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Horiguchi K, Fujiwara K, Tsukada T, Nakakura T, Yoshida S, Hasegawa R, Takigami S. Differentiation of stem progenitor CD9/SOX2-positive cells is promoted with increased prolactin-producing and endothelial cells in the pituitary. J Reprod Dev 2022; 68:278-286. [PMID: 35691820 PMCID: PMC9334323 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2022-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2)-positive cells are stem/progenitor cells in the adenohypophysis, comprising the anterior and intermediate lobes (AL and IL, respectively). The cells
are located in the marginal cell layer (MCL) facing Rathke’s cleft (primary niche) and the parenchyma of the AL (secondary niche). We previously demonstrated in vitro that
the tetraspanin superfamily CD9 and SOX2 double-positive (CD9/SOX2-positive) cells in the IL-side MCL migrate to the AL side and differentiate into hormone-producing and endothelial cells in
the AL parenchyma. Here, we performed in vivo studies to evaluate the role of IL-side CD9/SOX2-positive cells in pregnancy, lactation, and treatment with diethylstilbestrol
(DES; an estrogen analog) when an increased population of prolactin (PRL) cells was observed in the AL of the rat pituitary. The proportions of CD9/SOX2-, CD9/Ki67-, and PRL/TUNEL-positive
cells decreased in the primary and secondary niches during pregnancy and DES treatment. In contrast, the number of CD9/PRL-positive cells increased in the AL-side MCL and AL parenchyma
during pregnancy and during DES treatment. The proportion of PRL/Ki67-positive cells increased in the AL-side MCL and AL parenchyma in response to DES treatment. Next, we isolated
CD9-positive cells from the IL-side MCL using an anti-CD9 antibody. During cell culture, the cells formed free-floating three-dimensional clusters (pituispheres). Furthermore, CD9-positive
cells in the pituisphere differentiated into PRL cells, and their differentiation potential was promoted by DES. These findings suggest that CD9/SOX2-positive cells in the IL-side MCL may
act as adult stem cells in the AL parenchyma that supply PRL cells under the influence of estrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Horiguchi
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Takehiro Tsukada
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakakura
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Saishu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Rumi Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
| | - Shu Takigami
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-8612, Japan
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Fujiwara K, Tsukada T, Horiguchi K, Fujiwara Y, Takemoto K, Nio-Kobayashi J, Ohno N, Inoue K. Aldolase C is a novel molecular marker for folliculo-stellate cells in rodent pituitary. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:273-284. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03200-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jindatip D, Fujiwara K, Sarachana T, Mutirangura A, Yashiro T. Characteristics of pericytes in diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced pituitary prolactinoma in rats. Med Mol Morphol 2018; 51:147-155. [PMID: 29344720 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-018-0180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Prolactinomas are the most common tumor of the human pituitary. They result in excessive prolactin secretion and important changes in the vasculature. Pericytes are perivascular cells associated with capillaries and have crucial roles in physiological and pathological neovascularization. We previously reported that pericytes produce type I and III collagens in the anterior pituitary of adult rats. In addition, pituitary pericytes contained well-developed cell organelles and actively synthesized collagens during early postnatal development. However, the characteristics of pericytes in pituitary tumors are unclear. In this study, we used diethylstilbestrol (DES)-treated rats as an animal model of prolactinoma. Using five common pericyte markers, more pericytes were observed in rats treated with DES for 3 months (prolactinoma) compared to the control. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that attached and semidetached pericytes exhibited active cell organelles. Moreover, we identified pericyte migration between capillaries. Although the fine structure of pituitary pericytes was active in prolactinoma, expressions of type I and III collagen mRNAs were greatly diminished. In sum, the characteristics and functions of pericytes were altered in pituitary tumors. This study is the first to clarify fine structural changes of pericytes in rat prolactinomas and improves our understanding of the function of pericytes under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depicha Jindatip
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Tewarit Sarachana
- Age-related Inflammation and Degeneration Research Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 154 Rama 1 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Mutirangura
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Rd., Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.
