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Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis Risk Factors, Associated Morbidity and Mortality in Trauma Patients. World J Surg 2022; 46:561-567. [PMID: 34981151 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-021-06383-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature on upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) is not as abundant as that on lower extremities. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for UEDVT, associated mortality and morbidity in trauma patients and the impact of pharmacological prophylaxis therein. METHODS A 3-year retrospective review of patients admitted to a Level 1 trauma center was conducted. Patients aged 18 years or older who had experienced a traumatic event and had undergone an upper extremity ultrasound (UEUS) were included in the study. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors that contributed to UEDVT. RESULTS A total of 6,607 patients were admitted due to traumatic injuries during the study period, of whom 5.6% (373) had at least one UEUS during their hospitalization. Fifty-six (15%) were diagnosed with an UEDVT, as well as three non-fatal pulmonary emboli (PE) and four (7.1%) deaths, p = 0.03. Pharmacological prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin showed a protective effect against UEDVT; among the patients positive for UEDVT, 14 of 186 patients (7.5%) received LMWH, while 42 of 195 (21.5%) did not receive LMWH (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression revealed that the presence of upper extremity fractures, peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) lines, and traumatic brain injury (TBI) were independent risk factors for UEDVT. CONCLUSIONS UEDVT are associated with a higher mortality. The presence of upper extremity fractures, PICC lines, and TBI were independent risk factors for UEDVTs. Further, pharmacological prophylaxis reduces the risk of UEDVT.
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Illig KA, Gober L. Invited Review: Optimal Management of Upper Extremity DVT: Is Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Underrecognized? J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2021; 10:514-526. [PMID: 34352421 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvsv.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND UEDVT accounts for approximately 10% of all cases of deep vein thrombosis. In the most widely referenced general review of deep vein thrombosis (DVT the American Academy of Chest Physicians essentially recommend that upper extremity DVT (UEDVT) essentially be treated identically to that of lower extremity DVT, with anticoagulation being the default therapy. Unfortunately, the medical literature does not well differentiate between DVT in the arm and the leg, and does not emphasize the effects of the costoclavicular junction (CCJ) and the lack of effect of gravity, to the point where UEDVT due to extrinsic bony compression at the CCJ is classified as "primary." METHODS Comprehensive literature review, beginning with both Medline and Google Scholar searches in addition to collected references, then following relevant citations within the initial manuscripts studied. Both surgical and medical journals were explored RESULTS: It is proposed that effort thrombosis be classified as a secondary cause of UEDVT, limiting the definition of primary to that which is truly idiopathic. Other causes of secondary UEDVT include catheter- and pacemaker-related thrombosis (the most common cause, but often asymptomatic), thrombosis related to malignancy and hypercoagulable conditions, and the rare case of thrombosis due to compression of the vein by a focal malignancy or other space-occupying lesion. In true primary UEDVT and in those secondary cases where no mechanical cause is present or can be corrected, anticoagulation remains the treatment of choice, usually for three months or the duration of a needed catheter. However, evidence suggests that many cases of effort thrombosis are likely missed by a too-narrow adherence to this protocol. CONCLUSIONS Because proper treatment of effort thrombosis drops the long-term symptomatic status rate from 50% to almost zero and these are healthy patients with a long lifespan ahead, it is proposed that a more aggressive attitude toward thrombolysis be followed in any patient who has a reasonable degree of suspicion for venous thoracic outlet syndrome.
