Recent investigations into deborylative (thio-/seleno-) cyanation of aryl boronic acids

In this review, we intend to summarize the most important discoveries in the deborylative (thio-/seleno-) cyanation of aryl boronic acids from 2006 to the end of 2023. Thus, the review is divided into three parts. The first section focuses exclusively on cyanation of aryl boronic acids into aryl nitriles. The second section covers the available literature on the synthesis of aryl thiocyanates through thiocyanation of respective aryl boronic acids. The third will discuss selenocyanation of aryl boronic acids into aryl selenocyanates.

Reductive coupling of nitro compounds with boronic acid derivatives: an overview

The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature on reductive C-N coupling of nitro compounds and boronic acids, with special emphasis on the mechanistic features of the reactions. The metal-catalyzed reactions are discussed first. This is followed by electro-synthesis and organophosphorus-catalyzed reactions. Finally, the available examples of catalyst-free reactions will be covered at the end of this review.

Theoretical study on efficient HF gas sensing by functionalized, decorated, and doped nanocone strategy

Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is a highly dangerous and corrosive gas that can cause severe burns and respiratory damage. The density functional theory method (DFT) used to study the interaction between the HF gas and the surface of a carbon nanocone (CNC) doped with gallium atom as a chemical sensor. The results showed that CNC wasn't a good candidate to sense the HF gas and consequently its electrical properties are changed insignificant. To improve the properties of the CNC, several strategies were tried: functionalizing by pyridinol (Pyr) and pyridinol oxide (PyrO), decorated with metals (M = B, Al, and Ga), and doped with element of third group (M = B, Al, and Ga). The obtained data demonstrated that the promising results were obtained by doping the CNC with Ga atom. After full optimization, we achieved one stable configuration between the HF gas and CNC-Ga structure (S15 configuration) with Eads = -19.86 kcal/mol. The electronic properties of the CNC-Ga structure is sensible changed after the HF molecule is adsorbed. According to calculated the energy gap between HOMO and LUMO orbitals of S15 configuration are increased which could be applied a chemical signal. Eventually, one could propose that the CNC-Ga has the ability to act as a Φ-type sensor based on its physical adsorption energy and quick recovery time and doped with gallium atom is a promising strategy.

Recent progress in reductive carboxylation of C-O bonds with CO2

Transformation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added organic compounds has attracted increasing interest of scientific community in the last few decades, not only because CO2 is the primary greenhouse gas that drives global climate change and ocean acidification, but also because it has been regarded as a plentiful, nontoxic, nonflammable and renewable one-carbon (C1) feedstock. Among the various CO2-conversion processes, carboxylation reactions represent one of the most beautiful and attractive research topics in the field, since it offers the possibility for the construction of synthetically and biologically important carboxylic acids from various easily accessible (pseudo)halides, organosilicon, and organoboron compounds. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available literature on deoxygenative carboxylation of alcohols and their derivatives utilizing CO2 as a carboxylative reagent. Depending on the C-O compounds employed, the paper is divided into five major sections. The direct dehydroxylative carboxylation of free alcohols is discussed first. This is followed by reductive carboxylation of carboxylates, triflates, and tosylates. In the final section, the only reported example on catalytic carboxylation of fluorosulfates will be covered. Notably, special attention has been paid on the mechanistic aspects of the reactions that may provide new insights into catalyst improvement and development, which currently mainly relies on the use of transition metal catalysts.

Aryl fluorosulfates: powerful and versatile partners in cross-coupling reactions

Aryl fluorosulfates are versatile building blocks in organic synthesis and have gained increasing attention in SuFEx (Sulfur Fluoride Exchange) click chemistry. They are easily and conveniently prepared from phenols using sulfuryl fluoride SO₂F₂ as a low-cost sulfonyl fluoride provider. Recently, they served as less toxic and more atom economical alternatives to triflates in an impressive number of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom cross-coupling reactions. In this review, we summarize the current advances and developments in applying aryl fluorosulfates as electrophilic partners in cross-coupling reactions.

