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Lemay E, Côté SD, Tremblay JP. How will snow retention and shading from Arctic shrub expansion affect caribou food resources? ECOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2021.1917859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Lemay
- Département de Biologie, Centre d’études Nordiques and Caribou Ungava, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de Biologie, Centre d’études Nordiques and Caribou Ungava, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Tremblay
- Département de Biologie, Centre d’études Nordiques and Caribou Ungava, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Finger-Higgens R, DeSiervo M, Ayres MP, Virginia RA. Increasing shrub damage by invertebrate herbivores in the warming and drying tundra of West Greenland. Oecologia 2021; 195:995-1005. [PMID: 33786709 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapid warming is predicted to increase insect herbivory across the tundra biome, yet how this will impact the community and ecosystem dynamics remains poorly understood. Increasing background invertebrate herbivory could impede Arctic greening, by serving as a top-down control on tundra vegetation. Many tundra ecosystems are also susceptible to severe insect herbivory outbreaks which can have lasting effects on vegetation communities. To explore how tundra-insect herbivore systems respond to warming, we measured shrub traits and foliar herbivory damage at 16 sites along a landscape gradient in western Greenland. Here we show that shrub foliar insect herbivory damage on two dominant deciduous shrubs, Salix glauca and Betula nana, was positively correlated with increasing temperatures throughout the first half of the 2017 growing season. We found that the majority of insect herbivory damage occurred in July, which was outside the period of rapid leaf expansion that occurred throughout most of June. Defoliators caused the most foliar damage in both shrub species. Additionally, insect herbivores removed a larger proportion of B. nana leaf biomass in warmer sites, which is due to a combination of increased foliar herbivory with a coinciding decline in foliar biomass. These results suggest that the effects of rising temperatures on both insect herbivores and host species are important to consider when predicting the trajectory of Arctic tundra shrub expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Finger-Higgens
- Ecology, Evolution, Ecosystems and Society Graduate Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | | | - Matthew P Ayres
- Ecology, Evolution, Ecosystems and Society Graduate Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Department of Biological Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Ross A Virginia
- Ecology, Evolution, Ecosystems and Society Graduate Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.,Environmental Studies Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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Rheubottom SI, Barrio IC, Kozlov MV, Alatalo JM, Andersson T, Asmus AL, Baubin C, Brearley FQ, Egelkraut DD, Ehrich D, Gauthier G, Jónsdóttir IS, Konieczka S, Lévesque E, Olofsson J, Prevéy JS, Slevan-Tremblay G, Sokolov A, Sokolova N, Sokovnina S, Speed JDM, Suominen O, Zverev V, Hik DS. Hiding in the background: community-level patterns in invertebrate herbivory across the tundra biome. Polar Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-019-02568-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jespersen RG, Leffler AJ, Oberbauer SF, Welker JM. Arctic plant ecophysiology and water source utilization in response to altered snow: isotopic (δ18O and δ2H) evidence for meltwater subsidies to deciduous shrubs. Oecologia 2018; 187:1009-1023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4196-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Background invertebrate herbivory on dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa-nana complex) increases with temperature and precipitation across the tundra biome. Polar Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-017-2139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Winter snowfall can have a positive effect on photosynthetic carbon fixation and biomass accumulation of biological soil crusts from the Gurbantunggut Desert, China. Ecol Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1335-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stark S, Väisänen M, Ylänne H, Julkunen-Tiitto R, Martz F. Decreased phenolic defence in dwarf birch (Betula nana) after warming in subarctic tundra. Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Leingärtner A, Hoiss B, Krauss J, Steffan-Dewenter I. Combined effects of extreme climatic events and elevation on nutritional quality and herbivory of Alpine plants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93881. [PMID: 24705715 PMCID: PMC3976348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic extreme events can cause the shift or disruption of plant-insect interactions due to altered plant quality, e.g. leaf carbon to nitrogen ratios, and phenology. However, the response of plant-herbivore interactions to extreme events and climatic gradients has been rarely studied, although climatic extremes will increase in frequency and intensity in the future and insect herbivores represent a highly diverse and functionally important group. We set up a replicated climate change experiment along elevational gradients in the German Alps to study the responses of three plant guilds and their herbivory by insects to extreme events (extreme drought, advanced and delayed snowmelt) versus control plots under different climatic conditions on 15 grassland sites. Our results indicate that elevational shifts in CN (carbon to nitrogen) ratios and herbivory depend on plant guild and season. CN ratios increased with altitude for grasses, but decreased for legumes and other forbs. In contrast to our hypotheses, extreme climatic events did not significantly affect CN ratios and herbivory. Thus, our study indicates that nutritional quality of plants and antagonistic interactions with insect herbivores are robust against seasonal climatic extremes. Across the three functional plant guilds, herbivory increased with nitrogen concentrations. Further, increased CN ratios indicate a reduction in nutritional plant quality with advancing season. Although our results revealed no direct effects of extreme climatic events, the opposing responses of plant guilds along elevation imply that competitive interactions within plant communities might change under future climates, with unknown consequences for plant-herbivore interactions and plant community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Leingärtner