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Abstract
This review aims to describe the epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, presentation, complications, evaluation/diagnosis, and treatment of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT). Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) accounts for 6% of cases of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It can lead to swelling and discomfort in that extremity and can be complicated by pulmonary embolism, post-thrombotic syndrome, and recurrence of DVT. Evaluation can begin with a dichotomized Constans score and fibrin degradation product testing. Diagnosis is typically made with compression ultrasound. Anticoagulation is the mainstay of therapy. Primary UEDVT is known as Paget Schroetter Syndrome (PSS) which occurs due to venous thoracic outlet syndrome (vTOS). Anticoagulation, thrombolysis, and decompression of the venous thoracic outlet are used for treatment but the optimal strategy remains to be elucidated. Secondary UEDVT are most commonly caused by indwelling catheters and malignancy. There is an ongoing realization that UEDVT are more than simply 'leg clots in the arm.' Given the increasing incidence, research needs to be done to further our understanding of this disease state, its evaluation, and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oneib Khan
- Lankenau Medical Center - Internal Medicine, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Ashley Marmaro
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David A Cohen
- Mainline Healthcare Internal Medicine at Lankenau Medical Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Wynnewood, PA, USA
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4
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Drouin L, Pistorius MA, Lafforgue A, N’Gohou C, Richard A, Connault J, Espitia O. Épidémiologie des thromboses veineuses des membres supérieurs : étude rétrospective de 160 thromboses aiguës. Rev Med Interne 2019; 40:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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Shaw CM, Shah S, Kapoor BS, Cain TR, Caplin DM, Farsad K, Knuttinen MG, Lee MH, McBride JJ, Minocha J, Robilotti EV, Rochon PJ, Strax R, Teo EYL, Lorenz JM. ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Radiologic Management of Central Venous Access. J Am Coll Radiol 2018; 14:S506-S529. [PMID: 29101989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2017.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining central venous access is one of the most commonly performed procedures in hospital settings. Multiple devices such as peripherally inserted central venous catheters, tunneled central venous catheters (eg, Hohn catheter, Hickman catheter, C. R. Bard, Inc, Salt Lake City UT), and implantable ports are available for this purpose. The device selected for central venous access depends on the clinical indication, duration of the treatment, and associated comorbidities. It is important for health care providers to familiarize themselves with the types of central venous catheters available, including information about their indications, contraindications, and potential complications, especially the management of catheters in the setting of catheter-related bloodstream infections. The American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria are evidence-based guidelines for specific clinical conditions that are reviewed annually by a multidisciplinary expert panel. The guideline development and revision include an extensive analysis of current medical literature from peer reviewed journals and the application of well-established methodologies (RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation or GRADE) to rate the appropriateness of imaging and treatment procedures for specific clinical scenarios. In those instances where evidence is lacking or equivocal, expert opinion may supplement the available evidence to recommend imaging or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Colette M Shaw
- Principal Author, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Shrenik Shah
- Research Author, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Drew M Caplin
- Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York
| | | | | | - Margaret H Lee
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Jeet Minocha
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Elizabeth V Robilotti
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; Infectious Diseases Society of America
| | - Paul J Rochon
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Elrond Y L Teo
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Society of Critical Care Medicine
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6
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Clinical course of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis in patients with or without cancer: a systematic review. Thromb Res 2017; 140 Suppl 1:S81-8. [PMID: 27067985 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(16)30104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is increasing. Information on the clinical course of UEDVT is scarce, especially in cancer patients. AIM To summarize the clinical evidence regarding long-term clinical outcomes of UEDVT, in terms of recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), mortality, and anticoagulant-related bleeding, in patients with or without concomitant cancer. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE and BIOSIS Previews. Incidence rates for all outcome variables were calculated. RESULTS In total, 45 studies comprising 4580 patients were included. No randomized controlled trials were identified. In most studies, patients were treated solely with anticoagulants. Among the prospective studies, the incidences of recurrent VTE and bleeding complications averaged 5.1% and 3.1% respectively, during 3 to 59months of follow-up. In the retrospective studies these figures were 9.8% and 6.7% respectively. Among the prospective studies, the mortality rate was 24% after one year. In the retrospective studies this rate was 35%. Cancer patients were found to have a 2- to 3-fold higher risk of recurrent VTE, an 8-fold increased risk of mortality, and a 4-fold increased risk of bleeding during anticoagulant therapy, compared to non-cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Studies were very heterogeneous in terms of study design, study populations and treatment approaches. Follow-up durations varied greatly, hampering combined analyses of average incidence rates. There is a need for large prospective studies to provide information on the best management of this disease, especially in high risk groups such as those with cancer.
