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Niu Z, McDowell SAC, Li Q. The Tetrel Bonds of Hypervalent Halogen Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:7087. [PMID: 37894566 PMCID: PMC10609133 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The tetrel bond between PhXF2Y(TF3) (T = C and Si; X = Cl, Br, and I; Y = F and Cl) and the electron donor MCN (M = Li and Na) was investigated at the M06-2X/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory. As the electronegativity of the halogen atom X increases, the strength of the tetrel bond also increases, but as the electronegativity of the halogen atom Y increases, the strength of the tetrel bond decreases. The magnitude of the interaction energy in most -CF3 complexes was found to be less than 10 kcal/mol, but to exceed 11 kcal/mol for PhClF2Cl(CF3)⋯NCNa. The tetrel bond is greatly enhanced when the -SiF3 group interacts with LiCN or NaCN, with the largest interaction energy approaching 100 kcal/mol and displaying a covalent Si⋯N interaction. Along with this enhancement, the Si⋯N distance was found to be less than the X-Si bond length, the -SiF3 group to be closer to the N atom, and in most -SiF3 systems, the X-Si-F angle to be less than 90°; the -SiF3 group therefore undergoes inversion and complete transfer in some systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Niu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Sean A. C. McDowell
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown BB11000, Barbados
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
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2
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Chen Y, Yao L, Wang F. Intermolecular interactions between the heavy-atom analogues of acetylene T 2H 2 (T = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and HCN. J Mol Model 2023; 29:52. [PMID: 36689026 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05459-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
METHODS The intermolecular interactions between the heavy-atom analogues of acetylene T2H2 (T = Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and HCN have been investigated by theoretical calculations at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level. RESULTS The global energy minimum of T2H2 is the butterfly structure A, and another energy minimum is the planar structure B. Both structures A and B exhibit the dual behavior when binding with HCN. The various hydrogen bond (HB), dihydrogen bond (DB) and tetrel bond (TB) complexes can be found according to the MEP maps of T2H2. One TB and three HB complexes formed between structure A and HCN can be located for Si2H2 and Ge2H2. One TB, two HB and one DB complexes formed between structure A and HCN can be located for Sn2H2 and Pb2H2. Four TB and one HB complexes formed between structure B and HCN can be located for all the T2H2. The geometries and binding strengths of the complexes are compared and analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The interactions in these complexes are generally weak, and the interaction energies of these complexes range from -0.53 to -8.23 kcal/mol. The interaction energies of the TB complexes are larger than those of the corresponding HB and DB complexes for structure A···HCN systems. The relative binding strength of the four TB complexes exhibits different order for different structure B···HCN systems, which is consistent with the MEP maps of the isolated monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishan Chen
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, Yunnan, China.
| | - Lifeng Yao
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, Yunnan, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, Yunnan, China
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4
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Liu N, Wu Q, Li Q, Scheiner S. Promotion of TH 3 (T = Si and Ge) group transfer within a tetrel bond by a cation-π interaction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:1113-1119. [PMID: 34927648 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05323j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of the transfer of the TH3 group across a tetrel bond is considered by ab initio calculations. The TB is constructed by pairing PhTH3 (Ph = phenyl; T = Si and Ge) with bases NH3, NHCH2, and the C3N2H4 carbene. The TH3 moves toward the base but only by a small amount in these dimers. However, when a Be2+ or Mg2+ dication is placed above the phenyl ring, the tetrel bond strength is greatly magnified reaching up to nearly 100 kcal mol-1. This dication also induces a much higher degree of transfer which can be best categorized as half-transfer for the two N-bases and a near complete transfer for the carbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiaozhuo Wu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA.