Metalloporphyrin reduced C70 fullerenes as adsorbents and detectors of ethenone; A DFT, NBO, and TD-DFT study

In the present work, the structure and electronic properties of Ti-, Cr-, Fe-, Ni-, Zn-, and Cu-inserted in porphyrin-reduced C70 fullerenes (TM-PIC70Fs) and their interactions with the ethenone were studied using DFT, NBO, and TD-DFT at CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. 2.89-3.83 and 4.02-4.56 eV were obtained for the HOMO-LUMO gap energies and work functions of TM-PIC70Fs, respectively, compared with 3.76 and 4.54 eV for PIC70F. Among considered TM-PIC70Fs, the adsorption of the ethenone on Ti-PIC70F appreciably changed the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and work function. Consequently, Ti-PIC70F may be used as the ethenone's electronic conductivity and work function types sensor. According to calculated UV-visible spectra, the ethenone adsorption may change the color of Fe- and Ti-PIC70Fs. Therefore, they can be used as color-changing sensors of ethenone. In addition, Ti-, Cr-, Fe-, and Zn-PIC70Fs can be employed as suitable adsorbents of ethenone. Among proper sensors and adsorbents of ethenone, Cr-, Fe-, and Zn-PIC70Fs may be recovered and reused.

Adsorption of O2 molecule on the transition metals (TM(II) = Sc2+, Ti2+, V2+, Cr2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) porphyrins induced carbon nanocone (TM(II)PCNC)

In this work, the adsorption of the O₂ molecule on the transition metals (TM^(II) = Sc²⁺, Ti²⁺, V²⁺, Cr²⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺) porphyrins induced carbon nanocone (TM^(II)-PCNC) were investigated using density functional theory (DFT) in terms of stabilities, energetic, structural, and electronic properties. It has been found that the O₂ molecule is adsorbed on the TM^(II)-PCNC with adsorption energies in the range of 0.29 to -98.32 kcal/mol. The interaction between the O₂ gas and the Sc-PCNC molecule from the outer site is the strongest. The interaction of the O₂ gas over the Ni-PCNC molecule from both outer and inner sites is the weakest. It can be concluded that the suitable interaction energy (E_g) for sensing ability attributed to the Zn-PCNC because an effective and physical interaction between Zn-PCNC and the O₂ gas leads to short recovery time. DFT calculations also clarified that the high %ΔE_g of Zn-PCNC and hence the high sensitivity to the O₂ gas confirm that the Zn-PCNC molecule is a promising candidate for having a good sensing ability to the O₂ gas.

Butadiyne-linked porphyrin nanoring as a highly selective O2 gas sensor: A fast response hybrid sensor

The butadiyne-linked six-metalloporphyrin nanoring (Mg₆-P₆) and it's complex with a hexapyridyl template, Mg₆-P₆·T₆ have a great potential for employment in future nanoelectronic applications such as a nanosensor for small gas molecules. The goal of this study is to scrutinize and improvement of the CO, N_2, and O₂ gas sensing capacity of Mg₆-P₆ and Mg₆-P₆·T₆ using DFT calculations at CAM-B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of theory. The geometrical structures, binding energies, band gaps, the density of states (DOS), adsorption energies, HOMO and LUMO energies, Fermi level energies (E_FL), NBO, FMO and TD-DFT spectrum were calculated to predict gas adsorption properties of Mg₆-P₆ and Mg₆-P₆·T₆ systems. Based on the calculated adsorption energies and remarkable decrease in the Eg, it is expected that the Mg₆-P₆ and Mg₆-P₆·T₆ are sensitive to O₂ molecule. Surprisingly, the Mg₆-P₆-O₂ and specially the Mg₆-P₆.T₆-O₂ record promising values of recovery times for different attempt frequencies. Therefore, the results open a way for the development of a new and selective O₂ nanosensor in the presence of CO and N₂ gas molecules.

Carbon fixation of CO2 via cyclic reactions with borane in gaseous atmosphere leading to formic acid (and metaboric acid); A potential energy surface (PES) study

Carbon dioxide (CO₂), a stable gaseous species, occupies the troposphere layer of the atmosphere. Following it, the environment gets warmer, and the ecosystem changes as a consequence of disrupting the natural order of our life. Due to this, in the present reasearch, the possibility of carbon fixation of CO₂ by using borane was investigated. To conduct this, each of the probable reaction channels between borane and CO₂ was investigated to find the fate of this species. The results indicate that among all the channels, the least energetic path for the reaction is reactant complex (RC) to TS (A-1) to Int (A-1) to TS (A-D) to formic acid (and further meta boric acid production from the transformation of boric acid). It shows that use of gaseous borane might lead to controlling these dangerous greenhouse gases which are threatening the present form of life on Earth, our beautiful, fragile home.

Methods for Direct Reductive N-Methylation of Nitro Compounds

Direct reductive N-methylation of inexpensive and readily available nitro compounds as raw material feedstocks is more attractive and straightforward compared with conventional N-methylation of amines to prepare biologically and pharmaceutically important N-methylated amine derivatives. This strategy for synthesis of N-methylamines avoids prepreparation of NH-free amines and therefore significantly shortens the separation and purification steps. In recent years, numerous methylating agents and catalytic systems have been reported for this appealing transformation. Thus, it is an appropriate time to summarize such advances. This review elaborates on the most important discoveries and advances in this research arena, with special emphasis on the mechanistic aspect of reactions that may provide new insights into catalyst improvement.

