we were able to show enhanced drug penetrance and delivery to live pancreatic tumors. We discuss the implications of this dual intravital imaging approach in the context of altered tumor-stromal interactions, while summarising how this approach could be applied to assess other combination strategies or tyrosine kinase inhibitors in a preclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - David Herrmann
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Cancer Division; St. Vincent's Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - Astrid Magenau
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Cancer Division; St. Vincent's Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Garscube Estate; Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Cancer Division; St. Vincent's Clinical School; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Sydney, Australia
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Caroline Müllenbroich M, McGhee EJ, Wright AJ, Anderson KI, Mathieson K. Strategies to overcome photobleaching in algorithm-based adaptive optics for nonlinear in-vivo imaging. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:16021. [PMID: 24474507 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.1.016021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a nonlinear adaptive optics microscope utilizing a deformable membrane mirror (DMM) and demonstrated its use in compensating for system- and sample-induced aberrations. The optimum shape of the DMM was determined with a random search algorithm optimizing on either two photon fluorescence or second harmonic signals as merit factors. We present here several strategies to overcome photobleaching issues associated with lengthy optimization routines by adapting the search algorithm and the experimental methodology. Optimizations were performed on extrinsic fluorescent dyes, fluorescent beads loaded into organotypic tissue cultures and the intrinsic second harmonic signal of these cultures. We validate the approach of using these preoptimized mirror shapes to compile a robust look-up table that can be applied for imaging over several days and through a variety of tissues. In this way, the photon exposure to the fluorescent cells under investigation is limited to imaging. Using our look-up table approach, we show signal intensity improvement factors ranging from 1.7 to 4.1 in organotypic tissue cultures and freshly excised mouse tissue. Imaging zebrafish in vivo, we demonstrate signal improvement by a factor of 2. This methodology is easily reproducible and could be applied to many photon starved experiments, for example fluorescent life time imaging, or when photobleaching is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Caroline Müllenbroich
- University of Strathclyde, Scottish University Physics Alliance, Institute of Photonics, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, G4 0NW Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, G61 1BD Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Wright
- University of Nottingham, Institute of Biophysics, Imaging and Optical Science, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Bearsden, G61 1BD Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Mathieson
- University of Strathclyde, Scottish University Physics Alliance, Institute of Photonics, Wolfson Centre, 106 Rottenrow, G4 0NW Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Rosenfeldt MT, O'Prey J, Morton JP, Nixon C, MacKay G, Mrowinska A, Au A, Rai TS, Zheng L, Ridgway R, Adams PD, Anderson KI, Gottlieb E, Sansom OJ, Ryan KM. p53 status determines the role of autophagy in pancreatic tumour development. Nature 2013; 504:296-300. [PMID: 24305049 DOI: 10.1038/nature12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 540] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a process in which organelles termed autophagosomes deliver cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy has a major role in cellular homeostasis and has been implicated in various forms of human disease. The role of autophagy in cancer seems to be complex, with reports indicating both pro-tumorigenic and tumour-suppressive roles. Here we show, in a humanized genetically-modified mouse model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), that autophagy's role in tumour development is intrinsically connected to the status of the tumour suppressor p53. Mice with pancreases containing an activated oncogenic allele of Kras (also called Ki-Ras)--the most common mutational event in PDAC--develop a small number of pre-cancerous lesions that stochastically develop into PDAC over time. However, mice also lacking the essential autophagy genes Atg5 or Atg7 accumulate low-grade, pre-malignant pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions, but progression to high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias and PDAC is blocked. In marked contrast, in mice containing oncogenic Kras and lacking p53, loss of autophagy no longer blocks tumour progression, but actually accelerates tumour onset, with metabolic analysis revealing enhanced glucose uptake and enrichment of anabolic pathways, which can fuel tumour growth. These findings provide considerable insight into the role of autophagy in cancer and have important implications for autophagy inhibition in cancer therapy. In this regard, we also show that treatment of mice with the autophagy inhibitor hydroxychloroquine, which is currently being used in several clinical trials, significantly accelerates tumour formation in mice containing oncogenic Kras but lacking p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias T Rosenfeldt