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Bernhard Hoiss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocentre, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Rumpf SB, Semenchuk PR, Dullinger S, Cooper EJ. Idiosyncratic responses of high Arctic plants to changing snow regimes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86281. [PMID: 24523859 PMCID: PMC3921108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arctic is one of the ecosystems most affected by climate change; in particular, winter temperatures and precipitation are predicted to increase with consequent changes to snow cover depth and duration. Whether the snow-free period will be shortened or prolonged depends on the extent and temporal patterns of the temperature and precipitation rise; resulting changes will likely affect plant growth with cascading effects throughout the ecosystem. We experimentally manipulated snow regimes using snow fences and shoveling and assessed aboveground size of eight common high arctic plant species weekly throughout the summer. We demonstrated that plant growth responded to snow regime, and that air temperature sum during the snow free period was the best predictor for plant size. The majority of our studied species showed periodic growth; increases in plant size stopped after certain cumulative temperatures were obtained. Plants in early snow-free treatments without additional spring warming were smaller than controls. Response to deeper snow with later melt-out varied between species and categorizing responses by growth forms or habitat associations did not reveal generic trends. We therefore stress the importance of examining responses at the species level, since generalized predictions of aboveground growth responses to changing snow regimes cannot be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine B. Rumpf
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Troms, Norway
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp R. Semenchuk
- Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Troms, Norway
- Department of Arctic Biology, University Center in Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Svalbard, Norway
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Stefan Dullinger
- Department of Conservation Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation and Analyses, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth J. Cooper
- Institute for Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Troms, Norway
- * E-mail:
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Rasmann S, Pellissier L, Defossez E, Jactel H, Kunstler G. Climate-driven change in plant-insect interactions along elevation gradients. Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rasmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; UNIL Sorge; Le Biophore CH Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Loïc Pellissier
- Department of Bioscience; The Arctic Research Centre; Aarhus University; Aarhus 4000 Denmark
| | - Emmanuel Defossez
- Irstea; UR EMGR Ecosystèmes Montagnards; rue de la Papeterie-BP 76 St-Martin-d'Hères F-38402 France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE); CNRS UMR 5175; 1919 route de Mende Montpellier cedex 5 34293 France
| | | | - Georges Kunstler
- Irstea; UR EMGR Ecosystèmes Montagnards; rue de la Papeterie-BP 76 St-Martin-d'Hères F-38402 France
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
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Cornelius C, Leingärtner A, Hoiss B, Krauss J, Steffan-Dewenter I, Menzel A. Phenological response of grassland species to manipulative snowmelt and drought along an altitudinal gradient. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:241-51. [PMID: 23166372 PMCID: PMC3528030 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant communities in the European Alps are assumed to be highly affected by climate change, as the temperature rise in this region is above the global average. It is predicted that higher temperatures will lead to advanced snowmelt dates and that the number of extreme weather events will increase. The aims of this study were to determine the impacts of extreme climatic events on flower phenology and to assess whether those impacts differed between lower and higher altitudes. In 2010, an experiment simulating advanced and delayed snowmelt as well as a drought event was conducted along an altitudinal transect approximately every 250 m (600-2000 m above sea level) in the Berchtesgaden National Park, Germany. The study showed that flower phenology was strongly affected by altitude; however, there were few effects of the manipulative treatments on flowering. The effects of advanced snowmelt were significantly greater at higher than at lower sites, but no significant difference was found between both altitudinal bands for the other treatments. The response of flower phenology to temperature declined through the season and the length of flowering duration was not significantly influenced by treatments. The stronger effect of advanced snowmelt at higher altitudes may be a response to differences in treatment intensity across the gradient. Consequently, shifts in the date of snowmelt due to global warming may affect species more at higher than at lower altitudes, as changes may be more pronounced at higher altitudes. These data indicate a rather low risk of drought events on flowering phenology in the Bavarian Alps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cornelius
- Chair of Ecoclimatology, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Effects of Warming on Shrub Abundance and Chemistry Drive Ecosystem-Level Changes in a Forest–Tundra Ecotone. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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