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5
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An X, Yang X, Li Q. Tetrel Bonds between Phenyltrifluorosilane and Dimethyl Sulfoxide: Influence of Basis Sets, Substitution and Competition. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237231. [PMID: 34885810 PMCID: PMC8658981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ab initio calculations have been performed for the complexes of DMSO and phenyltrifluorosilane (PTS) and its derivatives with a substituent of NH3, OCH3, CH3, OH, F, CHO, CN, NO2, and SO3H. It is necessary to use sufficiently flexible basis sets, such as aug’-cc-pVTZ, to get reliable results for the Si···O tetrel bonds. The tetrel bond in these complexes has been characterized in views of geometries, interaction energies, orbital interactions and topological parameters. The electron-donating group in PTS weakens this interaction and the electron-withdrawing group prominently strengthens it to the point where it exceeds that of the majority of hydrogen bonds. The largest interaction energy occurs in the p-HO3S-PhSiF3···DMSO complex, amounting to −122 kJ/mol. The strong Si···O tetrel bond depends to a large extent on the charge transfer from the O lone pair into the empty p orbital of Si, although it has a dominant electrostatic character. For the PTS derivatives of NH2, OH, CHO and NO2, the hydrogen bonded complex is favorable to the tetrel bonded complex for the NH2 and OH derivatives, while the σ-hole interaction prefers the π-hole interaction for the CHO and NO2 derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin An
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Xin Yang
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China;
- Correspondence:
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6
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Liu N, Xie X, Li Q, Scheiner S. Enhancement of the Tetrel Bond by the Effects of Substituents, Cooperativity, and Electric Field: Transition from Noncovalent to Covalent Bond. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2305-2312. [PMID: 34436816 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The T⋅⋅⋅N tetrel bond (TB) formed between TX3 OH (T=C, Si, Ge; X=H, F) and the Lewis base N≡CM (M=H, Li, Na) is studied by ab initio calculations at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level. Complexes involving TH3 OH contain a conventional TB with interaction energy less than 10 kcal/mol. This bond is substantially strengthened, approaching 35 kcal/mol and covalent character, when fluorosubstituted TF3 OH is combined with NCLi or NCNa. Along with this enhanced binding comes a near equalization of the TB T⋅⋅⋅N and the internal T-O bond lengths, and the associated structure acquires a trigonal bipyramidal shape, despite a high internal deformation energy. This structural transformation becomes more complete, and the TB is further strengthened upon adding an electron acceptor BeCl2 to the Lewis acid and a base to the NCM unit. This same TB strengthening can be accomplished also by imposition of an external electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xiaoying Xie
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA
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7
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Liu N, Liu J, Li Q, Scheiner S. Noncovalent bond between tetrel π-hole and hydride. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10536-10544. [PMID: 33899891 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01245b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The π-hole above the plane of the X2T'Y molecule (T' = Si, Ge, Sn; X = F, Cl, H; Y = O, S) was allowed to interact with the TH hydride of TH(CH3)3 (T = Si, Ge, Sn). The resulting THT' tetrel bond is quite strong, with interaction energies exceeding 30 kcal mol-1. F2T'O engages in the strongest such bonds, as compared to F2T'S, Cl2T'O, or Cl2T'S. The bond weakens as T' grows larger as in Si > Ge > Sn, despite the opposite trend in the depth of the π-hole. The reverse pattern of stronger tetrel bond with larger T is observed for the Lewis base TH(CH3)3, even though the minimum in the electrostatic potential around the H is nearly independent of T. The THT' arrangement is nonlinear which can be understood on the basis of the positions of the extrema in the molecular electrostatic potentials of the monomers. The tetrel bond is weakened when H2O forms an OT' tetrel bond with the second π-hole of F2T'O, and strengthened if H2O participates in an OHO H-bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, People's Republic of China.
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-0300, USA.
