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Lazanas A, Prodromidis MI. Electrochemical
Impedance Spectroscopy—A Tutorial. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:162-193. [PMCID: PMC10288619 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
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This tutorial provides the theoretical background, the
principles,
and applications of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in
various research and technological sectors. The text has been organized
in 17 sections starting with basic knowledge on sinusoidal signals,
complex numbers, phasor notation, and transfer functions, continuing
with the definition of impedance in electrical circuits, the principles
of EIS, the validation of the experimental data, their simulation
to equivalent electrical circuits, and ending with practical considerations
and selected examples on the utility of EIS to corrosion, energy related
applications, and biosensing. A user interactive excel file showing
the Nyquist and Bode plots of some model circuits is provided in the
Supporting Information. This tutorial aspires to provide the essential
background to graduate students working on EIS, as well as to endow
the knowledge of senior researchers on various fields where EIS is
involved. We also believe that the content of this tutorial will be
a useful educational tool for EIS instructors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mamas I. Prodromidis
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45 110 Ioannina, Greece
- Institute
of Materials Science and Computing, University
Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), 45 110 Ioannina, Greece
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Moreira WM, Viotti PV, de Moura AA, Gimenes ML, Vieira MGA. Synthesis of a biobased resin and its screening as an alternative adsorbent for organic and inorganic micropollutant removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:79935-79953. [PMID: 35091942 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The sol-gel route was used to synthesize a biophenolic resin from a blend of Kraft black liquor and condensed tannin. The biobased resin has an amorphous structure and diversified surface functional groups. The biomaterial thermal stability was improved by Kraft black liquor, which increased the fixed carbon yield by 19.78% in an oxidant medium and 9.07% in an inert medium. Moreover, the presence of fixed carbon and char is positively related to the material flame retardant property. Additionally, impedance measurements were used to understand the physical phenomena occurring at the polymeric matrix's interface and the material's final properties. The biobased resin characterization and the considerable increase in the presence of micropollutants in surface and water bodies suggest the new biomaterial application in the adsorption process. Thus, its adsorption capacity toward several organic and inorganic micropollutants and its effectiveness in complex water matrices were evaluated. Methylene blue was used as a model compound to assess the influence of the resin composition on the adsorption capacity, and the type H isotherm indicates the high affinity of the biobased resin toward the micropollutant. The adsorption occurs in multilayer by intermolecular interaction and electrostatic forces. The amount of Kraft black liquor favored the adsorption, and the adsorption capacity was greater than 1250 mg g-1. When inorganic compounds were evaluated, the carboxyl and phenol groups favor the biomaterial affinity toward metal ions. Cu2+ and Ni2+ were completely removed from the contaminated water, and the adsorption capacity of the other inorganic compounds was: Pb2+ (36.97 mg g-1), Al3+ (22.17 mg g-1), Ba2+ (12.76 mg g-1), Ag1+ (33.85 mg g-1), and Fe2+ (19.44 mg g-1). In contrast, the adsorption capacity of the organic micropollutants was: 2,4-D (3.09 mg g-1), diuron (5.89 mg g-1), atrazine (2.71 mg g-1), diclofenac (2.04 mg g-1), caffeine (5.79 mg g-1), acetaminophen (4.80 mg g-1), methylene Blue (106.66 mg g-1), and methyl orange (30.48 mg g-1). The results pointed that the adsorption efficiency of organic micropollutants increases with the distribution coefficient (logD), indicating the biobased resin affinity toward more lipophilic compounds and ionized species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wardleison Martins Moreira
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Avenue, Campinas, São Paulo, 50013083-852, Brazil.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 579087020-900, Brazil.