Strategies for the direct oxidative esterification of thiols with alcohols

This review paper provides an overview of the main strategies for the oxidative esterification of thiols with alcohols. The review is divided into two major parts according to final products. The first includes the methods for the synthesis of sulfinic esters, while the second contains the procedures for the fabrication of sulfonic ester derivatives.

This review paper provides an overview of the main strategies for the oxidative esterification of thiols with alcohols.

Direct selenosulfonylation of unsaturated compounds: a review

In this review, we have discussed recent developments on the direct selenosulfonylation of unsaturated compounds which lead to the formation of two new carbon-sulfur and carbon-selenium bonds in a single operation. The reactions were classified based on the type of starting unsaturated compound and product. Thus, the review is divided into three major sections. The first describes the current literature on selenosulfonylation of alkenes. The second section covers the available literature on selenosulfonylation of alkynes. The third focuses exclusively on selenosulfonylation of allenes.

In this review, we have discussed recent developments on the direct selenosulfonylation of unsaturated compounds which lead to the formation of two new carbon-sulfur and carbon-selenium bonds in a single operation.

Substitution effects via aromaticity, polarizability, APT, AIM, IR analysis, and hydrogen adsorption in C20-nTin nanostructures: a DFT survey

In this paper, the substitution effects of titanium heteroatom(s) on aromaticity, the average isotropic polarizability (< α >), the atomic polar tensor (APT) charge, the electrostatic potential (ESP) map, and the atoms in molecule (AIM) analysis along with infrared (IR) spectroscopy of C₂₀ fullerene and its C_20-nTi_n derivatives (n = 1-5) are probed via density functional theory (DFT). The nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) specify that substitution effect causes more aromaticity character of the optimized heterofullerenes than benzene molecule and higher APT charge distribution upon surfaces of them than pure cage. The highest negative and positive APT charge distribution on carbons of C₁₅Ti₅ and titanium substitutions of C₁₆Ti_4-2 implies that these sites can be attacked more readily by electrophilic and nucleophilic regents, respectively. We are very pleased to state that isolating the Ti-Ti single bonds by intermediacy of one or two C atoms is an applicable strategy for attaining the highest APT charge distribution on Ti atoms of C₁₆Ti_4-2 as suitable hydrogen storage. AIM analysis of the studied C_20-nAl_n derivatives signifies the highest electron density (ρ (r)) of 0.294 a.u. and the highest positive Laplacian of electron density (∇²ρ (r)) of 0.190 a.u., at bond critical points (BCPs) of C-Ti bond in the most stable C₁₉Ti₁ species. This heterofullerene shows the lowest < α > between the studied structures. IR spectroscopy shows that exclusive of C₁₆Ti_4-1 (as transition state), the other optimized hollow cages (as global minima) have no imaginary frequency.

Direct halosulfonylation of alkynes: an overview

The difunctionalization reactions of easily available and inexpensive alkynes have emerged as a reliable, powerful, and step-economical approach for the construction of highly substituted complex alkenes in a one-pot manner, without the need for isolation of intermediates. A wide variety of transformations based on this concept have been successfully achieved for the preparation of synthetically and biologically important β-halovinyl sulfone scaffolds. In this Review, we summarize the recent advances and developments in this field and present a comprehensive overview of halosulfonylation of alkyne substrates with emphasis on the mechanistic features of the reactions.

Alkoxysulfenylation of alkenes: development and recent advances

Among the wide variety of synthetic transformations of inexpensive and abundant feedstock alkenes, vicinal difunctionalization of carbon-carbon double bonds represent one of the most powerful and effective strategies for the introduction of two distinct functional groups into target compounds in a one-pot process. In this context, the direct alkoxysulfenylation of alkenes has emerged as an elegant method to construct valuable β-alkoxy sulfides in an atom- and pot-economic manner utilizing readily accessible starting materials. Here, we review the available literature on this appealing research topic by hoping that it will be beneficial for eliciting further research and thinking in this domain.