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Tofrizal A, Fujiwara K, Azuma M, Kikuchi M, Jindatip D, Yashiro T, Yamada S. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-expressing cells in human anterior pituitary and pituitary adenoma. Med Mol Morphol 2017; 50:145-154. [PMID: 28353090 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-017-0155-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential in tissue physiology and pathologic conditions such as tumorigenesis. It affects tumor cell behavior, proliferation, and metastasis. Pituitary adenomas differ in their clinical characteristics, including ECM deposition, and we recently reported that the characteristics of collagen-producing cells differed between control human anterior pituitary gland and pituitary adenomas. ECM deposition is not defined solely by production; degradation and maintenance are also important. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) help maintain ECM by inhibiting degradation caused by matrix metalloproteases. The present study attempted to characterize TIMP-expressing cells in the human anterior pituitary. Specimens of human pituitary adenomas and control pituitary were obtained during surgery, and in situ hybridization for TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3, and TIMP4, followed by immunohistochemistry, was used to characterize TIMP-expressing cells. TIMP expression exhibited a distinct pattern in the human anterior pituitary. Azan staining showed that fibrous matrix deposition varied among pituitary adenomas and that the area of fibrosis was associated with the number and number of types of TIMP3-expressing cells. These results suggest that TIMPs are important in the maintenance of ECM in human pituitary and that TIMP expressions are altered in fibrosis associated with pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alimuddin Tofrizal
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Morio Azuma
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Motoshi Kikuchi
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
- Laboratory of Natural History, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Depicha Jindatip
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Shozo Yamada
- Department of Hypothalamic and Pituitary Surgery, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Fujiwara K, Yatabe M, Tofrizal A, Jindatip D, Yashiro T, Nagai R. Identification of M2 macrophages in anterior pituitary glands of normal rats and rats with estrogen-induced prolactinoma. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 368:371-378. [PMID: 28120110 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are present throughout the anterior pituitary gland. However, the features and function of macrophages in the gland are poorly understood. Recent studies have indicated that there are two main macrophage classes: M1 (classically activated) and M2 (alternatively activated). In this study, we examine whether both M1 and M2 macrophages are present in the anterior pituitary gland of rats. Our findings indicate that macrophages that are positive for CD68 (a pan-macrophage marker) were localized near capillaries in rat anterior pituitary gland. These macrophages were positive for iNOS or mannose receptor (MR), which are markers of M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. To determine the morphological characteristics of M2 macrophages under pathological conditions, diethylstilbestrol (DES)-treated rats were used as an animal model of prolactinoma. After 2 weeks of DES treatment, a number of MR-immunopositive cells were present in the gland. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that MR-immunopositive M2 macrophages had many small vesicles and moderately large vacuoles in cytoplasm. Phagosomes were sometimes present in cytoplasm. Interestingly, M2 macrophages in prolactinoma tissues did not usually exhibit distinct changes or differences during the normal, hyperplasia and adenoma stages. This study is the first to confirm that both M1 and M2 macrophages are present in the anterior pituitary gland of rats. Moreover, the number of M2 macrophages was greatly increased in rats with DES-induced prolactinoma. Future studies should attempt to characterize the functional role of M2 macrophages in the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Megumi Yatabe
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Alimuddin Tofrizal
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Depicha Jindatip
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan.