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7
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Andrade A, Tyroch AH, McLean SF, Smith J, Ramos A. Trauma patients warrant upper and lower extremity venous duplex ultrasound surveillance. J Emerg Trauma Shock 2017; 10:60-63. [PMID: 28367009 PMCID: PMC5357875 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2700.201589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Due to the high incidence of thromboembolic events (deep venous thrombosis [DVT] and pulmonary embolus [PE]) after injury, many trauma centers perform lower extremity surveillance duplex ultrasounds. We hypothesize that trauma patients are at a higher risk of upper extremity DVTs (UEDVTs) than lower extremity DVTs (LEDVTs), and therefore, all extremities should be evaluated. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart and trauma registry review of Intensive Care Unit trauma patients with upper and LEDVTs detected on surveillance duplex ultrasound from January 2010 to December 2014 was carried out. Variables reviewed were age, gender, injury severity score, injury mechanism, clot location, day of clot detection, presence of central venous pressure catheter, presence of inferior vena cava filter, mechanical ventilation, and fracture. Results: A total of 136 patients had a DVT in a 5-year period: upper - 71 (52.2%), lower - 61 (44.9%), both upper and lower - 4 (2.9%). Overall, 75 (55.2%) patients had a UEDVT. Upper DVT vein: Brachial (62), axillary (26), subclavian (11), and internal jugular (10). Lower DVT vein: femoral (58), popliteal (14), below knee (4), and iliac (2). 10.3% had a PE: UEDVT - 5 (6.7%) and LEDVT - 9 (14.8%) P = 0.159. Conclusions: The majority of the DVTs in the study were in the upper extremities. For trauma centers that aggressively screen the lower extremities with venous duplex ultrasound, surveillance to include the upper extremities is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso Andrade
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Alan H Tyroch
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Susan F McLean
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jody Smith
- Department of Surgery, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Alex Ramos
- Trauma Center, University Medical Center of El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
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8
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Upper Extremity Deep Vein Thromboses: The Bowler and the Barista. Case Rep Vasc Med 2016; 2016:9631432. [PMID: 27800207 PMCID: PMC5075304 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9631432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effort thrombosis of the upper extremity refers to a deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity resulting from repetitive activity of the upper limb. Most cases of effort thrombosis occur in young elite athletes with strenuous upper extremity activity. This article reports two cases who both developed upper extremity deep vein thromboses, the first being a 67-year-old bowler and the second a 25-year-old barista, and illustrates that effort thrombosis should be included in the differential diagnosis in any patient with symptoms concerning DVT associated with repetitive activity. A literature review explores the recommended therapies for upper extremity deep vein thromboses.
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Milhomem PSA, Brandao ML, Costa MM, Sales WS, Santos JRSD, Riemma RA, Alcantara VQMD. Trombose isolada de veia braquial em paciente com hiper-homocisteinemia. J Vasc Bras 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/jvb.2013.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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10
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Mollberg NM, Wise SR, Banipal S, Sullivan R, Holevar M, Vafa A, Clark E, Merlotti GJ. Color-Flow Duplex Screening for Upper Extremity Proximity Injuries: A Low-Yield Strategy for Therapeutic Intervention. Ann Vasc Surg 2013; 27:594-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rosen T, Chang B, Kaufman M, Soderman M, Riley DC. Emergency department diagnosis of upper extremity deep venous thrombosis using bedside ultrasonography. Crit Ultrasound J 2012; 4:4. [PMID: 22871175 PMCID: PMC3397657 DOI: 10.1186/2036-7902-4-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A 27-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 1-day history of severe right upper extremity pain and swelling. The patient's status is post open reduction internal fixation for a left tibial plateau fracture, which was complicated by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis. A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line was subsequently placed for intravenous antibiotic therapy. Emergency department bedside ultrasound examination of both the right axillary vein and subclavian vein near the PICC line tip revealed deep venous thrombosis of both veins. Bedside upper extremity vascular ultrasonography can assist in the rapid diagnosis of upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Rosen
- Emergency Medicine Department, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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12
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Early postoperative hemorrhage after first rib resection for vascular thoracic outlet syndrome. Ann Vasc Surg 2011; 25:624-9. [PMID: 21724102 DOI: 10.1016/j.avsg.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis and embolization are the most frequent complications associated with the vascular presentation of thoracic outlet syndrome (VTOS). Therefore, surgery for these conditions requires careful balancing of anticoagulation and hemostasis. Our goal is to identify the optimal postoperative anticoagulation management of these patients. METHODS A prospective database of consecutive patients who have presented to our institution with the diagnosis of thoracic outlet syndrome was reviewed from 1996 through 2010 for instances of postoperative hemorrhage. All venous cases were managed with transaxillary first rib resection followed by postoperative venography and percutaneous angioplasty when required. All arterial cases first underwent thrombolysis, then decompression with transaxillary first and cervical rib resection with concomitant arterial repair when indicated. RESULTS Over the study period, 423 patients diagnosed with thoracic outlet syndrome underwent 551 procedures. Of these, 108 presented with VTOS (12 arterial and 96 venous). Mean age of the patients in the cohort was 33.7 ± 11.5 years, with 53 women and 55 men. Postoperative hemorrhage occurred in four patients (4%): three venous cases and one arterial case. Three patients required tube thoracostomy (average blood return: 800 mL) and two required video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for decortication. Age, gender, preoperative anticoagulation, interval from thrombolysis to surgery, operative duration, and operative blood loss had no effect on the risk of bleeding. No hemorrhage occurred in patients treated with postoperative coumadin alone (82 patients) or with no anticoagulant (24 patients). The four cases of hemorrhage occurred only in patients treated with postoperative low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH; 14 patients; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Postoperative hemorrhage was not a common complication of first rib resection for VTOS. In our experience, it occurred exclusively in patients receiving LMWH postoperatively. Postoperative LMWH should be used with caution in patients with VTOS.
