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Yuill EM, Baker LA. Electrochemical Aspects of Mass Spectrometry: Atmospheric Pressure Ionization and Ambient Ionization for Bioanalysis. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Yuill
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University; 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue Bloomington, Indiana 47405 USA
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Brown TA, Chen H, Zare RN. Detection of the Short-Lived Radical Cation Intermediate in the Electrooxidation ofN,N-Dimethylaniline by Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:11183-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Brown TA, Chen H, Zare RN. Detection of the Short-Lived Radical Cation Intermediate in the Electrooxidation ofN,N-Dimethylaniline by Mass Spectrometry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Brown TA, Chen H, Zare RN. Identification of Fleeting Electrochemical Reaction Intermediates Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7274-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
| | - Hao Chen
- Center
for Intelligent Chemical Instrumentation, Department of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, and Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701-2979, United States
| | - Richard N. Zare
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
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Dassanayake RS, Shelley JT, Cabelli DE, Brasch NE. Pulse Radiolysis and Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Studies on the Reactions of the Carbonate Radical with Vitamin B12Derivatives. Chemistry 2015; 21:6409-19. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Oberacher H, Pitterl F, Erb R, Plattner S. Mass spectrometric methods for monitoring redox processes in electrochemical cells. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:64-92. [PMID: 24338642 PMCID: PMC4286209 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry (EC) is a mature scientific discipline aimed to study the movement of electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. EC covers techniques that use a measurement of potential, charge, or current to determine the concentration or the chemical reactivity of analytes. The electrical signal is directly converted into chemical information. For in-depth characterization of complex electrochemical reactions involving the formation of diverse intermediates, products and byproducts, EC is usually combined with other analytical techniques, and particularly the hyphenation of EC with mass spectrometry (MS) has found broad applicability. The analysis of gases and volatile intermediates and products formed at electrode surfaces is enabled by differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). In DEMS an electrochemical cell is sampled with a membrane interface for electron ionization (EI)-MS. The chemical space amenable to EC/MS (i.e., bioorganic molecules including proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and drugs) was significantly increased by employing electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS. In the simplest setup, the EC of the ESI process is used to analytical advantage. A limitation of this approach is, however, its inability to precisely control the electrochemical potential at the emitter electrode. Thus, particularly for studying mechanistic aspects of electrochemical processes, the hyphenation of discrete electrochemical cells with ESI-MS was found to be more appropriate. The analytical power of EC/ESI-MS can further be increased by integrating liquid chromatography (LC) as an additional dimension of separation. Chromatographic separation was found to be particularly useful to reduce the complexity of the sample submitted either to the EC cell or to ESI-MS. Thus, both EC/LC/ESI-MS and LC/EC/ESI-MS are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Pitterl
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Erb
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
| | - Sabine Plattner
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Innsbruck Medical UniversityInnsbruck, Austria
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Liu P, Lu M, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Dewald HD, Chen H. Recent advances of electrochemical mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:5519-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00709j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Vessecchi R, Emery FS, Galembeck SE, Lopes NP. Gas-phase reactivity of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinones: a computational and mass spectrometry study of lapachol congeners. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:1648-1659. [PMID: 23280754 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to understand the influence of alkyl side chains on the gas-phase reactivity of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives, some 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives have been prepared and studied by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in combination with computational quantum chemistry calculations. Protonation and deprotonation sites were suggested on the basis of gas-phase basicity, proton affinity, gas-phase acidity (ΔG(acid) ), atomic charges and frontier orbital analyses. The nature of the intramolecular interaction as well as of the hydrogen bond in the systems was investigated by the atoms-in-molecules theory and the natural bond orbital analysis. The results were compared with data published for lapachol (2-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone). For the protonated molecules, water elimination was verified to occur at lower proportion when compared with side chain elimination, as evidenced in earlier studies on lapachol. The side chain at position C(3) was found to play important roles in the fragmentation mechanisms of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vessecchi
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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Vessecchi R, Naal Z, Lopes JNC, Galembeck SE, Lopes NP. Generation of naphthoquinone radical anions by electrospray ionization: solution, gas-phase, and computational chemistry studies. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5453-60. [PMID: 21561138 DOI: 10.1021/jp202322n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Radical anions are present in several chemical processes, and understanding the reactivity of these species may be described by their thermodynamic properties. Over the last years, the formation of radical ions in the gas phase has been an important issue concerning electrospray ionization mass spectrometry studies. In this work, we report on the generation of radical anions of quinonoid compounds (Q) by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The balance between radical anion formation and the deprotonated molecule is also analyzed by influence of the experimental parameters (gas-phase acidity, electron affinity, and reduction potential) and solvent system employed. The gas-phase parameters for formation of radical species and deprotonated species were achieved on the basis of computational thermochemistry. The solution effects on the formation of radical anion (Q(•-)) and dianion (Q(2-)) were evaluated on the basis of cyclic voltammetry analysis and the reduction potentials compared with calculated electron affinities. The occurrence of unexpected ions [Q+15](-) was described as being a reaction between the solvent system and the radical anion, Q(•-). The gas-phase chemistry of the electrosprayed radical anions was obtained by collisional-induced dissociation and compared to the relative energy calculations. These results are important for understanding the formation and reactivity of radical anions and to establish their correlation with the reducing properties by electrospray ionization analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Vessecchi
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brasil.
