European Hernia Society guidelines on the treatment of inguinal hernia in adult patients. Hernia. 2009;13:343-403. [PMID: 19636493 PMCID: PMC2719730 DOI: 10.1007/s10029-009-0529-7]

Recurrence Rates after Primary Femoral Hernia Open Repair a Systematic Review

PURPOSE

Femoral hernia accounts for 22% of groin hernia operations in women and for 1.1% in men. Numerous surgical approaches have been reported but there is no consensus. Many of the recurrence rates are reported in old literature, while recent reports are scarce. The aim of the present study was to review rates of recurrences in patients who underwent open repair of a primary femoral hernia.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic search in the electronic literature, using the search terms "femoral hernia" and "recurrence". We included studies published from 2002 that had as primary or secondary endpoint to evaluate the recurrence after surgery. Risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool for RCT and by the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies.

RESULTS

Fifteen eligible articles were included in our systematic review. A total of 1087 procedures were performed according to the defined criteria. The metanalytic evaluation highlighted a higher probability of recurrence for non-mesh than mesh repairs (6.5% vs 1.9%; RR 0.924, 95% CI: 0.857 - 0.996). In patients treated in emergency settings the rate of recurrences was 3.7%; in patients who received elective repairs it was 0.71%. Six studies reported that most of recurrences occurred within the first post-operative year.

CONCLUSION

We found that crude recurrence rate after open repair of a primary femoral hernia is about 4%. This rate is higher in case of non-mesh techniques and in emergency surgery. Our results support the recommendation that femoral hernias should be repaired with mesh techniques.

Is previous prostatectomy a risk factor for postoperative complications following minimally invasive inguinal hernia repair? A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM

The literature indicates that patients with prior pelvic surgery, particularly radical prostatectomy, pose challenges in minimally invasive inguinal hernia repair (IHR). However, there is no conclusive evidence regarding the impact of pelvic surgery on postoperative complications. To address this gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the influence of previous prostatectomy in men undergoing MIS IHR.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We searched Cochrane Central, Scopus, SciELO, Lilacs, and PubMed/MEDLINE for studies comparing men undergoing MIS IHR after prostatectomy with men without previous pelvic surgery. Key outcomes evaluated included recurrence, overall postoperative complications, seroma, hematoma, surgical site infection (SSI), conversion rates, and operative time.

RESULTS

Out of 402 screened studies, 9 met the inclusion criteria. Among the included studies, three analyzed totally extraperitoneal (TEP) technique, while four analyzed transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and two presented both techniques together. The analysis comprised 189,183 patients, of which 4551 (2.4%) had a history of prostatectomy. The analysis revealed that post-prostatectomy patients presented higher postoperative complications (3.7% vs. 1.9%; RR 1.9; 95% CI [1.23; 2.94]; P = 0.004) and seroma (1.6% vs. 0.9%; RR 1.58; 95% CI [1.23; 2.04]; P < 0.001) following MIS IHR. Additionally, patients with a previous prostatectomy presented an increased operative time (MD 21.25 min; 95% CI [19.1; 23.4]; P < 0.001). No significant differences were observed in recurrence (0.98% vs. 0.92%; RR 1.1; 95% CI [0.8; 1.53]; P = 0.54), SSI (0.07% VS. 0.07%; RR 0.99; 95% CI [0.34; 2.9]; P = 0.98), hematoma (3.6% vs. 1.2%; RR 3.18; 95% CI [0.84; 12.1]; P = 0.09), and conversion rates (1.1% vs. 0.9%; RR 1.26; 95% CI [0.91; 1.72]; P = 0.16). However, subgroup analysis of TEP technique in patients with previous prostatectomy showed higher conversion rates (2.4% vs. 0%; RR 20; 95% CI [2.9; 138.2]; P < 0.01). Analysis using funnel plots showed the absence of publication bias in the study outcomes.

CONCLUSION

This comprehensive analysis indicates that patients with a history of prostatectomy undergoing MIS IHR may present higher postoperative complications and an increased operative time. Further comparative studies are needed to evaluate the cumulative impact of MIS IHR in patients with previous prostatectomy.

