1
|
Dresler E, Wróblewska A, Jasiński R. Energetic Aspects and Molecular Mechanism of 3-Nitro-substituted 2-Isoxazolines Formation via Nitrile N-Oxide [3+2] Cycloaddition: An MEDT Computational Study. Molecules 2024; 29:3042. [PMID: 38998997 PMCID: PMC11243562 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Regioselectivity and the molecular mechanism of the [3+2] cycloaddition reaction between nitro-substituted formonitrile N-oxide 1 and electron-rich alkenes were explored on the basis of the wb97xd/6-311+G(d) (PCM) quantum chemical calculations. It was established that the thermodynamic factors allow for the formation of stable cycloadducts along all considered models. The analysis of the kinetic parameters of the main processes show that all [3+2] cycloadditions should be realized with full regioselectivity. In all cases, the formation of 5-substituted 3-nitro-2-isoxazolidines is clearly preferred. It is interesting that regiodirection is not determined by the local electrophile/nucleophile interactions but by steric effects. From a mechanistic point of view, all considered reactions should be treated as polar, one-step reactions. All attempts to locate the hypothetical zwitterionic intermediates along the cycloaddition paths were, however, not successful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dresler
- Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Aneta Wróblewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Łódź, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rehman U, Mansha A, Zahid M, Asim S, Zahoor AF, Rehan ZA. Quantum mechanical modeling unveils the effect of substitutions on the activation barriers of the Diels–Alder reactions of an antiviral compound 7H-benzo[a]phenalene. Struct Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-022-01948-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
3
|
Kutskaya AM, Serkov SA, Voronin VV, Ledovskaya MS, Polynski MV. Negligible Substituent Effect as Key to Synthetic Versatility: a Computational‐Experimental Study of Vinyl Ethers Addition to Nitrile Oxides. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia M. Kutskaya
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Semyon A. Serkov
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Vladimir V. Voronin
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Maria S. Ledovskaya
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Polynski
- Institute of Chemistry Saint Petersburg State University Universitetsky Prospect 26 Saint Petersburg 198504 Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
- MSU Faculty of Chemistry Leninskiye Gory 1–3 Moscow 119991 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sadi S, Khorief Nacereddine A, Djerourou A. The effects of solvent nature and steric hindrance on the reactivity, mechanism and selectivity of the cationic imino‐Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction between cationic 2‐azadienes and arylpropene. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Sadi
- Synthesis and Biocatalysis Organic Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences Badji Mokhtar‐Annaba University Annaba Algeria
| | - Abdelmalek Khorief Nacereddine
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Biology of Materials, Department of Physics and Chemistry Higher Normal School of Technological Education—Skikda Skikda Algeria
| | - Abdelhafid Djerourou
- Synthesis and Biocatalysis Organic Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences Badji Mokhtar‐Annaba University Annaba Algeria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Y, Long Z, Yan L, Liu L, Yang L, Le Y. Discovery of 4-nitro-3-phenylisoxazole derivatives as potent antibacterial agents derived from the studies of [3 + 2] cycloaddition. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25633-25638. [PMID: 36199305 PMCID: PMC9455768 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysubstituted phenylisoxazoles were designed and synthesized to discover new antibacterial agents via [3 + 2] cycloaddition. Thirty-five compounds with a phenylisoxazole scaffold were characterized by NMR, HRMS, and X-ray techniques. After being evaluated against Xanthomonas oryzae (Xoo), Pseudomonas syringae (Psa), and Xanthomonas axonopodis (Xac), 4-nitro-3-phenylisoxazole derivatives were found to better antibacterial activities. Further studies have shown that the EC50 values of these compounds were much better than that of the positive control, bismerthiazol. Thirty-five compounds with phenylisoxazole scaffold were synthesized via [3+2] cycloaddition. After being evaluated against Xoo, Psa and Xac, 4-nitro-3-phenylisoxazole derivatives were found well antibacterial activities.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhiwu Long
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Longjia Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lan Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi Le
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Guizhou Engineering Laboratory for Synthetic Drugs, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zawadzińska K, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Kula K, Woliński P, Mirosław B, Krawczyk T, Jasiński R. The Participation of 3,3,3-Trichloro-1-nitroprop-1-ene in the [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction with Selected Nitrile N-Oxides in the Light of the Experimental and MEDT Quantum Chemical Study. Molecules 2021; 26:6774. [PMID: 34833866 PMCID: PMC8622200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The regioselective zw-type [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reactions of a series of aryl-substituted nitrile N-oxides (NOs) with trichloronitropropene (TNP) have been both experimentally and theoretically studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). Zwitterionic NOs behave as moderate nucleophiles while TNP acts as a very strong electrophile in these polar 32CA reactions of forward electron density flux, which present moderate activation Gibbs free energies of 22.8-25.6 kcal·mol-1 and an exergonic character of 28.4 kcal·mol-1 that makes them irreversible and kinetically controlled. The most favorable reaction is that involving the most nucleophilic MeO-substituted NO. Despite Parr functions correctly predicting the experimental regioselectivity with the most favorable O-CCCl3 interaction, these reactions follow a two-stage one-step mechanism in which formation of the O-C(CCl3) bond takes place once the C-C(NO2) bond is already formed. The present MEDT concludes that the reactivity differences in the series of NOs come from their different nucleophilic activation and polar character of the reactions, rather than any mechanistic feature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Zawadzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.Z.); (K.K.); (P.W.)