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Intermolecular interactions between the heavy alkenes H 2Si = TH 2 (T = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and acetylene. J Mol Model 2021; 27:110. [PMID: 33743078 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-021-04738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The intermolecular interactions between the heavy alkenes H2Si = TH2 (T = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and C2H2 have been calculated at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level, and the nature of these complexes has been investigated by natural bond orbital. The four types (type-A, type-B, type-C and type-D) of complexes can be located for H2Si = TH2···C2H2 system. The complexes involving H2Si = TH2···C2F2 and H2Si = TH2···C2(CN)2 have also been examined to explore the substituent effects. Some complexes which are stable for H2Si = TH2···C2H2 system become unstable for H2Si = TH2···C2F2 or H2Si = TH2···C2(CN)2 system, while other complexes which are unstable for H2Si = TH2···C2H2 system become stable for H2Si = TH2···C2F2 or H2Si = TH2···C2(CN)2 system.
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9
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Chen Y, Wang F. Intermolecular Interactions Involving Heavy Alkenes H 2Si=TH 2 (T = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) with H 2O and HCl: Tetrel Bond and Hydrogen Bond. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:30210-30225. [PMID: 33251455 PMCID: PMC7689927 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The intermolecular interactions between the heavy alkenes H2Si=TH2 (T = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) and H2O or HCl have been explored at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level. The various hydrogen bond (HB) and tetrel bond (TB) complexes can be located on the basis of molecular electrostatic potential maps of the isolated monomers. The competition between TB and HB interactions has been investigated through the relaxed potential energy surface scan. The results indicate that the HB complexes become more and more unstable relative to the TB complexes with the increase of the T atomic number, and cannot even retain as a minimum in some cases, for H2Si=TH2···H2O systems. In contrast, the HB complexes are generally more stable than TB complexes, and the TB complexes exhibit rather weak binding strength, for H2Si=TH2···HCl systems. The majority of the TB complexes formed between H2Si=TH2 and H2O possesses very strong binding strength with covalent characteristics. The noncovalent TB complexes can be divided into two types on the basis of the orbital interactions: π-hole complexes, with binding angles ranging from 91 to 111°, and hybrid σ/π-hole complexes, with binding angles ranging from 130 to 165°. The interplay between different molecular interactions has been explored, and an interesting result is that the covalent TB interaction is significantly abated and becomes noncovalent because of the competitive effect.
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10
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Li Z, An X. Strengthening of halogen bond in XCl∙∙∙FH∙∙∙F - through cooperativity with a strong hydrogen bond and proton transfer. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107673. [PMID: 32663778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A theoretical calculation has been performed for the ternary complexes XCl∙∙∙FH∙∙∙F- (X = CCH, CN, OH, NC, and F) and the corresponding binary complexes. The halogen bond in the dyad is very weak with the interaction energy less than 2.5 kcal/mol. Interestingly, the halogen bond gets a big enhancement when it combines with a very strong hydrogen bond in FH∙∙∙F-, and the largest interaction energy is up to ∼25.6 kcal/mol in FCl∙∙∙FH∙∙∙F-. The enhancement of halogen bond not only results in a larger elongation of X-Cl bond and a bigger redshift of the bond stretch vibration but also makes the blue-shifting halogen bond in NCCl∙∙∙FH be a red-shifting one in NCCl∙∙∙FH∙∙∙F-. The halogen bond belongs to a purely close-shell interaction in the dyad, while it becomes a partially covalent interaction in XCl∙∙∙FH∙∙∙F- (X = OH, NC, and F) with negative energy density. In FH∙∙∙F-, the proton is shared between the two F atoms, however, this proton transfers towards the F- end in XCl∙∙∙FH∙∙∙F-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongsheng Li
- School of Management and Engineering, Capital University of Economics and Business, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiulin An
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, People's Republic of China
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11
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Synergistic and antagonistic interplay between tetrel bond and pnicogen bond in complexes involving ring compounds. J Mol Model 2019; 25:351. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Orojloo M, Amani S. Colorimetric Detection of Pollutant Trivalent Cations and HSO 4− in Aqueous Media Using a New Schiff-base Probe: An Experimental and DFT Studies. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2019.1567561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeid Amani
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Sciences, Arak University, Arak, Iran
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13