Development and validation of a high-quality simulator with exchangeable peritoneum for transabdominal preperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair

INTRODUCTION

Practical simulation training with proper haptic feedback and the fragility of the human body is required to overcome the long learning curve associated with laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LIHR). However, few hernia models accurately reflect the texture and fragility of the human body. Therefore, in this study, we developed a novel model for transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) LIHR training and evaluated its validity.

METHODS

We developed a high-quality mock peritoneum with a hydrated polyvinyl alcohol layer and a unique two-way crossing cellulose fiber layer. To complete the simulation, the peritoneum was adhered to a urethane foam inguinal base with surgical landmarks. Participants could perform all the procedures required for the TAPP LIHR. Twenty-four surgeons performed TAPP LIHR simulation using a novel simulator. Their opinions were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Additionally, 6 surgical residents and 10 surgical experts performed the procedure. Their performance was evaluated using the TAPP checklist score and procedure time.

RESULTS

Most participants strongly agreed that the TAPP LIHR simulator with an exchangeable peritoneum model was useful. The participants agreed on the model fidelity for tactile sensation, forceps handling, and humanlike anatomy. In comparisons between surgical residents and experts, the experts had significantly higher scores (10.6 vs. 17.2, p < 0.05) and shorter procedure times (92.3 vs. 55.9 min; p < .05) than did surgical residents.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a high-quality exchangeable peritoneal model that mimics the human peritoneum's texture and fragility. This model enhances laparoscopic simulation training, potentially shortening TAPP LIHR learning curves.

Computed tomography for evaluation of abdominal wall hernias-what is the value of the Valsalva maneuver?

PURPOSE

To investigate the differences in the visibility and size of abdominal wall hernias in computed tomography (CT) with and without Valsalva maneuver.

METHODS

This single-center retrospective study included consecutive patients who underwent abdominal CTs with Valsalva maneuver between January 2018 and January 2022. Inclusion criteria was availability of an additional non-Valsalva CT within 6 months. A combined reference standard including clinical and surgical findings was used. Two independent, blinded radiologists measured the hernia sac size and rated hernia visibility on CTs with and without Valsalva. Differences were tested with a Wilcoxon signed rank test and McNemar's test.

RESULTS

The final population included 95 patients (16 women; mean age 46 ± 11.6 years) with 205 hernias. Median hernia sac size on Valsalva CT was 31 mm compared with 24 mm on non-Valsalva CT (p < 0.001). In 73 and 82% of cases, the hernias were better visible on CT with Valsalva as compared to that without. 14 and 17% of hernias were only visible on the Valsalva CT. Hernia visibility on non-Valsalva CT varied according to subtype, with only 0 and 3% of umbilical hernias not being visible compared with 43% of femoral hernias.

CONCLUSIONS

Abdominal wall hernias are larger and better visible on Valsalva CT compared with non-Valsalva CT in a significant proportion of patients and some hernias are only visible on the Valsalva CT. Therefore, this method should be preferred for the evaluation of abdominal wall hernias.

Prospective randomized study comparing mesh displacement in enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal versus totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair without mesh fixation

PURPOSE

In laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair, it is thought that the mesh can be displaced more in the enhanced-view totally extraperitoneal (eTEP) technique. The aim of this study was to compare eTEP and totally extraperitoneal (TEP) techniques without mesh fixation in terms of mesh displacement and hernia recurrence.

METHODS

Between December 2022 and April 2023, 60 consecutive patients with unilateral inguinal hernia were randomized into two groups; eTEP group (n = 30) and TEP group (n = 30). There was without mesh fixation in both groups. Study was registered at http://Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT06070142). The mesh was marked with three radiopaque clips. Pelvic radiographs were performed to evaluate the displacement of the mesh. The primary outcome of this study was mesh displacement. In addition, this is the first study in the literature to compare eTEP and TEP techniques in terms of mesh displacement without fixation in laparoscopic inguinal hernia.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of mesh displacement, recurrence, postoperative VAS scores, length of hospital stay, hematoma, and seroma formation. The operation time was higher in the eTEP group and was statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

Without mesh fixation, the eTEP technique does not increase the risk of mesh displacement and recurrence. The eTEP technique can be safely applied without mesh fixation in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials number: NCT06070142.