| | - Paula Valéria Viotti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 579087020-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Amado de Moura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 579087020-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelino Luiz Gimenes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo, Maringá, Paraná, 579087020-900, Brazil
| | - Melissa Gurgel Adeodato Vieira
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Avenue, Campinas, São Paulo, 50013083-852, Brazil
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Su JA, Huang CC, Huang CL, Lin YT, Li YY. Activated Microporous Carbon Spheres for Electric Double-Layer Capacitor. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Higgins EP, Papaderakis AA, Byrne C, Walton AS, Lewis DJ, Dryfe RA. Intrinsic effects of thickness, surface chemistry and electroactive area on nanostructured MoS2 electrodes with superior stability for hydrogen evolution. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Thermodynamic and electro-kinetic analyses of direct electron transfer (DET) and mediator-involved electron transfer (MET) with the help of a redox electron mediator. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Castillo-Magallanes N, Cruz R, Lázaro I. Effect of organic agents on the oxidation process of chalcopyrite in a sulfuric acid solution. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Insightful Analysis of Phenomena Arising at the Metal|Polymer Interphase of Au-Ti Based Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensitive Electrodes Covered by Nafion. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10090810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the examination of glucose oxidation processes at an electrode material composed of gold nanoparticles embedded in a titanium template. Three different conditions were investigated: the chloride content in the electrolyte, its ionic conductivity and the presence of a Nafion coating. The impact of the provided environment on the oxidation reaction was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Two models, namely: chemisorption and incipient hydrous oxide/adatom mediator (IHOAM), were applied to explain the complex voltammetric responses of the electrodes exposed to solutions of varied glucose concentrations. Three different phenomena were observed for the studied cases. The first is related to the transition between the dominant mechanism of glucose oxidation from the IHOAM model to the chemisorption model. This happens only in an electrolyte containing chlorides after exceeding a certain amount of glucose. The second effect exhibits a bottleneck nature resulting from the presence of Nafion on the electrode’s surface. In this case, mass transport through the semi-permeable polymer is hampered, due to the blocking of channels and physical internal cross-linking. This leads to a preconcentration of glucose inside the pores resulting in an increase in both the material sensitivity and the linear range of the calibration curve. Lastly, the third effect is manifested in a low concentration of the supporting electrolyte. It is based on the fact that mass transport of hydroxyl ions is governed not only by diffusion, but also by migration. These three effects have a tremendous impact on the glucose oxidation mechanism and reveal its very complex nature.
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Olejnik A, Karczewski J, Dołęga A, Siuzdak K, Grochowska K. Novel approach to interference analysis of glucose sensing materials coated with Nafion. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107575. [PMID: 32506003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We focus here on a novel approach to analysing the mechanisms of interference phenomena in glucose sensing, taking into account the changes within the Nafion layer deposited on the active surface. Several electrochemical techniques were used to verify the sustainability of catalytic properties of the electrode material after exposure to different compounds, i.e. ascorbic acid (AA), glycine, urea, acetylsalicylic acid (AsA), and acetaminophen (AAp). Through analysis of impedance data, we concluded that AAp and AsA were trapped permanently in the Nafion membrane, which significantly affected results repeatability. These observations were also confirmed by FT-IR investigations of the membrane after its immersion in solutions containing different interfering species. Moreover, after exposure to AsA and, unexpectedly, large concentrations of urea, the catalytic properties were completely lost, which, in consequence, make sensor reuse impossible. Such behaviour was justified by the chain reorganisation and swelling. Mechanisms involving adsorption onto the interphase and absorption in the membrane were proposed as key factors responsible for deterioration of membrane functionality and were confronted with FT-IR investigations. Following that, application of Nafion for non-invasive glucose sensor protection is unsatisfactory and cannot be considered for multiple detection procedures, especially taking into account biological fluids full of different interfering species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Olejnik
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Karczewski
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Dołęga
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12 St., 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Siuzdak
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grochowska
- Centre for Plasma and Laser Engineering, The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14 St., 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Electrochemical Characterization of Low-Temperature Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells using Direct and Alternate Current Methods. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-019-00559-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractHere, we report for the first time the results of systematic characterization of a low-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane direct ethanol fuel cell using DC and AC electrochemical methods. Model catalysts (carbon supported Pt nanoparticles) painted on carbon paper are used as anode and cathode. Influence of physical parameters, such as cell temperature, current density, and ethanol concentration, and anode fuel flow rate on overall cell impedance is studied. Analysis of the obtained impedance spectra in connection with DC measurements allows us to comment on cell properties and to separate different contributions to the overall cell polarization. Our results suggest that the cell impedance is dominated by anode faradaic impedance, with a small or negligible contribution from cathode faradaic impedance. The anode impedance depends strongly on current density and cell temperature, but is not significantly influenced by ethanol concentration. Presence of anode mass-transfer impedance, even when ethanol was fed to the cell in high excess, is confirmed. Based on the results, we conclude that changes in ethanol electro-oxidation mechanism might manifest themselves on the impedance spectra in the low-frequency inductive loop. Nonetheless, further studies involving equivalent circuit modelling are needed to determine the exact influence of the cell parameters on the anode kinetics.
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Hydrogen evolution at Ir-Ni bimetallic deposits prepared by galvanic replacement. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Thippani T, Mandal S, Wang G, Ramani VK, Kothandaraman R. Probing oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions on bifunctional non-precious metal catalysts for metal–air batteries. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13414a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increase in surface coverage by oxygen reduction reaction intermediates with increase in overpotential impeding diffusion of oxygen to the electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- IIT Madras
- Chennai 600 036
- India
| | - Guanxiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Illinois Institute of Technology
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Vijay K. Ramani
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Illinois Institute of Technology
- Chicago
- USA
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Mathematical solutions of comprehensive variations of a transmission-line model of the theoretical impedance of porous electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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