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Dong W, Niu B, Liu S, Cheng J, Liu S, Li Q. Comparison of σ‐/π‐Hole Tetrel Bonds between TH
3
F/F
2
TO and H
2
CX (X=O, S, Se). Chemphyschem 2019; 20:627-635. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Dong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbo Niu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringQingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 PR China
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoli Liu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
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14
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Caballero-García G, Mondragón-Solórzano G, Torres-Cadena R, Díaz-García M, Sandoval-Lira J, Barroso-Flores J. Calculation of VS,max and Its Use as a Descriptor for the Theoretical Calculation of p Ka Values for Carboxylic Acids. Molecules 2018; 24:molecules24010079. [PMID: 30587832 PMCID: PMC6337188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The theoretical calculation of pKa values for Brønsted acids is a challenging task that involves sophisticated and time-consuming methods. Therefore, heuristic approaches are efficient and appealing methodologies to approximate these values. Herein, we used the maximum surface electrostatic potential (VS,max) on the acidic hydrogen atoms of carboxylic acids to describe the H-bond interaction with water (the same descriptor that is used to characterize σ-bonded complexes) and correlate the results with experimental pKa values to obtain a predictive model for other carboxylic acids. We benchmarked six different methods, all including an implicit solvation model (water): Five density functionals and the Møller–Plesset second order perturbation theory in combination with six different basis sets for a total of thirty-six levels of theory. The ωB97X-D/cc-pVDZ level of theory stood out as the best one for consistently reproducing the reported pKa values, with a predictive power of 98% correlation in a test set of ten other carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Caballero-García
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Unidad San Cayetano, Carretera Toluca⁻Atlacomulco km 14.5, Personal de la UNAM, Toluca 50200, Mexico.
| | - Gustavo Mondragón-Solórzano
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Unidad San Cayetano, Carretera Toluca⁻Atlacomulco km 14.5, Personal de la UNAM, Toluca 50200, Mexico.
| | - Raúl Torres-Cadena
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Unidad San Cayetano, Carretera Toluca⁻Atlacomulco km 14.5, Personal de la UNAM, Toluca 50200, Mexico.
| | - Marco Díaz-García
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Unidad San Cayetano, Carretera Toluca⁻Atlacomulco km 14.5, Personal de la UNAM, Toluca 50200, Mexico.
| | - Jacinto Sandoval-Lira
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Unidad San Cayetano, Carretera Toluca⁻Atlacomulco km 14.5, Personal de la UNAM, Toluca 50200, Mexico.
| | - Joaquín Barroso-Flores
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM, Unidad San Cayetano, Carretera Toluca⁻Atlacomulco km 14.5, Personal de la UNAM, Toluca 50200, Mexico.
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Esrafili MD, Mousavian P, Mohammadian-Sabet F. The influence of halogen-bonding cooperativity on the hydrogen and lithium bonds: an ab initio study. Mol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2018.1559373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi D. Esrafili
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Parisasadat Mousavian
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Fariba Mohammadian-Sabet
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
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Sethio D, Oliveira V, Kraka E. Quantitative Assessment of Tetrel Bonding Utilizing Vibrational Spectroscopy. Molecules 2018; 23:E2763. [PMID: 30366391 PMCID: PMC6278569 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A set of 35 representative neutral and charged tetrel complexes was investigated with the objective of finding the factors that influence the strength of tetrel bonding involving single bonded C, Si, and Ge donors and double bonded C or Si donors. For the first time, we introduced an intrinsic bond strength measure for tetrel bonding, derived from calculated vibrational spectroscopy data obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory and used this measure to rationalize and order the tetrel bonds. Our study revealed that the strength of tetrel bonds is affected by several factors, such as the magnitude of the σ-hole in the tetrel atom, the negative electrostatic potential at the lone pair of the tetrel-acceptor, the positive charge at the peripheral hydrogen of the tetrel-donor, the exchange-repulsion between the lone pair orbitals of the peripheral atoms of the tetrel-donor and the heteroatom of the tetrel-acceptor, and the stabilization brought about by electron delocalization. Thus, focusing on just one or two of these factors, in particular, the σ-hole description can only lead to an incomplete picture. Tetrel bonding covers a range of -1.4 to -26 kcal/mol, which can be strengthened by substituting the peripheral ligands with electron-withdrawing substituents and by positively charged tetrel-donors or negatively charged tetrel-acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sethio
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Vytor Oliveira
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, TX 75275-0314, USA.