Application of machine learning algorithms to predict postoperative surgical site infections and surgical site occurrences following inguinal hernia surgery

PURPOSE

This study aimed to develop, validate, and evaluate machine learning (ML) algorithms for predicting Surgical site infections (SSI) and surgical site occurrences (SSO) after elective open inguinal hernia surgery.

METHODS

A cohort of 491 patients who underwent elective open inguinal hernia surgery at Fudan University Affiliated Huadong Hospital between December 2019 and December 2020 was enrolled. To create a strong prediction model, we employed five ML methods: generalized linear model, random forest (RF), support vector machines, neural network, and gradient boosting machine. Based on the best performing model, we devised online calculators to facilitate clinicians' access to a linear predictor for patients. The receiver operating characteristic curve was utilized to evaluate the model's discriminatory capability and predictive accuracy.

RESULTS

The incidence rates of SSI and SSO were 4.68% and 13.44%, respectively. Four variables (diabetes, recurrence, antibiotic prophylaxis, and duration of surgery) were identified for SSI prediction, while four variables (diabetes, size of hernias, albumin levels, and antibiotic prophylaxis) were included for SSO prediction. In the test set, the RF model showed the best predictive ability (SSI: area under the curve (AUC) = 0.849, sensitivity = 0.769, specificity = 0.769, and accuracy = 0.769; SSO: AUC = 0.740, sensitivity = 0.513, specificity = 0.821, and accuracy = 0.667). Online calculators have been developed to assess patients' risk of SSI ( https://wuqian17.shinyapps.io/predictionSSI/ ) and SSO ( https://wuqian17.shinyapps.io/predictionSSO/ ) after surgery.

CONCLUSIONS

This study developed a prediction model for SSI/SSO using ML methods. It holds the potential to facilitate the selection of appropriate treatment options following elective open inguinal hernia surgery.

[Outpatient treatment for hernia surgery in Germany]

Outpatient surgery in the treatment of hernia is currently a major challenge for patients and treating physicians in Germany due to the new legal regulations (key term hybrid diagnosis-related groups, DRG). Despite large economic challenges and empty funds, the principle of medical treatment is still the patient-oriented scientifically founded medicine. Although outpatient treatment would be very desirable, clear medical knowledge should the basis for the justification of surgical strategies: outpatient short hospitalization (24h) or fully inpatient hospitalization (>24h). A completely outpatient treatment of hernias is not meaningful and the demarcation of outpatient, short inpatient and inpatient treatment should be demonstrated in a risk-adjusted manner. A classification is essential, particularly against the background of an intersectoral hybrid DRG.

Anatomical Features in Inguinal-Pubic-Adductor Area That May Contribute to Gender Difference in Susceptibility to Groin Pain Syndrome

Groin pain syndrome (GPS) is often a diagnostic challenge for sport physicians. Despite this diagnostic difficulty, the incidence of GPS in athletes is relatively high, afflicting 10-20% of the total sports population. In the literature, a certain number of studies demonstrate an important gender-based difference in the incidence of GPS in both sexes, with a ratio of female:male athletes clearly in favor of the female gender being relatively less prone to GPS. Indeed, some anatomical differences between the two sexes seem to represent a protective factor against the onset of GPS in women, although the current literature still needs to clarify the validity of these findings. It is the aim of this systematic review to examine all the anatomical differences between men and women that may be responsible for the difference in the onset of GPS in the two sexes.

Transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair for emergency groin hernia: a systematic review

PURPOSE

Laparoscopic groin hernia repair has evolved and gained popularity and laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) procedure provides an opportunity to evaluate the peritoneal cavity and both inguinal areas without the need for additional dissection. There is still a paucity of evidence to support TAPP repair in the emergency setting. In this systematic review, we aim to evaluate the feasibility and safety of TAPP repair for incarcerated and strangulated groin hernias.

