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Humphreys JM, Shults PT, Velazquez-Salinas L, Bertram MR, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Pauszek SJ, Peters DPC, Rodriguez LL. Interrogating Genomes and Geography to Unravel Multiyear Vesicular Stomatitis Epizootics. Viruses 2024; 16:1118. [PMID: 39066280 PMCID: PMC11281362 DOI: 10.3390/v16071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted an integrative analysis to elucidate the spatial epidemiological patterns of the Vesicular Stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) during the 2014-15 epizootic cycle in the United States (US). Using georeferenced VSNJV genomics data, confirmed vesicular stomatitis (VS) disease cases from surveillance, and a suite of environmental factors, our study assessed environmental and phylogenetic similarity to compare VS cases reported in 2014 and 2015. Despite uncertainties from incomplete virus sampling and cross-scale spatial processes, patterns suggested multiple independent re-invasion events concurrent with potential viral overwintering between sequential seasons. Our findings pointed to a geographically defined southern virus pool at the US-Mexico interface as the source of VSNJV invasions and overwintering sites. Phylodynamic analysis demonstrated an increase in virus diversity before a rise in case numbers and a pronounced reduction in virus diversity during the winter season, indicative of a genetic bottleneck and a significant narrowing of virus variation between the summer outbreak seasons. Environment-vector interactions underscored the central role of meta-population dynamics in driving disease spread. These insights emphasize the necessity for location- and time-specific management practices, including rapid response, movement restrictions, vector control, and other targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Humphreys
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan Kansas, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (L.L.R.)
| | - Phillip T. Shults
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan Kansas, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (L.L.R.)
| | - Miranda R. Bertram
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan Kansas, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (L.L.R.)
| | - Angela M. Pelzel-McCluskey
- Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC), U.S. Department of Agriculture, Orient, NY 11957, USA;
| | - Debra P. C. Peters
- Office of National Programs, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) and National Bio Agro Defense Facility (NBAF), Manhattan Kansas, KS 66502, USA; (L.V.-S.); (M.R.B.); (L.L.R.)
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Pelzel-McCluskey AM. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2024; 40:251-259. [PMID: 38402042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by either VS New Jersey virus or VS Indiana virus. The disease circulates endemically in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico and only occasionally causes outbreaks in the United States. During the past 20 years, VS outbreaks in the southwestern and Rocky Mountain regions occurred periodically with incursion years followed by virus overwintering and subsequent expansion outbreak years. Regulatory response by animal health officials prevents spread from lesioned animals and manages trade impacts. Recent US outbreaks highlight potential climate change impacts on insect vectors or other transmission-related variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Pelzel-McCluskey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
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Whelpley MJ, Zhou LH, Rascon J, Payne B, Moehn B, Young KI, Mire CE, Peters DPC, Rodriguez LL, Hanley KA. Community composition of black flies during and after the 2020 vesicular stomatitis virus outbreak in Southern New Mexico, USA. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:93. [PMID: 38414030 PMCID: PMC10900647 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a vector-borne pathogen of livestock, emerges periodically in the western US. In New Mexico (NM), US, most cases occur close to the Rio Grande River, implicating black flies (Simulium spp.) as a possible vector. In 2020, VS cases were reported in NM from April to May, although total black fly abundance remained high until September. We investigated the hypothesis that transience of local VSV transmission results from transient abundance of key, competent black fly species. Additionally, we investigated whether irrigation canals in southern NM support a different community of black flies than the main river. Lastly, to gain insight into the source of local black flies, in 2023 we collected black fly larvae prior to the release of water into the Rio Grande River channel. METHODS We randomly sub-sampled adult black flies collected along the Rio Grande during and after the 2020 VSV outbreak. We also collected black fly adults along the river in 2021 and 2022 and at southern NM farms and irrigation canals in 2022. Black fly larvae were collected from dams in the area in 2023. All collections were counted, and individual specimens were subjected to molecular barcoding for species identification. RESULTS DNA barcoding of adult black flies detected four species in 2020: Simulium meridionale (N = 158), S. mediovittatum (N = 83), S. robynae (N = 26) and S. griseum/notatum (N = 1). Simulium robynae was only detected during the VSV outbreak period, S. meridionale showed higher relative abundance, but lower absolute abundance, during the outbreak than post-outbreak period, and S. mediovittatum was rare during the outbreak period but predominated later in the summer. In 2022, relative abundance of black fly species did not differ significantly between the Rio Grande sites and farm and irrigation canals. Intriguingly, 63 larval black flies comprised 56% Simulium vittatum, 43% S. argus and 1% S. encisoi species that were either extremely rare or not detected in previous adult collections. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that S. robynae and S. meridionale could be shaping patterns of VSV transmission in southern NM. Thus, field studies of the source of these species as well as vector competence studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelin J Whelpley
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Lawrence H Zhou
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Jeremy Rascon
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Bailey Payne
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Brett Moehn
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA
| | - Katherine I Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas El Paso, El Paso Texas, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Debra P C Peters
- United States Department of Agriculture, Office of National Programs, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Luis L Rodriguez
- United States, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Services, Plum Island Animal Disease Center and National Bio- and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Kathryn A Hanley
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, USA.
