Computational study on optoelectronic and charge transport properties of diketopyrrolopyrrole-based A-D-A-D-A structure molecules for organic solar cells

Effects of Halogenation on the Benzotriazole Unit of Non-Fullerene Acceptors in Organic Solar Cells with High Voltages

Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) can be simply divided into three categories: A-D-A, A-DA'D-A, and A₂-A₁-D-A₁-A₂ according to their chemical structures. Benefiting from the easily modified 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone end groups, the halogenation on the first two types of materials has been proved to be very effective to modulate their optoelectronic properties and improve their photovoltaic performance. Hence, in this work, we systematically investigate the effect of halogenation on the classic NFA molecule of BTA3, which has the linear A₂-A₁-D-A₁-A₂-type backbone. After fluorination and chlorination, F-BTA3 and Cl-BTA3 have similar optical band gaps but lower energy levels than BTA3. When blending with a linear copolymer PE25 composed of benzodifuran and chlorinated benzotriazole (BTA) according to "Same-A-Strategy", the corresponding V_OC of the halogenated NFAs gradually decreases (1.13 V for F-BTA3 and 1.09 V for Cl-BTA3), compared with that of the BTA3-based device (V_OC = 1.22 V). This tendency mainly comes from the lower lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels due to the strong electron-withdrawing ability of halogen atoms and the larger nonradiative energy loss. However, the power conversion efficiencies of the halogenated materials are slightly improved, from 9.08% for PE25: BTA3 to 10.45% for PE25: F-BTA3 and 10.75% for PE25: Cl-BTA, with the nonhalogenated solvent tetrahydrofuran as the processing solvent. The improved photovoltaic performance of F-BTA3 and Cl-BTA3 should come from the higher carrier mobility, weaker bimolecular recombination, and higher fluorescence quenching rate. This study illustrates that halogenation on the A₁ unit is a promising strategy for developing novel and effective A₂-A₁-D-A₁-A₂-type NFAs.