METHODS

PRISMA guidelines were followed for literature search and established inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Data were extracted and analyzed for the outcomes of interest.

RESULTS

Overall, 8 studies were included in the review, comprising 316 patients. Patients characteristics and outcomes were limitedly reported. Only 3 cases of conversion to open approach were reported and 2 recurrences were diagnosed. Postoperative complications are inconsistently reported but mostly refer to minor complications. There were no mortality cases. Visceral resections were performed in 25 cases due to ischemia, mostly extracorporeally.

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopy is a game changer and TAPP approach is a feasible, safe, and effective technique for the emergent repair of groin hernias. Further studies and prospective randomized data are needed to establish its role in the emergent groin hernia management.

A new groin hernia classification with clinical relevance

INTRODUCTION

Groin hernia is one of the most commonly managed surgical diseases around the world. The typical question asked by patients is "Does my hernia require urgent surgery?". The currently available classifications are insufficient to stratify patients into different groups. We propose a new classification that incorporates diverse clinical elements together with anatomical and other vital information, which allows us to stratify patients into different groups.

METHOD

A task force was formed by the Hong Kong Hernia Society, working with international expert hernia surgeons. The framework of the classification system was formulated. Clinical elements that are important in groin disease stratification were identified. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed. Those which dictate the severity of the disease were selected and compiled to form the new proposed classification. Application of this classification model to a single hernia surgeon's registry in The Hong Kong Adventist Hospital Hernia Centre was done for initial evaluation.

RESULT

This new classification incorporates important clinical characteristics forming a total of nine grades of differentiation, together with the anatomical details and special information. This comprehensive system allows the stratification of patients into different groups based on disease severity. It also enables more accurate data collection for future audits, comparisons of disease progression over time, and the effect of different management strategies for different-stage patients.

CONCLUSION

This is the first classification system which incorporates essential clinical parameters, which allows the stratification of groin hernia into different stages. Further studies and validation should be performed to evaluate the usefulness and value of this classification in groin hernia management.

Evaluation of Open Rives-Stoppa and Lichtenstein Repair Methods for Bilateral Inguinal Hernias: A Single-Centre Comparative Analysis

Aim The purpose of the study is to compare the two common open surgical methods for bilateral inguinal hernias: bilateral Lichtenstein repair and Rives-Stoppa repair. It evaluates their benefits, drawbacks, and outcomes to improve the management of bilateral inguinal hernias and enhance patient care and results. Background Abdominal wall hernias are prevalent in the surgical field, and they occur when intra-abdominal organs protrude through weakened or torn regions in the abdominal wall. The Lichtenstein repair, also known as the tension-free mesh repair, is one of the most widely used techniques that involves placing a synthetic mesh over the hernia defect to reinforce the abdominal wall. The Rives-Stoppa technique takes the posterior approach, which involves placing a large mesh in the preperitoneal space, which provides broad coverage of the potential hernia sites. Method This retrospective study included 86 male patients from the Department of General Surgery at Indus Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan. Data were collected up to three months post-operation for all open bilateral inguinal hernia repairs performed between January 2017 and April 2021. The patients were divided into two groups: group A underwent Lichtenstein repair, while group B underwent Rives-Stoppa repair. The procedures were performed by different surgeons and surgical trainees under direct supervision. Results Regarding post-operative complications (scrotal swelling, epididymo-orchitis, seroma formation, ipsilateral testicular swelling, surgical site infection, erectile dysfunction, wound dehiscence, fever, hydrocele, sensory abnormality, hernia recurrence in 3 months, post-operative pain in 14 days), there was no significant difference observed between the two groups. There were two recurrences within three months after Lichtenstein repair and one recurrence after Stoppa repair, but no statistical difference was demonstrated. Conclusion Statistically, both the Lichtenstein repair and the Rives-Stoppa repair demonstrated similar outcomes. However, the Rives-Stoppa repair offers distinct advantages for bilateral inguinal hernia repair, making it a preferable option in many cases as this approach utilises a single midline incision, simultaneously facilitating access to both hernial sites. This method ensures complete coverage of the myopectineal orifices bilaterally, addressing all potential hernia sites in the lower abdomen. These features collectively contribute to the technique's efficacy in managing bilateral hernias.