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Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) or vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV). The disease circulates endemically in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico and only occasionally causes outbreaks in the United States. Over the past 20 years, VS outbreaks in the southwestern and Rocky Mountain regions occurred periodically with incursion years followed by virus overwintering and subsequent expansion outbreak years. The regulatory response by animal health officials prevents the spread of disease by animals with lesions and manages trade impacts. Recent US outbreaks highlight potential climate change impacts on insect vectors or other transmission-related variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Pelzel-McCluskey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA.
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Molecular Tracking of the Origin of Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreaks in 2004 and 2018, Ecuador. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030181. [PMID: 36977220 PMCID: PMC10057135 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) is an arbovirus causing vesicular stomatitis (VS) in livestock. There are two serotypes recognized: New Jersey (VSNJV) and Indiana (VSIV). The virus can be transmitted directly by contact or by vectors. In 2018, Ecuador experienced an outbreak of Vesicular Stomatitis (VS) in cattle, caused by VSNJV and VSVIV, with 399 cases reported distributed over 18 provinces. We determined the phylogenetic relationships among 67 strains. For the construction of phylogenetic trees, the viral phosphoprotein gene was sequenced, and trees were constructed based on the Maximum Likelihood method using 2004 outbreak strains from Ecuador (GenBank) and the 2018 sequences (this article). We built a haplotype network for VSNJV to trace the origin of the 2004 and 2018 epizootics through topology and mutation connections. These analyses suggest two different origins, one related to the 2004 outbreak and the other from a transmission source in 2018. Our analysis also suggests different transmission patterns; several small and independent outbreaks, most probably transmitted by vectors in the Amazon, and another outbreak caused by the movement of livestock in the Andean and Coastal regions. We recommend further research into vectors and vertebrate reservoirs in Ecuador to clarify the mechanisms of the reemergence of the virus.