Direct synthesis of sulfenamides, sulfinamides, and sulfonamides from thiols and amines

Needless to say that organosulfur compounds with sulfur–nitrogen bonds have found various applications in diverse fields such as pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, polymers, and so forth. Three major groups of such compounds are sulfenamides, sulfinamides, and sulfonamides which have been widely applied as building blocks in medical chemistry. Owing to their significant role in drug design and discovery programs, the search for and development of efficient, environmentally friendly, and economic processes for the preparation of the title compounds is of great importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, oxidative coupling of thiols and amines, two readily available low-cost commodity chemicals, has emerged as a highly useful method for synthesizing structurally diverse sulfenamides, sulfinamides, and sulfonamides in a single step. Since this strategy does not require additional pre-functionalization and de-functionalization steps, it considerably streamlines synthetic routes and substantially reduces waste generation. This review will focus on recent advances and achievements in this attractive research arena.

This review provides a concise overview of the synthesis of biologically and synthetically valuable sulfenamide, sulfinamide, and sulfonamide derivatives through the direct oxidative coupling of readily available low-cost thiols and amines.

Progress and recent trends in the direct selenocyanation of (hetero)aromatic C-H bonds

This review covers recent advances in the direct selenocyanation of (hetero)aromatic C-H bonds with an emphasis on the reaction mechanisms. This novel approach is an effective means of preparing a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic selenocyanates, which are extremely versatile synthetic precursors of selenium-containing compounds, such as selenols, seleninic acids, selenides, diselenides, and trifluoromethyl selenides.

Hydroxysulfonylation of alkenes: an update

The direct difunctionalization of inexpensive and widely available alkenes has been recognized as a strong and straightforward tool for the rapid fabrication of complex molecules and pharmaceutical targets by introducing two different functional groups on adjacent carbon atoms of common alkene moieties in a single operation. This synthetic strategy avoids the purification and isolation of the intermediates and thus makes synthetic schemes shorter, simpler and cleaner. In this family of reactions, the hydroxysulfonylation of alkenes has emerged as an increasingly promising strategy for the synthesis of β-hydroxysulfones, which are found in many biologically important molecules and widespread applications in organic synthesis. The objective of this review is to illustrate the advancements in the field of hydroxysulfonylation of alkenes with special emphasis on the mechanistic details of the reaction pathways.

The direct difunctionalization of alkenes recognized as a straightforward tool for the rapid fabrication of complex molecules and pharmaceutical targets by introducing two different functional groups on adjacent carbon atoms of common alkene moieties.

Vicinal halo-trifluoromethylation of alkenes

Both trifluoromethyl and halide groups are widely found in medicinally and pharmaceutically important compounds and, moreover, organohalides are commonly used as versatile intermediates in synthetic organic chemistry. Due to their prevalence and easy accessibility, alkene halo-trifluoromethylation provides a convenient way to install these valuable functionalities in complex targets. In this review, we summarize recent advances and achievements in this fast-growing research field. For clarity, the reactions were classified according to the type of halogen atom.

Intermolecular difunctionalization of alkenes: synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides

Direct difunctionalization of carbon-carbon double bonds is one of the most powerful tools available for concomitant introduction of two functional groups into olefinic substrates. In this context, vicinal hydroxysulfenylation of unactivated alkenes has emerged as a novel and straightforward strategy for the fabrication of β-hydroxy sulfides, which are extremely valuable starting materials in constructing various natural products, pharmaceuticals, and fine chemicals. The aim of this review is to summarize the most representative and important reports on the preparation of β-hydroxy sulfides through intermolecular hydroxysulfenylation of the corresponding alkenes with special emphasis on the mechanistic features of the reactions.

Hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronene nanographene as a promising anode material for Mg-ion batteries

We investigated the possible use of a hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronene nanographene (HCHN) as an anode material for Mg-ion batteries (MIBs) implementing the B3LYP-gCP-D3/6-31G* scheme. The Mg cation or atom is adsorbed on the HCHN with the adsorption energy of - 200.3 or - 4.7 kcal/mol. The energy barrier related to transferring Mg cation on the HCHN surface was calculated to be 7.5 kcal/mol, producing the diffusion coefficient of 1.90 × 10^-8 cm²/s. It shows that the ion mobility is high and the rate of charge or discharge is fast. The calculated specific storage capacity of HCHN is 589.4 mAh/g and the great cell voltage is 4.23 V that is generated by the interaction of cation-π between Mg²⁺ and HCHN, which is strong. The HCHN is considered an ideal candidate to be used as an anode material in MIBs since its storage capacity and ion mobility are high, and it has a large cell voltage.