Exploring the rationale of performing vaginal hysterectomy under local anaesthesia: A single-centre experience

INTRODUCTION

Vaginal hysterectomy (VH) is usually performed under general (GA) or regional anaesthesia. In recent years, the possibility of performing vaginal hysterectomy under local anaesthesia (LA) has also been explored. Our aim was to compare intraoperative and early postoperative outcomes in women who underwent VH under LA with intravenous sedation or GA.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, we collected data of patients who underwent VH at our department from June 2021 to December 2022. For every patient, the following data was obtained: hospitalisation duration, type of anaesthesia (LA or GA), accompanying procedures, the dosage of used local anaesthetic in the LA group, maximal pain score for each day of hospitalisation after the procedure, procedure duration, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complication rate. Data was analysed using the SPSS Statistics programme. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

Seventy patients were included in the study. The mean age was significantly higher in the LA group compared to GA group (73.8 ± 8.0 years vs. 67.1 ± 9.3 respectively, p-value = 0.003). LA was associated with statistically lower pain scores in the first two days after the procedure (p = 0.003), and shorter procedure duration (p-value <0.001) as well as hospitalisation duration (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the cumulative dosage of different analgesics used during hospitalisation was higher in the GA group.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results show that LA is a feasible option for patients undergoing VH. Vaginal surgical procedures under LA could be especially beneficial for older patients with medical comorbidities in whom GA would be particularly hazardous.

Impact on quality of life following inguinal hernia repair under local anaesthetic in a primary care setting

PURPOSE

Inguinal hernia repair remains one of the most common elective general surgical procedures. Previous studies have suggested high rates of chronic pain afterwards. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in quality of life after local anaesthetic (LA) inguinal hernia surgery performed in a primary care setting.

METHODS

Quality of life (QoL) was measured in all patients both pre-operatively and at 6-months post-operatively using the European Hernia Society Scoring tool. Data was analysed by tertile grouping according to initial symptom score.

RESULTS

497 patients filled out pre-operative QoL forms between June 2020 and May 2022. Post-operative QoL scores were received from 179 patients (164 male (91.6%)). Median pre-operative score was 33 (IQR 20-48). Median post-operative score was 4 (IQR 1-11). Mean improvement in QoL score was 27.8. Nine patients had a worse score at 6-months compared to pre-op (5%). When the data was analysed by pre-op QoL group as expected the low symptom group (score 0-10) had minimal improvement in QoL (0.23) and 5 out of 13 patients (38%) had a worse score. The medium group (score 11-40) had a mean improvement in QoL of 17.25 with 3 out of 92 (3.2%) experiencing a worse score. The high symptom group (score 41-90) had a mean improvement in QoL of 45.4 with only 1 of 76 (1.3%) experiencing a worse score.

CONCLUSIONS

LA Inguinal hernia repair improves QoL substantially 6-months after surgery. However, in those patients with low pre-operative scores (< 11) the gain is minimal and rates of chronic symptoms following surgery are very high. We recommend avoiding surgery in this group and instead adopting a surveillance approach.