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17
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Esrafili MD, Mousavian P. Strong Tetrel Bonds: Theoretical Aspects and Experimental Evidence. Molecules 2018; 23:E2642. [PMID: 30326582 PMCID: PMC6222713 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, noncovalent interactions involving group-14 elements of the periodic table acting as a Lewis acid center (or tetrel-bonding interactions) have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications in supramolecular chemistry, material science and so on. The aim of the present study is to characterize the geometry, strength and bonding properties of strong tetrel-bond interactions in some charge-assisted tetrel-bonded complexes. Ab initio calculations are performed, and the results are supported by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) approaches. The interaction energies of the anionic tetrel-bonded complexes formed between XF₃M molecule (X=F, CN; M=Si, Ge and Sn) and A- anions (A-=F-, Cl-, Br-, CN-, NC- and N₃-) vary between -16.35 and -96.30 kcal/mol. The M atom in these complexes is generally characterized by pentavalency, i.e., is hypervalent. Moreover, the QTAIM analysis confirms that the anionic tetrel-bonding interaction in these systems could be classified as a strong interaction with some covalent character. On the other hand, it is found that the tetrel-bond interactions in cationic tetrel-bonded [p-NH₃(C₆H₄)MH₃]⁺···Z and [p-NH₃(C₆F₄)MH₃]⁺···Z complexes (M=Si, Ge, Sn and Z=NH₃, NH₂CH₃, NH₂OH and NH₂NH₂) are characterized by a strong orbital interaction between the filled lone-pair orbital of the Lewis base and empty BD*M-C orbital of the Lewis base. The substitution of the F atoms in the benzene ring provides a strong orbital interaction, and hence improved tetrel-bond interaction. For all charge-assisted tetrel-bonded complexes, it is seen that the formation of tetrel-bond interaction is accompanied bysignificant electron density redistribution over the interacting subunits. Finally, we provide some experimental evidence for the existence of such charge-assisted tetrel-bond interactions in crystalline phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi D Esrafili
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 5513864596, Iran.
| | - Parisasadat Mousavian
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh 5513864596, Iran.
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Wei Y, Li Q, Yang X, McDowell SAC. Intramolecular Si⋅⋅⋅O Tetrel Bonding: Tuning of Substituents and Cooperativity. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Wei
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,; Yantai University,; Yantai 264005 China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,; Yantai University,; Yantai 264005 China
| | - Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,; Yantai University,; Yantai 264005 China
| | - Sean A. C. McDowell
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences; The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus; Barbados
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Xu H, Cheng J, Yang X, Liu Z, Li W, Li Q. Comparison of σ-Hole and π-Hole Tetrel Bonds Formed by Pyrazine and 1,4-Dicyanobenzene: The Interplay between Anion-π and Tetrel Bonds. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2442-2450. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huili Xu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yantai University; Yantai 264005 China
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yantai University; Yantai 264005 China
| | - Xin Yang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yantai University; Yantai 264005 China
| | - Zhenbo Liu
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yantai University; Yantai 264005 China
| | - Wenzuo Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yantai University; Yantai 264005 China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Yantai University; Yantai 264005 China
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García-LLinás X, Bauzá A, Seth SK, Frontera A. Importance of R–CF3···O Tetrel Bonding Interactions in Biological Systems. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5371-5376. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier García-LLinás
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. De Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. De Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain
| | - Saikat K. Seth
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. De Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. De Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca (Baleares), Spain