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13
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Mai C, Hunt D. Upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis: a review. Am J Med 2011; 124:402-7. [PMID: 21531227 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis is less common than lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis. However, upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis is associated with similar adverse consequences and is becoming more common in patients with complex medical conditions requiring central venous catheters or wires. Although guidelines suggest that this disorder be managed using approaches similar to those for lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis, studies are refining the prognosis and management of upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis. Physicians should be familiar with the diagnostic and treatment considerations for this disease. This review will differentiate between primary and secondary upper-extremity deep venous thromboses; assess the risk factors and clinical sequelae associated with upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis, comparing these with lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis; and describe an approach to treatment and prevention of secondary upper-extremity deep venous thrombosis based on clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuc Mai
- University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
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14
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Santos CASD, Figueiredo LFPD, Gusmão LCBD, Castro AA, Pitta GBB, Miranda Jr F, Souza ÉCFD. Estudo anatômico da veia braquial comum como via de drenagem colateral do membro superior. J Vasc Bras 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-54492011000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXTO: Traumatismos ou tromboses que possam evoluir com alterações da drenagem venosa do membro superior, dependendo do território interrompido, podem ter como mecanismo compensatório uma via colateral de drenagem sem que haja prejuízo para o retorno venoso desse membro. A veia braquial comum apresenta-se como uma alternativa plausível e pouco conhecida. OBJETIVO: Descrever a anatomia da veia braquial comum como via de drenagem colateral no membro superior. MÉTODOS: Utilizamos 30 cadáveres do sexo masculino, cujos membros superiores estavam articulados ao tronco, não importando a raça, formolizados e mantidos em conservação com solução de formol a 10%. Utilizamos como critérios de exclusão cadáveres com um dos membros desarticulado ou alterações deformantes em topografia das estruturas estudadas. RESULTADOS: A veia braquial comum esteve presente em 73% (22/30) dos cadáveres estudados, sendo que em 18% (04/22) dos casos drenou para a veia basílica no seguimento proximal do braço e em 82% (18/22), para a veia axilar. CONCLUSÃO: A veia braquial comum está frequentemente presente e, na maior parte das vezes, desemboca na veia axilar.