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jim O'Prey
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Colin Nixon
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gillian MacKay
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Agata Mrowinska
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Amy Au
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Taranjit Singh Rai
- Institute of Cancer Studies, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Liang Zheng
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel Ridgway
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Peter D Adams
- Institute of Cancer Studies, University of Glasgow, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Nobis M, Carragher NO, McGhee EJ, Morton JP, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Timpson P. Advanced intravital subcellular imaging reveals vital three-dimensional signalling events driving cancer cell behaviour and drug responses in live tissue. FEBS J 2013; 280:5177-97. [PMID: 23678945 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The integration of signal transduction pathways plays a fundamental role in governing disease initiation, progression and outcome. It is therefore necessary to understand disease at the signalling level to enable effective treatment and to intervene in its progression. The recent extension of in vitro subcellular image-based analysis to live in vivo modelling of disease is providing a more complete picture of real-time, dynamic signalling processes or drug responses in live tissue. Intravital imaging offers alternative strategies for studying disease and embraces the biological complexities that govern disease progression. In the present review, we highlight how three-dimensional or live intravital imaging has uncovered novel insights into biological mechanisms or modes of drug action. Furthermore, we offer a prospective view of how imaging applications may be integrated further with the aim of understanding disease in a more physiological and functional manner within the framework of the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
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41
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Nobis M, McGhee EJ, Morton JP, Schwarz JP, Karim SA, Quinn J, Edward M, Campbell AD, McGarry LC, Evans TRJ, Brunton VG, Frame MC, Carragher NO, Wang Y, Sansom OJ, Timpson P, Anderson KI. Intravital FLIM-FRET imaging reveals dasatinib-induced spatial control of src in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4674-86. [PMID: 23749641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-4545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cancer invasion and metastasis occur in a complex three-dimensional (3D) environment, with reciprocal feedback from the surrounding host tissue and vasculature-governing behavior. In this study, we used a novel intravital method that revealed spatiotemporal regulation of Src activity in response to the anti-invasive Src inhibitor dasatinib. A fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy-fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FLIM-FRET) Src biosensor was used to monitor drug-targeting efficacy in a transgenic p53-mutant mouse model of pancreatic cancer. In contrast to conventional techniques, FLIM-FRET analysis allowed for accurate, time-dependent, live monitoring of drug efficacy and clearance in live tumors. In 3D organotypic cultures, we showed that a spatially distinct gradient of Src activity exists within invading tumor cells, governed by the depth of penetration into complex matrices. In parallel, this gradient was also found to exist within live tumors, where Src activity is enhanced at the invasive border relative to the tumor cortex. Upon treatment with dasatinib, we observed a switch in activity at the invasive borders, correlating with impaired metastatic capacity in vivo. Src regulation was governed by the proximity of cells to the host vasculature, as cells distal to the vasculature were regulated differentially in response to drug treatment compared with cells proximal to the vasculature. Overall, our results in live tumors revealed that a threshold of drug penetrance exists in vivo and that this can be used to map areas of poor drug-targeting efficiency within specific tumor microenvironments. We propose that using FLIM-FRET in this capacity could provide a useful preclinical tool in animal models before clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Nobis
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow; Section of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Mack NA, Porter AP, Whalley HJ, Schwarz JP, Jones RC, Khaja ASS, Bjartell A, Anderson KI, Malliri A. β2-syntrophin and Par-3 promote an apicobasal Rac activity gradient at cell-cell junctions by differentially regulating Tiam1 activity. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:1169-80. [PMID: 23103911 PMCID: PMC3498067 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although Rac and its activator Tiam1 are known to stimulate cell-cell adhesion, the mechanisms regulating their activity in cell-cell junction formation are poorly understood. Here, we identify β2-syntrophin as a Tiam1 interactor required for optimal cell-cell adhesion. We show that during tight-junction (TJ) assembly β2-syntrophin promotes Tiam1-Rac activity, in contrast to the function of the apical determinant Par-3 whose inhibition of Tiam1-Rac activity is necessary for TJ assembly. We further demonstrate that β2-syntrophin localizes more basally than Par-3 at cell-cell junctions, thus generating an apicobasal Rac activity gradient at developing cell-cell junctions. Targeting active Rac to TJs shows that this gradient is required for optimal TJ assembly and apical lumen formation. Consistently, β2-syntrophin depletion perturbs Tiam1 and Rac localization at cell-cell junctions and causes defects in apical lumen formation. We conclude that β2-syntrophin and Par-3 fine-tune Rac activity along cell-cell junctions controlling TJ assembly and the establishment of apicobasal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Mack