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Esrafili MD, Kiani H. Cooperativity between the hydrogen bonding and σ-hole interaction in linear NCX···(NCH)n=2–5 and O3Z···(NCH)n=2–5 complexes (X = Cl, Br; Z = Ar, Kr): a comparative study. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2016-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations are performed to investigate the cooperativity of hydrogen bonding with halogen or aerogen bonding interactions in linear NCX···(NCH)n=2–5 and O3Z···(NCH)n=2–5 clusters, where X = Cl, Br and Z = Ar, Kr. To understand the cooperativity mechanism in these systems, the corresponding binary NCX···NCH and O3Z···NCH complexes are also considered. The binding distances, interaction energies, and bonding properties of the NCX···(NCH)n=2–5 and O3Z···(NCH)n=2–5 clusters are analyzed in detail. It is found that the cooperative effects in the hydrogen bonding tend to strengthen X···N and Z···N interactions. For both NCX···(NCH)n and O3Z···(NCH)n clusters, a small bond shrinkage is observed from n = 4 to n = 5, which suggests that the cooperativity effects are almost saturated in the larger clusters (n > 5). As the size of the X or Z atom is increased, the magnitude of the cooperative energy in these systems is also increased, which is mainly ascribed to changes in electrostatic potentials and orbital interactions. Our results indicate that the cooperative effects lead to a substantial change in the 14N nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of the NCH molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi D. Esrafili
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Hossein Kiani
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
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Xu H, Cheng J, Yang X, Liu Z, Bo X, Li Q. Interplay between the σ-tetrel bond and σ-halogen bond in PhSiF3⋯4-iodopyridine⋯N-base. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02068f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Liu M, Li Q, Scheiner S. Comparison of tetrel bonds in neutral and protonated complexes of pyridineTF3and furanTF3(T = C, Si, and Ge) with NH3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:5550-5559. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp07531b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Protonation not only changes the primary interaction mode between α/β-furanCF3/p-PyCF3and NH3but also prominently enhances the strength of the Si/Ge⋯N tetrel bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiu Liu
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qingzhong Li
- The Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yantai University
- Yantai 264005
- People's Republic of China
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Utah State University
- Logan
- USA
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Esrafili MD, Vessally E. The strengthening effect of a hydrogen or lithium bond on the Z···N aerogen bond (Z = Ar, Kr and Xe): a comparative study. Mol Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2016.1227097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi D. Esrafili
- Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Esmail Vessally
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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Modulating the strength of tetrel bonding through beryllium bonding. J Mol Model 2016; 22:192. [PMID: 27464738 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations were performed to investigate the stability of the ternary complexes BeH2···XMH3···NH3 (X = F, Cl, and Br; M = C, Si, and Ge) and the corresponding binary complexes at the atomic level. Our results reveal that the stability of the XMH3···BeH2 complexes is mainly due to both a strong beryllium bond and a weak tetrel-hydride interaction, while the XMH3···NH3 complexes are stabilized by a tetrel bond. The beryllium bond with a halogen atom as the electron donor has many features in common with a beryllium bond with an O or N atom as the electron donor, although they do exhibit some different characteristics. The stability of the XMH3···NH3 complex is dominated by the electrostatic interaction, while the orbital interaction also makes an important contribution. Interestingly, as the identities of the X and M atoms are varied, the strength of the tetrel bond fluctuates in an irregular manner, which can explained by changes in electrostatic potentials and orbital interactions. In the ternary systems, both the beryllium bond and the tetrel bond are enhanced, which is mainly ascribed to increased electrostatic potentials on the corresponding atoms and charge transfer. In particular, when compared to the strengths of the tetrel and beryllium bonds in the binary systems, in the ternary systems the tetrel bond is enhanced to a greater degree than the beryllium bond. Graphical Abstract A tetrel bond can be strengthened greatly by a beryllium bond.
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Tetrel bonds between PySiX3 and some nitrogenated bases: Hybridization, substitution, and cooperativity. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 65:35-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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RCH3···O Interactions in Biological Systems: Are They Trifurcated H-Bonds or Noncovalent Carbon Bonds? CRYSTALS 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst6030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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