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Elias E, Savoy HM, Swanson DA, Cohnstaedt LW, Peters DPC, Derner JD, Pelzel‐McCluskey A, Drolet B, Rodriguez L. Landscape dynamics of a vector‐borne disease in the western
US
: How vector–habitat relationships inform disease hotspots. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Emile Elias
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit Las Cruces New Mexico USA
| | - Heather M. Savoy
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Big Data Initiative and the SCINet Program for Scientific Computing Office of National Programs Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Dustin A. Swanson
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod‐Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod‐Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - Debra P. C. Peters
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Big Data Initiative and the SCINet Program for Scientific Computing Office of National Programs Beltsville Maryland USA
| | - Justin D. Derner
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Cheyenne Wyoming USA
| | - Angela Pelzel‐McCluskey
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Barbara Drolet
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod‐Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Manhattan Kansas USA
| | - Luis Rodriguez
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York USA
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7
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Predicting the Geographic Range of an Invasive Livestock Disease across the Contiguous USA under Current and Future Climate Conditions. CLIMATE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cli9110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is the most common vesicular livestock disease in North America. Transmitted by direct contact and by several biting insect species, this disease results in quarantines and animal movement restrictions in horses, cattle and swine. As changes in climate drive shifts in geographic distributions of vectors and the viruses they transmit, there is considerable need to improve understanding of relationships among environmental drivers and patterns of disease occurrence. Multidisciplinary approaches integrating pathology, ecology, climatology, and biogeophysics are increasingly relied upon to disentangle complex relationships governing disease. We used a big data model integration approach combined with machine learning to estimate the potential geographic range of VS across the continental United States (CONUS) under long-term mean climate conditions over the past 30 years. The current extent of VS is confined to the western portion of the US and is related to summer and winter precipitation, winter maximum temperature, elevation, fall vegetation biomass, horse density, and proximity to water. Comparison with a climate-only model illustrates the importance of current processes-based parameters and identifies regions where uncertainty is likely to be greatest if mechanistic processes change. We then forecast shifts in the range of VS using climate change projections selected from CMIP5 climate models that most realistically simulate seasonal temperature and precipitation. Climate change scenarios that altered climatic conditions resulted in greater changes to potential range of VS, generally had non-uniform impacts in core areas of the current potential range of VS and expanded the range north and east. We expect that the heterogeneous impacts of climate change across the CONUS will be exacerbated with additional changes in land use and land cover affecting biodiversity and hydrological cycles that are connected to the ecology of insect vectors involved in VS transmission.
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Surveillance along the Rio Grande during the 2020 Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak Reveals Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of and Viral RNA Detection in Black Flies. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101264. [PMID: 34684213 PMCID: PMC8541391 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) emerges periodically from its focus of endemic transmission in southern Mexico to cause epizootics in livestock in the US. The ecology of VSV involves a diverse, but largely undefined, repertoire of potential reservoir hosts and invertebrate vectors. As part of a larger program to decipher VSV transmission, we conducted a study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of Simulium black flies, a known vector of VSV, along the Rio Grande in southern New Mexico, USA from March to December 2020. Serendipitously, the index case of VSV-Indiana (VSIV) in the USA in 2020 occurred at a central point of our study. Black flies appeared soon after the release of the Rio Grande’s water from an upstream dam in March 2020. Two-month and one-year lagged precipitation, maximum temperature, and vegetation greenness, measured as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), were associated with increased black fly abundance. We detected VSIV RNA in 11 pools comprising five black fly species using rRT-PCR; five pools yielded a VSIV sequence. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of VSV in the western US from vectors that were not collected on premises with infected domestic animals.
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Palinski R, Pauszek SJ, Humphreys JM, Peters DP, McVey DS, Pelzel‐McCluskey AM, Derner JD, Burruss ND, Arzt J, Rodriguez LL. Evolution and expansion dynamics of a vector‐borne virus: 2004–2006 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western USA. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Palinski
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University 2005 Research Park Manhattan Kansas 66502 USA
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
| | - John M. Humphreys
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Debra P.C. Peters
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
- Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - D. Scott McVey
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Arthropod‐Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit Manhattan Kansas 66506 USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68583 USA
| | - Angela M. Pelzel‐McCluskey
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Justin D. Derner
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit 8408 Hildreth Road Cheyenne Wyoming 82009 USA
| | - N. Dylan Burruss
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
- Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Jonathan Arzt
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
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Pelzel-McCluskey A, Christensen B, Humphreys J, Bertram M, Keener R, Ewing R, Cohnstaedt LW, Tell R, Peters DPC, Rodriguez L. Review of Vesicular Stomatitis in the United States with Focus on 2019 and 2020 Outbreaks. Pathogens 2021; 10:993. [PMID: 34451457 PMCID: PMC8399664 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a vector-borne livestock disease caused by vesicular stomatitis New Jersey virus (VSNJV) or vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus (VSIV). The disease circulates endemically in northern South America, Central America, and Mexico and only occasionally causes outbreaks in the United States. Over the past 20 years, VSNJV outbreaks in the southwestern and Rocky Mountain regions occurred with incursion years followed by virus overwintering and subsequent expansion outbreak years. Regulatory response by animal health officials is deployed to prevent spread from lesioned animals. The 2019 VS incursion was the largest in 40 years, lasting from June to December 2019 with 1144 VS-affected premises in 111 counties in eight states (Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming) and was VSIV serotype, last isolated in 1998. A subsequent expansion occurred from April to October 2020 with 326 VS-affected premises in 70 counties in eight states (Arizona, Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas). The primary serotype in 2020 was VSIV, but a separate incursion of VSNJV occurred in south Texas. Summary characteristics of the outbreaks are presented along with VSV-vector sampling results and phylogenetic analysis of VSIV isolates providing evidence of virus overwintering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pelzel-McCluskey
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | | | - John Humphreys
- USDA-Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Northern Plains Agricultural Research Laboratory, Pest Management Research, Sidney, MT 59270, USA;
| | - Miranda Bertram
- USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Long Island, NY 11957, USA; (M.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Robert Keener
- Department of Agriculture, Fort Hays State University, Hays, KS 67601, USA;
| | - Robert Ewing
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (R.E.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Lee W. Cohnstaedt
- USDA-ARS, Center for Grain and Animal Health Research, Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (R.E.); (L.W.C.)