Recent progress in application of nanocatalysts for carbonylative Suzuki cross-coupling reactions

In the past few decades, cross-coupling of aryl halides and arylboronic acids in the presence of carbon monoxide (CO), also called carbonylative Suzuki coupling, to form two new carbon-carbon bonds in the production of synthetically and biologically important biaryl ketones, has been widely studied. Consequently, various catalytic systems have been extensively investigated in order to maximize the efficiency of this appealing area of biaryl ketone synthesis. As evidenced in the literature, nanometal-based systems are among the most powerful catalysts for this transformation as their large surface area to volume ratio and reactive morphologies allow faster reaction rates under milder CO pressure even at very low catalyst loadings. This review aims to provide an overview of the recent advances and achievements in the application of nano-sized metal catalysts for carbonylative Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, which may serve as an inspiration to researchers in their future work.

The recent development of donepezil structure-based hybrids as potential multifunctional anti-Alzheimer's agents: highlights from 2010 to 2020

Dementia is a term used to define different brain disorders that affect memory, thinking, behavior, and emotion. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the second cause of dementia that is generated by the death of cholinergic neurons (especially acetylcholine (ACh)), which have a vital role in cognition. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) affect acetylcholine levels in the brain and are broadly used to treat Alzheimer's. Donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, which are FDA-approved drugs for AD, are cholinesterase inhibitors. In addition, scientists are attempting to develop hybrid molecules and multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) that can simultaneously modulate multiple biological targets. This review highlights recent examples of MTDLs and fragment-based strategy in the rational design of new potential AD medications from 2010 onwards.

This review highlights recent examples of multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) based on donepezil structure modification from 2010 onwards.

Recent trends in dehydroxylative trifluoro-methylation, -methoxylation, -methylthiolation, and -methylselenylation of alcohols

This review studies on the direct dehydroxylative trifluoromethylation, trifluoromethoxylation, trifluoromethylthiolation, and trifluoromethylselenylation of alcohols.

Recent advances in intermolecular 1,2-difunctionalization of alkenes involving trifluoromethylthiolation

Trifluoromethylthiolative difunctionalization of alkenes, a cheap and abundant feedstock, which installs a trifluoromethylthiol (SCF₃) group and another unique functional group across the carbon–carbon double bonds, provides an ideal strategy for the preparation of β-functionalized alkyl trifluoromethyl sulfides and has become a hot topic recently.

Recent trends in the direct oxyphosphorylation of C-C multiple bonds

Due to the wide importance of β-phosphorylated ketones as key building-blocks in the fabrication of various pharmaceutically active organophosphorus compounds, finding new and truly efficient methods for their preparation from simple, low-cost and ubiquitous feedstock materials within a single click is an interesting subject in organic synthesis. Recently, oxyfunctionalization of carbon-carbon multiple bonds has arisen as a straightforward and versatile tool for the synthesis of complex organic molecules from the simple and easily accessible alkenes/alkynes via a single operation. In this context, oxyphosphorylation of alkenes/alkynes with P(O)-H compounds has attracted considerable attention as a unique procedure for the construction of β-phosphorylated ketones. In this review, we outline the recent advances and developments in this fast-growing research field with particular emphasis on the mechanistic aspects of reaction.

Direct sulfonamidation of (hetero)aromatic C-H bonds with sulfonyl azides: a novel and efficient route to N-(hetero)aryl sulfonamides

N-Aryl sulfonamides belong to a highly important class of organosulfur compounds which are found in a number of FDA-approved drugs such as dofetilide, dronedarone, ibutilide, sotalol, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, vemurafenib, and many more. There is therefore continuing interest in the development of novel and convenient protocols for the preparation of these pharmaceutically important compounds. Recently, direct sulfonamidation of (hetero)aromatic C–H bonds with easily available sulfonyl azides has emerged as an attractive and powerful strategy to access N-(hetero)aryl sulfonamides where non-toxic nitrogen gas forms as the sole by-product. This review highlights recent advances and developments (2012–2020) in this fast growing research area with emphasis on the mechanistic features of the reactions.

N-Aryl sulfonamides belong to a highly important class of organosulfur compounds which are found in a number of FDA-approved drugs such as dofetilide, dronedarone, ibutilide, sotalol, sulfadiazine, sulfamethizole, vemurafenib, and many more.

Cross-dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions Between Formamidic C(sp2)-H and X-H (X = C, O, N) Bonds

In the last decade, the scientific community has witnessed explosive growth in research on the direct carbamoylation of C-H and X-H (X = N, O) bonds with formamides via cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions. This novel approach is an effective means of preparing a variety of carboxamide, carbamate as well as urea derivatives, which are prevalent in medicinal chemistry and natural product synthesis. This review elaborates the most important advances and developments in the field, with an emphasis on the reaction patterns and mechanisms.