| | - Mar Ríos-Gutiérrez
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Karolina Kula
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.Z.); (K.K.); (P.W.)
| | - Przemysław Woliński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.Z.); (K.K.); (P.W.)
| | - Barbara Mirosław
- Department of General and Coordination Chemistry and Crystallography, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Krawczyk
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Petrochemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (K.Z.); (K.K.); (P.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cuesta SA, Márquez EA, Loroño MA, Paz J, Mora JR. Theoretical study on the flash vacuum gas-phase pyrolysis reaction mechanism of 2-(2-benzylidenehydrazinyl)pyridine and analogous. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
8
|
Ledovskaya MS, Polynski MV, Ananikov VP. One-Pot and Two-Chamber Methodologies for Using Acetylene Surrogates in the Synthesis of Pyridazines and Their D-Labeled Derivatives. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:2286-2297. [PMID: 34152671 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acetylene surrogates are efficient tools in modern organic chemistry with largely unexplored potential in the construction of heterocyclic cores. Two novel synthetic paths to 3,6-disubstituted pyridazines were proposed using readily available acetylene surrogates through flexible C2 unit installation procedures in a common reaction space mode (one-pot) and distributed reaction space mode (two-chamber): (1) an interaction of 1,2,4,5-tetrazine and its acceptor-functionalized derivatives with a CaC2 -H2 O mixture performed in a two-chamber reactor led to the corresponding pyridazines in quantitative yields; (2) [4+2] cycloaddition of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines to benzyl vinyl ether can be considered a universal synthetic path to a wide range of pyridazines. Replacing water with D2 O and vinyl ether with its trideuterated analog in the developed procedures, a range of 4,5-dideuteropyridazines of 95-99% deuteration degree was synthesized for the first time. Quantum chemical modeling allowed to quantify the substituent effect in both synthetic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria S Ledovskaya
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky prospect 26, Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Polynski
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky prospect 26, Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia.,N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky prospect 26, Saint Petersburg, 198504, Russia.,N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Guan Y, Zhu X, Gao Y, Ma H, Song J. Initial Thermal Decomposition Mechanism of (NH 2) 2C=C(NO 2)(ONO) Revealed by Double-Hybrid Density Functional Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15292-15299. [PMID: 34151108 PMCID: PMC8210442 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work employs double-hybrid density functionals to re-examine the CO-NO bond dissociation mechanism of nitrite isomer of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitro-ethylene (DADNE) into (NH2)2C=C(NO2)O and nitric monoxide (NO). The calculated results confirm that an activated barrier is present in the CO-NO bond dissociation process of (NH2)2C=C(NO2)(ONO). Furthermore, it is proposed that a radical-radical adduct is involved in the exit dissociation path with subsequent dissociation to separate (NH2)2C=C(NO2)O and NO radicals. The activation and reaction enthalpies at 298.15 K for the nitrite isomer dissociation are predicted to be 43.6 and 5.4 kJ mol-1 at the B2PLYP/6-31G(d,p) level, respectively. Employing the B2PLYP/6-31G(d,p) reaction energetics, gradient, Hessian, and geometries, the kinetic model for the CO-NO bond dissociation of (NH2)2C=C(NO2)(ONO) is obtained by a fitting to the modified Arrhenius form 1.05 × 1013(T/300)0.39 exp[-27.80(T + 205.32)/R(T 2 + 205.322)] in units of per second over the temperature range 200-3000 K based on the canonical variational transition-state theory with multidimensional small-curvature tunneling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Guan