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Alterations of collagen-producing cells in human pituitary adenomas. Med Mol Morphol 2016; 49:224-232. [PMID: 27125916 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-016-0140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is essential in tissue physiology and pathologic conditions such as tumorigenesis. ECM affects tumor cell behavior, proliferation, and metastasis. Pituitary adenomas vary in their clinical characteristics, including ECM deposition. However, the mechanism of desmoplasia in pituitary adenoma is not well understood. The present study focused on the principal component of ECM, collagen, and attempted to characterize collagen-producing cells in pituitary adenomas. Specimens of human pituitary adenomas and control pituitary were obtained during surgery. In situ hybridization for collagen I and III and immunohistochemistry for α-smooth muscle actin (a pericyte marker) and cytokeratin (an epithelial cell marker) were performed. The results showed that pericytes were the sole collagen-producing cells in control pituitary, while four types of collagen-producing cells were present in pituitary adenomas: pericytes, myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, and newly characterized "myoepithelial-like cells". Azan staining showed that fibrous matrix deposition varied among pituitary adenomas and that the area of fibrosis was associated with the number and types of collagen-producing cells. These results suggest that changes in the number and type of collagen-producing cells influence ECM arrangement, which may in turn reflect pathologic characteristics in pituitary adenomas.
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Ramadhani D, Tofrizal A, Tsukada T, Yashiro T. Histochemical Analysis of Laminin α Chains in Diethylstilbestrol-Induced Prolactinoma in Rats. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2015; 48:69-73. [PMID: 26019376 PMCID: PMC4427567 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.14067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin, a major basement membrane component, is important in structural support and cell proliferation and differentiation. Its 19 isoforms are assemblies of α, β, and γ chains, and the α chains (α1-5) determine the isoform characteristics. Although our previous studies showed alterations in α chain expressions during anterior pituitary development, their expressions in pituitary tumors yet to be determined. The present study used a rat model of diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced prolactinoma to examine α chain expressions during prolactinoma tumorigenesis (0–12 weeks of DES treatment) by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. mRNA of α1, α3, and α4 chains was detected in control and after 4 weeks of DES treatment. These expressions were undetectable after 8 weeks of DES treatment and in prolactinoma (12 weeks of DES treatment). Immunohistochemistry showed that the α1 chain was localized in some anterior pituitary cells in control and after 4 weeks of treatment and in endothelial cells after 8 weeks of treatment. The α3 and α4 chains were expressed in endothelial cells, and immunoreactivity and the number of immunopositive cells decreased during DES treatment. These findings suggest that alteration of laminin α chains is related to abnormal cell proliferation and neovascularization during development of DES-induced prolactinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dini Ramadhani
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Alimuddin Tofrizal
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Takehiro Tsukada
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Yashiro
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine
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Tong Y, Zheng Y, Zhou J, Oyesiku NM, Koeffler HP, Melmed S. Genomic characterization of human and rat prolactinomas. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3679-91. [PMID: 22635680 PMCID: PMC3404356 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although prolactinomas can be effectively treated with dopamine agonists, about 20% of patients develop dopamine resistance or tumor recurrence after surgery, indicating a need for better understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. Although estrogen-induced rat prolactinomas have been widely used to investigate the development of this tumor, the extent that the model recapitulates features of human prolactinomas is unclear. To prioritize candidate genes and gene sets regulating human and rat prolactinomas, microarray results derived from human prolactinomas and pituitaries of estrogen-treated ACI rats were integrated and analyzed. A total of 4545 differentially expressed pituitary genes were identified in estrogen-treated ACI rats [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.01]. By comparing pituitary microarray results derived from estrogen-treated Brown Norway rats (a strain not sensitive to estrogen), 4073 genes were shown specific to estrogen-treated ACI rats. Human prolactinomas exhibited 1177 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.05). Combining microarray data derived from human prolactinoma and pituitaries of estrogen-treated ACI rat, 145 concordantly expressed genes, including E2F1, Myc, Igf1, and CEBPD, were identified. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that 278 curated pathways and 59 gene sets of transcription factors were enriched (FDR < 25%) in estrogen-treated ACI rats, suggesting a critical role for Myc, E2F1, CEBPD, and Sp1 in this rat prolactinoma. Similarly increased Myc, E2F1, and Sp1 expression was validated using real-time PCR and Western blot in estrogen-treated Fischer rat pituitary glands. In summary, characterization of individual genes and gene sets in human and in estrogen-induced rat prolactinomas validates the model and provides insights into genomic changes associated with this commonly encountered pituitary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Tong