Assessment of Clinical Outcomes of Sutured Versus Sutureless Self-Gripping Polyester Mesh in Patients With Uncomplicated Indirect Inguinal Hernia in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Background Inguinal hernia repair is a common surgical procedure addressing the protrusion of abdominal viscera through the inguinal canal. Despite advancements, complications such as chronic postoperative pain, infections, and hernia recurrence persist. Traditional sutured polypropylene mesh can cause nerve irritation and inflammation, leading to chronic pain and other issues. Innovations in hernia repair, like the self-gripping, low-density, macroporous polyester mesh, aim to mitigate these problems. This mesh adheres to tissues without sutures, potentially reducing operative time, postoperative pain, and related complications. The study compares the clinical outcomes of sutureless self-gripping polyester mesh versus sutured polypropylene mesh in inguinal hernia repair, focusing on operative time, postoperative pain, hospital stay length, seroma formation, and hernia recurrence to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the self-gripping mesh. Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted over one year at our hospital. Sixty patients with uncomplicated primary inguinal hernias were enrolled and divided into two groups: group A (self-gripping polyester mesh) and group B (sutured polypropylene mesh). The primary outcomes measured included operative time, postoperative pain (visual analog scale), hospital stay length, seroma formation, and hernia recurrence. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), with descriptive and inferential statistics applied to compare the outcomes between the groups. Results The study found no significant differences in demographic variables between the two groups. The self-gripping polyester mesh (SF) group had significantly shorter operative times (67.2 minutes vs. 88.1 minutes, p < 0.001), lower postoperative pain scores (3.30 vs. 4.60, p < 0.001), and shorter hospital stays (3.2 days vs. 5.2 days, p = 0.000) compared to the sutured polypropylene mesh (SM) group. Rates of seroma formation and hernia recurrence were not significantly different between the groups. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that the type of mesh was a significant predictor of postoperative pain scores, with self-gripping mesh associated with lower pain. Conclusions Self-gripping polyester mesh offers significant advantages over traditional sutured polypropylene mesh in inguinal hernia repair, including reduced operative time, postoperative pain, and hospital stay without increasing the risk of seroma formation or hernia recurrence. These findings suggest that self-gripping mesh may be a superior option for inguinal hernia repair, potentially improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs. Further multicenter studies with longer follow-up periods are recommended to confirm these benefits.

Learning and implementation of TransREctus sheath PrePeritoneal procedure for inguinal hernia repair

PURPOSE

The TransREctus sheath PrePeritoneal procedure (TREPP) was introduced as an alternative open and preperitoneal technique for inguinal hernia mesh repair, demonstrating safety and efficacy in retro- and prospective studies. However, little is known about the technique's inherent learning curve. In this study, we aimed to determine TREPP learning curve effects after its implementation in high-volume surgical practice.

METHODS

All primary, unilateral TREPP procedures performed in the first three years after implementation (between January 2016 and December 2018) were included out of a large preconstructed regional inguinal hernia database. Data were analyzed on outcome (i.e., surgical complications, hernia recurrences, postoperative pain). Learning curve effects were analyzed by assessing outcome in relation to surgeon experience.

RESULTS

In total, 422 primary, unilateral TREPP procedures were performed in 419 patients. In three patients a unilateral TREPP procedure was performed on both sides separated in time. A total of 99 surgical complications were registered in 83 procedures (19.6% of all procedures), most commonly inguinal postoperative pain (8%) and bleeding complications (7%). Hernia recurrences were observed in 17 patients (4%). No statistically significant differences on outcome were found between different surgeon experience (< 40 procedures, 40-80 procedures, > 80 procedures).

CONCLUSION

Implementation of TREPP seems not to be associated with a notable increase of adverse events. We were not able to detect a clear learning curve limit, potentially suggesting a relatively short learning curve among already experienced hernia surgeons compared to other guideline techniques.

Late-Onset Mesh Infection Manifesting as Preperitoneal Abscess and Cutaneous Fistula Post-TEP Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Case Report