- . Tel: +86-29-88307755. Fax: +86-29-88302632
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Application of β-Phosphorylated Nitroethenes in [3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions Involving Benzonitrile N-Oxide in the Light of a DFT Computational Study. ORGANICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/org2010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The regiochemistry of [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) processes between benzonitrile N-oxide 1 and β-phosphorylated analogues of nitroethenes 2a–c has been studied using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) at the M062X/6-31+G(d) theory level. The obtained results of reactivity indices show that benzonitrile N-oxide 1 can be classified both as a moderate electrophile and moderate nucleophile, while β-phosphorylated analogues of nitroethenes 2a–c can be classified as strong electrophiles and marginal nucleophiles. Moreover, the analysis of CDFT shows that for [3+2] cycloadditions with the participation of β-phosphorylatednitroethene 2a and β-phosphorylated α-cyanonitroethene 2b, the more favored reaction path forms 4-nitro-substituted Δ2-isoxazolines 3a–b, while for a reaction with β-phosphorylated β-cyanonitroethene 2c, the more favored path forms 5-nitro-substituted Δ2-isoxazoline 4c. This is due to the presence of a cyano group in the alkene. The CDFT study correlates well with the analysis of the kinetic description of the considered reaction channels. Moreover, DFT calculations have proven the clearly polar nature of all analyzed [3+2] cycloaddition reactions according to the polar one-step mechanism.
Collapse
|
11
|
Theoretical mechanistic study on the reaction of the methoxymethyl radical with nitrogen dioxide. J Mol Model 2021; 27:18. [PMID: 33409704 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Mechanism of the reaction of CH3OCH2 with NO2 is explored theoretically at the M062X/MG3S and G4 levels. The calculated results indicate two stable association intermediates, CH3OCH2NO2 (IM1) and CH3OCH2ONO (IM2), which can be produced by the attack of the nitrogen or oxygen atom of NO2 to terminal carbon atom of CH3OCH2 without barrier involved. IM2 is found to take trans (IM2a)-cis (IM2b) conversion and isomerization to IM1, with the following stability order IM2a > IM2b > IM1. Starting from IM2a, the most feasible pathway is the direct O-NO bond cleavage leading to P1 (CH3OCH2O + NO) or the H-shift and O-NO bond rupture to produce P2 (CH3OCHO + HNO), both of which have comparable contribution to the title reaction. There also involves an H-transfer from the methyl group of IM2a to the N atom with the simultaneous dissociations of the C-O and O-N bonds to produce P4 (2CH2O + HNO). In addition, another dissociation pathway is open to IM2b which decompose to P5 (CH2O + CH3ONO) by the O-N and C-O bond scissions and the recombination of CH3O and NO. Because all the intermediates and transition states involved in the above pathways lie below reactants, the CH3OCH2 + NO2 reaction is expected to be rapid. Subsequent dissociation of IM1 and direct H-abstraction between CH3OCH2 and NO2 are kinetically almost inhibited due to significantly high barriers. The present results can lead us to deeply understand the mechanism of the title reaction and may be helpful for understanding NO2 combustion chemistry.