| | - Rachel Tell
- USDA-APHIS-Veterinary Services, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Debra P. C. Peters
- USDA-ARS, Jornada Experimental Range Unit, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
- USDA-ARS SCINet Big Data Program, Berwyn Heights, MD 20740, USA
| | - Luis Rodriguez
- USDA-ARS, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Long Island, NY 11957, USA; (M.B.); (L.R.)
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Peters DPC, McVey DS, Elias EH, Pelzel‐McCluskey AM, Derner JD, Burruss ND, Schrader TS, Yao J, Pauszek SJ, Lombard J, Rodriguez LL. Big data–model integration and AI for vector‐borne disease prediction. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Debra P. C. Peters
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit, and Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - D. Scott McVey
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Center for Grain and Animal Health Research Arthropod‐Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit Manhattan Kansas 66506 USA
| | - Emile H. Elias
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit, and Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Angela M. Pelzel‐McCluskey
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Justin D. Derner
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit Cheyenne Wyoming 82009 USA
| | - N. Dylan Burruss
- Jornada Experimental Range New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - T. Scott Schrader
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit, and Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Jin Yao
- US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Jornada Experimental Range Unit, and Jornada Basin Long Term Ecological Research Program New Mexico State University Las Cruces New Mexico 88003 USA
| | - Steven J. Pauszek
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
| | - Jason Lombard
- US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary Services Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA
| | - Luis L. Rodriguez
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plum Island Animal Disease Center Orient Point New York 11957 USA
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12
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Peck DE, Reeves WK, Pelzel-McCluskey AM, Derner JD, Drolet B, Cohnstaedt LW, Swanson D, McVey DS, Rodriguez LL, Peters DPC. Management Strategies for Reducing the Risk of Equines Contracting Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) in the Western United States. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 90:103026. [PMID: 32534788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs) cause a condition known as vesicular stomatitis (VS), which results in painful lesions in equines, cattle, swine, and camelids, and when transmitted to humans, can cause flu-like symptoms. When animal premises are affected by VS, they are subject to a quarantine. The equine industry more broadly may incur economic losses due to interruptions of animal trade and transportation to shows, competitions, and other events. Equine owners, barn managers, and veterinarians can take proactive measures to reduce the risk of equines contracting VS. To identify appropriate risk management strategies, it helps to understand which biting insects are capable of transmitting the virus to animals, and to identify these insect vectors' preferred habitats and behaviors. We make this area of science more accessible to equine owners, barn managers, and veterinarians, by (1) translating the most relevant scientific information about biting insect vectors of VSV and (2) identifying practical management strategies that might reduce the risk of equines contracting VSV from infectious biting insects or from other equines already infected with VSV. We address transmission risk at four different spatial scales-the animal, the barn/shelter, the barnyard/premises, and the surrounding environment/neighborhood-noting that a multiscale and spatially collaborative strategy may be needed to reduce the risk of VS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Will K Reeves
- USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO
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