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Chai Y, Sun H, Wan J, Pan Y, Sun C. Hydride abstraction in positive-ion electrospray interface: oxidation of 1,4-dihydropyridines in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2011; 136:4667-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15129k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Gun J, Bharathi S, Gutkin V, Rizkov D, Voloshenko A, Shelkov R, Sladkevich S, Kyi N, Rona M, Wolanov Y, Rizkov D, Koch M, Mizrahi S, Pridkhochenko PV, Modestov A, Lev O. Highlights in Coupled Electrochemical Flow Cell-Mass Spectrometry, EC/MS. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Baumann A, Karst U. Online electrochemistry/mass spectrometry in drug metabolism studies: principles and applications. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:715-31. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003713527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Gutkin V, Gun J, Lev O. Electrochemical Deposition−Stripping Analysis of Molecules and Proteins by Online Electrochemical Flow Cell/Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:8396-404. [DOI: 10.1021/ac901285m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Gutkin
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Jenny Gun
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, The Chemistry Institute, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Spectroscopy at Electrochemical Interfaces. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-49829-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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A study of cyanide oxidation using electrochemical/electrospray mass spectrometry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nafady A, Bond AM, Bilyk A, Harris AR, Bhatt AI, O'Mullane AP, De Marco R. Tuning the Electrocrystallization Parameters of Semiconducting Co[TCNQ]2-Based Materials To Yield either Single Nanowires or Crystalline Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:2369-82. [PMID: 17263534 DOI: 10.1021/ja067219j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electrocrystallization of single nanowires and/or crystalline thin films of the semiconducting and magnetic Co[TCNQ]2(H2O)2 (TCNQ=tetracyanoquinodimethane) charge-transfer complex onto glassy carbon, indium tin oxide, or metallic electrodes occurs when TCNQ is reduced in acetonitrile (0.1 M [NBu4][ClO4]) in the presence of hydrated cobalt(II) salts. The morphology of the deposited solid is potential dependent. Other factors influencing the electrocrystallization process include deposition time, concentration, and identity of the Co2+(MeCN) counteranion. Mechanistic details have been elucidated by use of cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, and galvanostatic methods together with spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The results provide direct evidence that electrocrystallization takes place through two distinctly different, potential-dependent mechanisms, with progressive nucleation and 3-D growth being controlled by the generation of [TCNQ]*- at the electrode and the diffusion of Co2+(MeCN) from the bulk solution. Images obtained by scanning electron microscopy reveal that electrocrystallization of Co[TCNQ]2(H2O)2 at potentials in the range of 0.1-0 V vs Ag/AgCl, corresponding to the [TCNQ]0/*- diffusion-controlled regime, gives rise to arrays of well-separated, needle-shaped nanowires via the overall reaction 2[TCNQ]*-(MeCN)+Co2+(MeCN)+2H2O right harpoon over left harpoon {Co[TCNQ]2(H2O)2}(s). In this potential region, nucleation and growth occur at randomly separated defect sites on the electrode surface. In contrast, at more negative potentials, a compact film of densely packed, uniformly oriented, hexagonal-shaped nanorods is formed. This is achieved at a substantially increased number of nucleation sites created by direct reduction of a thin film of what is proposed to be cobalt-stabilized {(Co2+)([TCNQ2]*-)2} dimeric anion. Despite the potential-dependent morphology of the electrocrystallized Co[TCNQ]2(H2O)2 and the markedly different nucleation-growth mechanisms, IR, Raman, elemental, and thermogravimetric analyses, together with X-ray diffraction, all confirmed the formation of a highly pure and crystalline phase of Co[TCNQ]2(H2O)2 on the electrode surface. Thus, differences in the electrodeposited material are confined to morphology and not to phase or composition differences. This study highlights the importance of the electrocrystallization approach in constructing and precisely controlling the morphology and stoichiometry of Co[TCNQ]2-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman Nafady
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, P.O. Box 23, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Harris AR, Neufeld AK, O'Mullane AP, Bond AM. Characterisation of two distinctly different processes associated with the electrocrystallization of microcrystals of phase I CuTCNQ (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b607290a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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