- Cell Signalling Group, Cancer Research UK Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Abstract
Autophagy is a membrane-trafficking process that delivers cytoplasmic constituents to lysosomes for degradation. It contributes to energy and organelle homeostasis and the preservation of proteome and genome integrity. Although a role in cancer is unquestionable, there are conflicting reports that autophagy can be both oncogenic and tumor suppressive, perhaps indicating that autophagy has different roles at different stages of tumor development. In this report, we address the role of autophagy in a critical stage of cancer progression-tumor cell invasion. Using a glioma cell line containing an inducible shRNA that targets the essential autophagy gene Atg12, we show that autophagy inhibition does not affect cell viability, proliferation or migration but significantly reduces cellular invasion in a 3D organotypic model. These data indicate that autophagy may play a critical role in the benign to malignant transition that is also central to the initiation of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Timpson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow, UK
| | - Jacqueline Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora, CO USA
| | | | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Colorado School of Medicine; Aurora, CO USA
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Abstract
Advances in fluorescence microscopy have enabled the study of membrane diffusion, cell adhesion and signal transduction at the molecular level in living cells grown in culture. By contrast, imaging in living organisms has primarily been restricted to the localization and dynamics of cells in tissues. Now, imaging of molecular dynamics is on the cusp of progressing from cell culture to living tissue. This transition has been driven by the understanding that the microenvironment critically determines many developmental and pathological processes. Here, we review recent progress in fluorescent protein imaging in vivo by drawing primarily on cancer-related studies in mice. We emphasize the need for techniques that can be easily combined with genetic models and complement fluorescent protein imaging by providing contextual information about the cellular environment. In this Commentary we will consider differences between in vitro and in vivo experimental design and argue for an approach to in vivo imaging that is built upon the use of intermediate systems, such as 3-D and explant culture models, which offer flexibility and control that is not always available in vivo. Collectively, these methods present a paradigm shift towards the molecular-level investigation of disease and therapy in animal models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G611BD, UK
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Ioannidou K, Anderson KI, Strachan D, Edgar JM, Barnett SC. Time-lapse imaging of the dynamics of CNS glial-axonal interactions in vitro and ex vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30775. [PMID: 22303455 PMCID: PMC3267745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myelination is an exquisite and dynamic example of heterologous cell-cell interaction, which consists of the concentric wrapping of multiple layers of oligodendrocyte membrane around neuronal axons. Understanding the mechanism by which oligodendrocytes ensheath axons may bring us closer to designing strategies to promote remyelination in demyelinating diseases. The main aim of this study was to follow glial-axonal interactions over time both in vitro and ex vivo to visualize the various stages of myelination. Methodology/Principal Findings We took two approaches to follow myelination over time: i) time-lapse imaging of mixed CNS myelinating cultures generated from mouse spinal cord to which exogenous GFP-labelled murine cells were added, and ii) ex vivo imaging of the spinal cord of shiverer (Mbp mutant) mice, transplanted with GFP-labelled murine neurospheres. We demonstrate that oligodendrocyte-axonal interactions are dynamic events with continuous retraction and extension of oligodendroglial processes. Using cytoplasmic and membrane-GFP labelled cells to examine different components of the myelin-like sheath, we provide evidence from time-lapse fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy that the oligodendrocytes' cytoplasm-filled processes initially spiral around the axon in a corkscrew-like manner. This is followed subsequently by focal expansion of the corkscrew process to form short cuffs, which then extend longitudinally along the axons. We predict from this model that these spiral cuffs must extend over each other first before extending to form internodes of myelin. Conclusion These experiments show the feasibility of visualizing the dynamics of glial-axonal interaction during myelination over time. Moreover, these approaches complement each other with the in vitro approach allowing visualization of an entire internodal length of myelin and the ex vivo approach validating the in vitro data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Ioannidou