Collapse
|
12
|
Kącka-Zych A, Jasiński R. Understanding the molecular mechanism of the stereoselective conversion of N-trialkylsilyloxy nitronates into bicyclic isoxazoline derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of N-trialkylsilyloxy nitronates into bicyclic isoxazoline derivatives has been explored using the density functional theory method within the context of molecular electron density theory at the ωB97XD(PCM)/6-311G(d,p) level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kącka-Zych
- Cracow University of Technology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Warszawska 24
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Cracow University of Technology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology
- Warszawska 24
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yan J, Wang Y, Hou S, Shi L, Zhu X, Hao X, Song M. NCC Pincer Ni (II) Complexes Catalyzed Hydrophosphination of Nitroalkenes with Diphenylphosphine. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Bing Wang
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Senyao Hou
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xinju Zhu
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Qi Hao
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| | - Mao‐Ping Song
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University No. 100 of Science Road Zhengzhou Henan 450001 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Buddensiek D, Mlostoń G, Matczak P, Voss J. A DFT study on the mechanism of the formation of 1,4,2,3‐dithiadiazinanes by head‐to‐head [3 + 3] cyclodimerization of thiocarbonyl
S
‐imides. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Buddensiek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Jürgen Voss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jasiński R. On the question of the molecular mechanism of N-nitropyrazole rearrangement. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
16
|
Jasiński R. Selenyl analog of the (Z)-C,N-diphenylnitrone as the TAC in [3 + 2] cycloaddition with nitroethene: A DFT computational study. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2020.1760865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Radomir Jasiński
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abbiche K, Acharjee N, Salah M, Hilali M, Laknifli A, Komiha N, Marakchi K. Unveiling the mechanism and selectivity of [3+2] cycloaddition reactions of benzonitrile oxide to ethyl trans-cinnamate, ethyl crotonate and trans-2-penten-1-ol through DFT analysis. J Mol Model 2020; 26:279. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
18
|
Hussein EM, El Guesmi N, Moussa Z, Pal U, Pal SK, Saha Dasgupta T, Ahmed SA. Unprecedented Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrene-Grafted Dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3″-indolines]: Expedient Experimental and Theoretical Insights into Polar [3 + 2] Cycloaddition. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:24081-24094. [PMID: 32984730 PMCID: PMC7513337 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of dispiro[indoline-3,2'-pyrrolidine-3',3″-indolines] was synthesized via a multicomponent polar [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of isatin derivatives, sarcosine and (E)-3-(2-oxo-2-(pyren-1-yl)ethylidene)indolin-2-one derivatives. The regio- and stereochemistries of the cycloadducts were established on the basis of one-dimensional (1D) (1H-, 13C-, 13C-CRAPT NMR) and two-dimensional (2D) homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation NMR spectrometry experiments (1H-1H gDQFCOSY, 13C-1H-HSQCAD, 13C-1H-HMBCAD, 1H-1H-ROESYAD). The molecular mechanism and regio- and stereoselectivities of the cycloaddition (CA) reaction have been investigated utilizing a density functional theory (DFT) method and were thoroughly explained based on the transition-state stabilities and global/local electrophilicity/nucleophilicity reactivity indices of the reactants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Hussein
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nizar El Guesmi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Département
de Chimie, Faculté des Sciences de
Monastir, Avenue de l’Environnement, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ziad Moussa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, United
Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Uttam Pal
- Technical
Research Centre, S.N. Bose National Centre
for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Samir K. Pal
- Department
of Chemical, Biological & Macromolecular Sciences, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, JD Block, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Tanusri Saha Dasgupta
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Block JD, Sector III, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Saleh A. Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955 Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut
University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kącka-Zych A, Jasiński R. Molecular mechanism of Hetero Diels-Alder reactions between (E)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitrobut-2-enes and enamine systems in the light of Molecular Electron Density Theory. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 101:107714. [PMID: 32898835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the reaction of (E)-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-nitrobut-2-ene 1 with 3,3-dimethyl-2-morpholinobutene 2 has been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). This theoretical study confirm the possibility of the formation of zwitterionic structures in the first reaction stage. Interestingly, that localized zwitterions are however not common intermediates for identified in the postreaction mixture products. The further Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) study show, that the key, HDA reaction takes place in one-step but in a non-concerted manner since three stages are clearly identified. First the C5-C6 double bond breaks, then the C1-C2 bond breaks, and in the last phase we observed the formation of the C1-C6 single bond and V(C2) and V' (C2) pseudoradical centers in Z1 molecule. In turn, the molecular mechanism of the conversion of zwitterion Z1 to product 3 can be divided also in three groups in which we observed the disappearance of the two pseudoradical centers and formation O4-C5 single and C3-N3 double bonds, respectively.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kącka-Zych A, Jasiński R. A DFT study on the molecular mechanism of the conjugated nitroalkenes polymerization process initiated by selected unsaturated nucleophiles. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe participation of the nitroethene and its α-substituted analogs as model nitrofunctionalized monomers, and (Z)-C,N-diphenylnitrone and methyl vinyl ether as initiators in the polymerization reactions, has been analyzed in the framework of the density functional theory calculations at the M06-2X(PCM)/6-311 + G(d) level. Our computational study suggests the zwitterionic mechanism of the polymerization process. The exploration of the nature of critical structures shows that the first reaction stage exhibits evidently polar nature, whereas additions of further nitroalkene molecules to the polynitroalkyl molecular system formed should be considered as moderate polar processes. The more detailed view on the molecular transformations gives analysis based on the bonding evolution theory. This study shows that the case of polymerization reaction between nitroethene and (Z)-C,N-diphenylnitrone allows for distinguishing eleven topologically different phases, while, in the case of polymerization reaction nitroethene and methyl vinyl ether, we can distinguish nine different phases.