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Academic Affairs, Room 2015, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Chile T, Corrêa-Giannella ML, Fortes MAHZ, Bronstein MD, Cunha-Neto MB, Giannella-Neto D, Giorgi RR. Expression of CRABP1, GRP, and RERG mRNA in clinically non-functioning and functioning pituitary adenomas. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:e214-8. [PMID: 21270509 DOI: 10.3275/7481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary tumors account for approximately 10-15% of intracranial neoplasms. AIM Using the cDNA microarray method, we have previously compared expression under two distinct conditions: a pool of 4 clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPA) and a spinal cord metastasis of a non-functioning pituitary carcinoma, in order to gain biological insights into genomic changes of pituitary neoplasias. In the present study, we further investigated the mRNA expression of 3 selected genes previously described as being involved in other neoplasias based on a series of 60 pituitary adenomas: CRABP1 (cellular retinoic acid binding protein 1), GRP (gastrin-releasing peptide), and RERG (Ras-related, estrogen- regulated, growth inhibitor). MATERIAL AND METHODS The expression of CRABP1, GRP, and RERG was determined by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS A significantly higher content of CRABP1 mRNA was observed in NFPA compared to functioning adenomas, and PRL-secreting adenomas showed a lower expression of this gene compared to normal pituitary. A lower expression of GRP mRNA was detected in NFPA compared to normal pituitary and also to functioning adenomas. RERG mRNA was overexpressed in NFPA in comparison to functioning adenomas and to normal pituitary. Among the functioning adenomas, only the ACTH-secreting adenomas presented a higher expression of RERG mRNA compared to normal pituitary. CONCLUSIONS The findings of differential expression of CRABP1 in prolactinomas and of RERG in NFPA compared to normal pituitary suggests that retinoic acid and estrogen receptor, respectively, could be involved in the tumorigenesis of these adenomas subtypes. Additional studies are required to further confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Chile
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology (LIM-25), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Fujiwara K, Kikuchi M, Horiguchi K, Kusumoto K, Kouki T, Kawanishi K, Yashiro T. Estrogen receptor alpha regulates retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 1 expression in rat anterior pituitary cells. Endocr J 2009; 56:963-73. [PMID: 19671997 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) plays a critical role in embryonic development, growth, and reproduction. RA is synthesized from retinoids via oxidation processes, and the oxidation of retinal to RA is catalyzed by the retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs). We previously reported that RALDH1 mRNA was expressed in the anterior pituitary glands of adult rats and suppressed by administration of 17beta-estradiol in vivo. However, little is known about the mechanism regulating pituitary RALDH1 expression. In order to characterize the mechanism of estrogen-induced RALDH1 reduction, we examined the effect of 17beta-estradiol on the regulation of pituitary RALDH1 gene expression and protein production both in vivo and in vitro. Using quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblot analysis, we found that levels of RALDH1 gene expression and protein production markedly decreased after 1-week treatment with 17beta-estradiol in male rats. In immunohistochemical analysis, RALDH1-immunoreaction was observed in prolactin cells and folliculo-stellate cells. In 17beta-estradiol-treated rats, RALDH1-immunoreactivity was lower in prolactin cells, but not in folliculo-stellate cells. Treatment of isolated anterior pituitary cells with 17beta-estradiol (10(-14) - 10(-8) M) decreased expression of RALDH1 mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. Estradiol-induced suppression of RALDH1 expression was completely blocked by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182, 780. The ERalpha-selective agonist propylpyrazole triol (10(-8) M) mimicked the effect of 17beta-estradiol on RALDH1 expression, but the ERbeta-selective agonist diarylpropionitrile (10(-8) M) did not. These results strongly suggest that RALDH1 mRNA expression is suppressed by 17beta-estradiol through ERalpha, and that estrogen regulates the expression of RALDH1 and production of RA in the anterior pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Fujiwara
- Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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