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt I. Anderson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Strachan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julia M. Edgar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C. Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Birtwistle MR, von Kriegsheim A, Kida K, Schwarz JP, Anderson KI, Kolch W. Linear approaches to intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer probe measurements for quantitative modeling. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27823. [PMID: 22114702 PMCID: PMC3218046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous unimolecular, genetically-encoded Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) probes for monitoring biochemical activities in live cells have been developed over the past decade. As these probes allow for collection of high frequency, spatially resolved data on signaling events in live cells and tissues, they are an attractive technology for obtaining data to develop quantitative, mathematical models of spatiotemporal signaling dynamics. However, to be useful for such purposes the observed FRET from such probes should be related to a biological quantity of interest through a defined mathematical relationship, which is straightforward when this relationship is linear, and can be difficult otherwise. First, we show that only in rare circumstances is the observed FRET linearly proportional to a biochemical activity. Therefore in most cases FRET measurements should only be compared either to explicitly modeled probes or to concentrations of products of the biochemical activity, but not to activities themselves. Importantly, we find that FRET measured by standard intensity-based, ratiometric methods is inherently non-linear with respect to the fraction of probes undergoing FRET. Alternatively, we find that quantifying FRET either via (1) fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) or (2) ratiometric methods where the donor emission intensity is divided by the directly-excited acceptor emission intensity (denoted R(alt)) is linear with respect to the fraction of probes undergoing FRET. This linearity property allows one to calculate the fraction of active probes based on the FRET measurement. Thus, our results suggest that either FLIM or ratiometric methods based on R(alt) are the preferred techniques for obtaining quantitative data from FRET probe experiments for mathematical modeling purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc R Birtwistle
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Republic of Ireland.
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Timpson P, McGhee EJ, Erami Z, Nobis M, Quinn JA, Edward M, Anderson KI. Organotypic collagen I assay: a malleable platform to assess cell behaviour in a 3-dimensional context. J Vis Exp 2011:e3089. [PMID: 22025017 PMCID: PMC3227204 DOI: 10.3791/3089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is fundamental to many aspects of biology, including development, wound healing, the cellular responses of the immune system, and metastasis of tumor cells. Migration has been studied on glass coverslips in order to make cellular dynamics amenable to investigation by light microscopy. However, it has become clear that many aspects of cell migration depend on features of the local environment including its elasticity, protein composition, and pore size, which are not faithfully represented by rigid two dimensional substrates such as glass and plastic 1. Furthermore, interaction with other cell types, including stromal fibroblasts 2 and immune cells 3, has been shown to play a critical role in promoting the invasion of cancer cells. Investigation at the molecular level has increasingly shown that molecular dynamics, including response to drug treatment, of identical cells are significantly different when compared in vitro and in vivo4. Ideally, it would be best to study cell migration in its naturally occurring context in living organisms, however this is not always possible. Intermediate tissue culture systems, such as cell derived matrix, matrigel, organotypic culture (described here) tissue explants, organoids, and xenografts, are therefore important experimental intermediates. These systems approximate certain aspects of an in vivo environment but are more amenable to experimental manipulation such as use of stably transfected cell lines, drug treatment regimes, long term and high-resolution imaging. Such intermediate systems are especially useful as proving grounds to validate probes and establish parameters required to image the dynamic response of cells and fluorescent reporters prior to undertaking imaging in vivo 5. As such, they can serve an important role in reducing the need for experiments on living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Glasgow