Collapse
|
21
|
Acharjee N. Theoretical analysis of the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of spiroisoxazolines. J Mol Model 2020; 26:117. [PMID: 32382954 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-020-04372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of benzonitrile oxide to α-methylene cyclopentanone and propionitrile oxide to γ-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone, yielding regio- and stereochemically defined spiroisoxazolines, has been studied at the MPWB1K/6-311G(d,p) computational level. These processes proceed by a one-step mechanism through asynchronous transition states. Ortho regioselectivity and anti diastereofacial selectivity are predicted in complete agreement with the experimental outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Acharjee
- Department of Chemistry, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, 713214, India.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kula K, Dobosz J, Jasiński R, Kącka-Zych A, Łapczuk-Krygier A, Mirosław B, Demchuk OM. [3+2] Cycloaddition of diaryldiazomethanes with (E)-3,3,3-trichloro-1-nitroprop-1-ene: An experimental, theoretical and structural study. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
23
|
Kącka-Zych A. Push-pull nitronates in the [3+2] cycloaddition with nitroethylene: Molecular Electron Density Theory study. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107549. [PMID: 32028111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The structure and the participation of the N-methoxy-N-[bis(methoxycarbonyl)methylene]amine N-oxide as model push-pull nitronate 1 with nitroethylene 2 in [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction have been analyzed within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) using Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP(PCM)/6-31G(d) level. Topological analysis of the Electron Localization Function (ELF) of nitronate 1 reveals that this compound has pseudoradical center, while the conceptual DFT reactivity indices characterizes this three-atom-component (TAC) as a strong electrophile. The analyzed 32CA reaction takes place through a one-step mechanism. A Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) study of the more favorable reaction path associated with the 32CA reaction of nitronate 1 with nitroethylene 2 indicates that it is associated with a non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism, in which the activation energy is mainly related with to the initial formation of the O3-C4 single bond. In the case of this reaction, an additional mechanism with formation of intermediate 7 is also found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kącka-Zych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155, Cracow, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mlostoń G, Jasiński R, Kula K, Heimgartner H. A DFT Study on the Barton-Kellogg Reaction - The Molecular Mechanism of the Formation of Thiiranes in the Reaction between Diphenyldiazomethane and Diaryl Thioketones. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry; University of Łódź; Tamka 12 91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Warszawska 24 31-155 Krakow Poland
| | - Karolina Kula
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Technology; Cracow University of Technology; Warszawska 24 31-155 Krakow Poland
| | - Heinz Heimgartner
- Department of Chemistry; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
ELIJAH SHOLA. Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach for kinetic and thermodynamic study of reaction mechanism of copper (II) complex from 2-hydrazinyl-4,5-dihydro-1h-imidazole and anthracene-9-carbaldehyde. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.527827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
26
|
The structural aspects of the transformation of 3-nitroisoxazoline-2-oxide to 1-aza-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane derivatives: Experimental and MEDT theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Competition between [2 + 1]- and [4 + 1]-cycloaddition mechanisms in reactions of conjugated nitroalkenes with dichlorocarbene in the light of a DFT computational study. J Mol Model 2019; 25:157. [PMID: 31079231 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
29
|
Kułaga D, Jaśkowska J, Jasiński R. Microwave‐Assisted Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Ipsapirone. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Kułaga
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyCracow University of Technology ul. Warszawska 24 31‐155 Kraków Poland
| | - Jolanta Jaśkowska
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyCracow University of Technology ul. Warszawska 24 31‐155 Kraków Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and TechnologyCracow University of Technology ul. Warszawska 24 31‐155 Kraków Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dresler E, Kącka-Zych A, Kwiatkowska M, Jasiński R. Regioselectivity, stereoselectivity, and molecular mechanism of [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between 2-methyl-1-nitroprop-1-ene and (Z)-C-aryl-N-phenylnitrones: a DFT computational study. J Mol Model 2018; 24:329. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-018-3861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
31
|
Mirosław B, Babyuk D, Łapczuk-Krygier A, Kącka-Zych A, Demchuk OM, Jasiński R. Regiospecific formation of the nitromethyl-substituted 3-phenyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole via [3 + 2] cycloaddition. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018; 149:1877-1884. [PMID: 30237620 PMCID: PMC6133101 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-018-2227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT 5-(Nitromethyl)-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazole was obtained as a product of a high-yielding [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of in situ-generated benzonitrile N-oxide and 3-nitroprop-1-ene. For the first time, the regiochemistry of this reaction was unambiguously proven by X-ray structural analysis. The quantum-chemical calculation performed at the M06-2X/6-31G(d) (PCM) theoretical level affords a basis for explaining the course of reaction as well as the nature of transition states. Next, further DFT calculations together with spectral data shed light on structural aspects of the product. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mirosław