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15
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Duriseti RS, Brandeau ML. Cost-effectiveness of strategies for diagnosing pulmonary embolism among emergency department patients presenting with undifferentiated symptoms. Ann Emerg Med 2010; 56:321-332.e10. [PMID: 20605261 PMCID: PMC3699695 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Symptoms associated with pulmonary embolism can be nonspecific and similar to many competing diagnoses, leading to excessive costly testing and treatment, as well as missed diagnoses. Objective studies are essential for diagnosis. This study evaluates the cost-effectiveness of different diagnostic strategies in an emergency department (ED) for patients presenting with undifferentiated symptoms suggestive of pulmonary embolism. METHODS Using a probabilistic decision model, we evaluated the incremental costs and effectiveness (quality-adjusted life-years gained) of 60 testing strategies for 5 patient pretest categories (distinguished by Wells score [high, moderate, or low] and whether deep venous thrombosis is clinically suspected). We performed deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. RESULTS In the base case, for all patient pretest categories, the most cost-effective diagnostic strategy is to use an initial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay D-dimer test, followed by compression ultrasonography of the lower extremities if the D-dimer is above a specified cutoff. The level of the preferred cutoff varies with the Wells pretest category and whether a deep venous thrombosis is clinically suspected. D-dimer cutoffs higher than the current recommended cutoff were often preferred for patients with even moderate and high Wells categories. Compression ultrasonography accuracy had to decrease below commonly cited levels in the literature before it was not part of a preferred strategy. CONCLUSION When pulmonary embolism is suspected in the ED, use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay D-dimer assay, often at cutoffs higher than those currently in use (for patients in whom deep venous thrombosis is not clinically suspected), followed by compression ultrasonography as appropriate, can reduce costs and improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram S Duriseti
- Department of Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The susceptible populations and risk factors for UEDVT are well-known. The presenting symptoms can be subtle, and therefore objective testing is necessary for diagnosis. The optimal diagnostic strategy has not been determined, and more than one test may be required to exclude the diagnosis. Proper treatment reduces the occurrence of complications, and treatment should include long-term anticoagulation if the patient has no contraindications. This article discusses the risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, complications, and management of UEDVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S Marshall
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine 333 Cedar Street, LCI 105B, PO Box 208057, New Haven, CT 06520-8057, USA.
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17
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Jones MA, Lee DY, Segall JA, Landry GJ, Liem TK, Mitchell EL, Moneta GL. Characterizing resolution of catheter-associated upper extremity deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2010; 51:108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2009.07.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Flinterman LE, Van Der Meer FJM, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJM. Current perspective of venous thrombosis in the upper extremity. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1262-6. [PMID: 18485082 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03017.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Venous thrombosis of the upper extremity is a rare disease. Therefore, not as much is known about risk factors, treatment and the risk of recurrence as for venous thrombosis of the leg. Only central venous catheters and strenuous exercise are commonly known risk factors for an upper extremity venous thrombosis. In this review an overview of the different risk factors, possible treatments and the complications for patients with a venous thrombosis of the upper extremity is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Flinterman
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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19
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Spaniolas K, Velmahos GC, Wicky S, Nussbaumer K, Petrovick L, Gervasini A, Demoya M, Alam HB. Is Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis Underdiagnosed in Trauma Patients? Am Surg 2008. [DOI: 10.1177/000313480807400206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that upper extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) is as common and dangerous as lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is often found with no evidence of associated lower extremity deep venous thrombosis and could have originated from UEDVT. Routine screening is well accepted for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis but not for UEDVT. We hypothesized that UEDVT in trauma is frequent but undetected; therefore, routine screening of trauma patients at risk will increase the UEDVT rate and decrease the PE rate due to early diagnosis and treatment. We evaluated the incidence of UEDVT and PE over 6 months before (Group BEFORE) and 6 months after (Group AFTER) implementing a policy of screening patients at high risk for deep venous thrombosis with Duplex ultrasonography. Group BEFORE was evaluated retrospectively and group AFTER prospectively. There were 1110 BEFORE and 911 AFTER patients. The two groups were similar. Of the AFTER patients, 86 met predetermined screening criteria and were evaluated routinely by a total of 130 Duplex exams. One patient in each group developed UEDVT (0.09% vs 0.11%, P = 1.00). The brachial vein was involved in both patients. Six BEFORE (0.54%) and 1 AFTER (0.11%) patients developed PE ( P = 0.137). The single AFTER patient with PE was not screened for UEDVT because he had no high-risk criteria. UEDVT is an uncommon event with unclear significance in trauma. Aggressive screening did not result in a higher rate of UEDVT diagnosis, nor an opportunity to prevent PE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George C. Velmahos
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery
| | - Stephan Wicky
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Nussbaumer
- Division of Cardiovascular Imaging and Intervention, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laurie Petrovick
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery
| | - Alice Gervasini
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery
| | - Marc Demoya
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery
| | - Hasan B. Alam
- Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery
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20
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Sheth D, Ferral H, Patel NH. AJR Teaching File: weight lifter with swelling in the upper arm. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189:S21-3. [PMID: 17715071 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.06.0983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Sheth
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1740 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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