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McGhee EJ, Morton JP, Von Kriegsheim A, Schwarz JP, Karim SA, Carragher NO, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Timpson P. FLIM-FRET imaging in vivo reveals 3D-environment spatially regulates RhoGTPase activity during cancer cell invasion. Small GTPases 2011; 2:239-244. [PMID: 22145098 PMCID: PMC3225915 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.4.17275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many conceptual advances in biology have been achieved by experimental studies using planar two-dimensional cell culture systems. Recent adaptations of molecular techniques to three-dimensional model systems are bridging the gap in our understanding of biological events in vitro and in vivo in the study of disease progression. Recently, in vitro studies using Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have shown that the prototypical RhoGTPases Cdc42, Rac and RhoA are temporally and spatially synchronized during cell migration, with initial RhoA activity inducing protrusion prior to activation of Rac. This simultaneous FRET approach illustrates the tight control and dynamic regulation of RhoGTPase activity necessary for coordinated cell migration in vitro. Here, we discuss our recent work using FLIM-FRET analysis in a three-dimensional setting to reveal another layer of regulation in which RhoA activity is governed by the extracellular microenvironment. We demonstrate that RhoA is spatially regulated into discrete fractions of activity at the leading edge and rear of cells during invasion in vivo or within three-dimensional matrices. Significantly, this spatial regulation of RhoA was absent in two-dimensional in vitro settings. This distinct sub-cellular regulation of RhoA at the poles of invading cells in three-dimensions sets a precedent that other RhoGTPases or signaling proteins may also be differentially regulated in a con-text-dependent manner during key biological processes such as invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan J McGhee
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Saadia A Karim
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre; Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine; University of Edinburgh; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Owen J Sansom
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research; Glasgow; Edinburgh, UK
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Canel M, Serrels A, Anderson KI, Frame MC, Brunton VG. Use of photoactivation and photobleaching to monitor the dynamic regulation of E-cadherin at the plasma membrane. Cell Adh Migr 2011; 4:491-501. [PMID: 20595808 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.4.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamic control of E-cadherin is critical for establishing and maintaining cell-cell junctions in epithelial cells. The concentration of E-cadherin molecules at adherens junctions (AJs) is regulated by lateral movement of E-cadherin within the plasma membrane and endocytosis. Here we set out to study the interplay between these processes and their contribution to E-cadherin dynamics. Using photoactivation (PA) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) we were able to monitor the fate of E-cadherin molecules within the plasma membrane. Our results suggest that the motility of E-cadherin within, and away from, the cell surface are not exclusive or independent mechanisms and there is a fine balance between the two which when perturbed can have dramatic effects on the regulation of AJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canel
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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50
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Samuel MS, Lopez JI, McGhee EJ, Croft DR, Strachan D, Timpson P, Munro J, Schröder E, Zhou J, Brunton VG, Barker N, Clevers H, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, Weaver VM, Olson MF. Actomyosin-mediated cellular tension drives increased tissue stiffness and β-catenin activation to induce epidermal hyperplasia and tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2011; 19:776-91. [PMID: 21665151 PMCID: PMC3115541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumors and associated stroma manifest mechanical properties that promote cancer. Mechanosensation of tissue stiffness activates the Rho/ROCK pathway to increase actomyosin-mediated cellular tension to re-establish force equilibrium. To determine how actomyosin tension affects tissue homeostasis and tumor development, we expressed conditionally active ROCK2 in mouse skin. ROCK activation elevated tissue stiffness via increased collagen. β-catenin, a key element of mechanotranscription pathways, was stabilized by ROCK activation leading to nuclear accumulation, transcriptional activation, and consequent hyperproliferation and skin thickening. Inhibiting actomyosin contractility by blocking LIMK or myosin ATPase attenuated these responses, as did FAK inhibition. Tumor number, growth, and progression were increased by ROCK activation, while ROCK blockade was inhibitory, implicating actomyosin-mediated cellular tension and consequent collagen deposition as significant tumor promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jose I Lopez
- Department of Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ewan J McGhee
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Daniel R Croft
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - David Strachan
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Paul Timpson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - June Munro
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Jing Zhou
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh EH4 2X9, UK
| | | | - Nick Barker
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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