- Department of Crystallography, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Maria Curie-Sklodowska St 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dmytro Babyuk
- Institute of Biology, Chemistry and Bioresources, Chernivtsi National University, 2 Kotsyubynski Str., Chernivtsi, 58012 Ukraine
| | - Agnieszka Łapczuk-Krygier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska St. 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kącka-Zych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska St. 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Oleg M. Demchuk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana St 33, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska St. 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Frau J, Glossman-Mitnik D. Computational study of the chemical reactivity of the Blue-M1 intermediate melanoidin. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
33
|
Frau J, Glossman-Mitnik D. Molecular Reactivity and Absorption Properties of Melanoidin Blue-G1 through Conceptual DFT. Molecules 2018; 23:E559. [PMID: 29498665 PMCID: PMC6017537 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This computational study presents the assessment of eleven density functionals that include CAM-B3LYP, LC-wPBE, M11, M11L, MN12L, MN12SX, N12, N12SX, wB97, wB97X and wB97XD related to the Def2TZVP basis sets together with the Solvation Model Density (SMD) solvation model in calculating the molecular properties and structure of the Blue-G1 intermediate melanoidin pigment. The chemical reactivity descriptors for the system are calculated via the conceptual Density Functional Theory (DFT). The choice of the active sites related to the nucleophilic, electrophilic, as well as radical attacks is made by linking them with the Fukui function indices, the electrophilic Parr functions and the condensed dual descriptor Δ f ( r ) . The prediction of the maximum absorption wavelength tends to be considerably accurate relative to its experimental value. The study found the MN12SX and N12SX density functionals to be the most appropriate density functionals in predicting the chemical reactivity of the studied molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Frau
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Daniel Glossman-Mitnik
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Miguel de Cervantes 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, Chihuahua, 31136 Chih, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jasiński R. Competition between one-step and two-step mechanism in polar [3 + 2] cycloadditions of (Z)-C-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-N-methyl-nitrone with (Z)-2-EWG-1-bromo-1-nitroethenes. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Jasiński R. β-Trifluoromethylated nitroethenes in Diels-Alder reaction with cyclopentadiene: A DFT computational study. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
36
|
Kącka-Zych A, Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Jasiński R. Understanding the mechanism of the decomposition reaction of nitroethyl benzoate through the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Theor Chem Acc 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-017-2161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
37
|
Kącka A, Jasiński R. Triethylsulfonium and triethylphosphonium cations as novel catalysts for the decomposition process of nitroethyl benzoates. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2017.1290626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kącka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Radomir Jasiński
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Jasiński R. One-step versus two-step mechanism of Diels-Alder reaction of 1-chloro-1-nitroethene with cyclopentadiene and furan. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 75:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
39
|
Sastre S, Frau J, Glossman-Mitnik D. Computational Prediction of the Protonation Sites of Ac-Lys-(Ala)n-Lys-NH2 Peptides through Conceptual DFT Descriptors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030458. [PMID: 28335381 PMCID: PMC6155279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six density functionals (M11, M11L, MN12L, MN12SX, N12, and N12SX) in connection with the Def2TZVP basis set and the SMD solvation model (water as a solvent) have been assessed for the calculation of the molecular structure and properties of several peptides with the general formula Ac-Lys-(Ala)n-Lys-NH2, with n = 0 to 5. The chemical reactivity descriptors for these systems have been calculated through Conceptual density functional theory (DFT). The active sites for nucleophilic and electrophilic attacks have been chosen by relating them to the Fukui function indices, the condensed dual descriptor Δf(r), and the electrophilic Parr functions. The results allowed the prediction of the protonation sites of the peptides and rendered a qualitative explanation of the difference in pKa of the two Lys groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Sastre
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Juan Frau
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Daniel Glossman-Mitnik
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Laboratorio Virtual NANOCOSMOS, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Medio Ambiente y Energía, Chihuahua, Chih 31136, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|