BACKGROUND Endoscopic inguinal hernia repair has become the preferred technique currently. The use of mesh to facilitate a tension-free reinforcement has become the standard of care during endoscopic totally extraperitoneal (TEP), laparoscopic transabdominal pre-peritoneal, and open inguinal hernia repair. Although uncommon, late-developing mesh infections, defined as those occurring in the surgical site months or years after the procedure, can lead to severe complications. To achieve the best possible outcome for the patient, prompt imaging and a multidisciplinary approach to management, including complete surgical removal of the contaminated mesh and proper antibiotic therapy, are crucial. CASE REPORT A 39-year-old woman presented with a 1-month history of intermittent fever, progressive lower abdominal pain and fullness, and purulent discharge from the abdominal wall. Her medical history was significant for an endoscopic right TEP inguinal hernia repair performed 3 years earlier, which involved the use of an anatomic mesh and titanium screws. Physical examination and ultrasound findings revealed a large preperitoneal abscess with cutaneous fistulization, secondary to a deep-seated mesh infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified as the causative pathogen. She underwent a 2-step surgical procedure, including an initial fistulectomy followed by endoscopic abscess drainage and surgical excision of the infected mesh, combined with antimicrobial therapy, resulting in an excellent clinical response and complete resolution. This strategy also allowed for an effective assessment of the abdominal wall integrity. CONCLUSIONS This case underscores the importance of considering late-developing mesh infections in patients presenting with abdominal symptoms who have previously undergone TEP hernia repair, even years after the initial surgery.

TEP or TAPP: who, when, and how?

Groin hernia repair is the most common procedure performed by general surgeons. The open mesh technique generally represents the main technique for an inguinal repair, but a different approach is often required. Laparoscopy was found to be the answer to minimizing the impact of the preperitoneal open techniques described by Nyhus and Stoppa. The introduction of the totally extraperitoneal hernia repair (TEP) and transabdominal preperitoneal repair (TAPP) in the early 1990s started a new chapter in groin hernia surgery. The minimally invasive techniques vs. open mesh, and then one against the other, soon became a hot topic among abdominal wall surgeons. With time, the number of procedures and indications increased and are still increasing. This review aims to provide an overview of the two main laparoscopic techniques for groin hernia repair, answering the following questions: Who should perform them? What is the learning curve required to minimize complications and optimize operative time? When is a minimally invasive approach indicated, and which one (both in elective and in emergency setting)? How are they performed? The standard techniques have been described in detail, and personal observations from an abdominal wall surgery referral center were added. The main reviews from the early 2000s up to date, which compared the techniques, were analyzed, and the results reported, confirming the comparable safety and efficacy of both these techniques.

ENGINE-An EHS Project for Future Guidelines

Clinical guidelines are evidence-based recommendations developed by healthcare organizations or expert panels to assist healthcare providers and patients in making appropriate and reliable decisions regarding specific health conditions, aiming to enhance the quality of healthcare by promoting best practices, reducing variations in care, and at the same time, allowing tailored clinical decision-making. European Hernia Society (EHS) guidelines aim to provide surgeons a reliable set of answers to their pertinent clinical questions and a tool to base their activity as experts in the management of abdominal wall defects. The traditional approach to guideline production is based on gathering key opinion leader in a particular field, to address a number of key questions, appraising papers, presenting evidence and produce final recommendations based on the literature and consensus. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) method offers a transparent and structured process for developing and presenting evidence summaries and for carrying out the steps involved in developing recommendations. Its main strength lies in guiding complex judgments that balance the need for simplicity with the requirement for complete and transparent consideration of all important issues. EHS guidelines are of overall good quality but the application of GRADE method, began with EHS guidelines on open abdomen, and the increasing adherence to the process, has greatly improved the reliability of our guidelines. Currently, the need to application of this methodology and the creation of stable and dedicated group of researchers interested in following GRADE in the production of guidelines has been outlined in the literature. Considering that the production of clinical guidelines is a complex process, this paper aim to highlights the primary features of guideline production, GRADE methodology, the challenges associated with their adoption in the field of hernia surgery and the project of the EHS to establish a stable guidelines committee to provide technical and methodological support in update of previously published guideline or the creation of new ones.

Laparoscopic repair of concurrent direct and indirect inguinal, femoral, and obturator hernias on the same side: A case report

Concurrent direct and indirect inguinal, femoral, and obturator hernias are rare. This case report describes a rare case treated using the laparoscopic approach. A 68-year-old female patient presented with a moving left inguinal lump and pain. Physical examination and abdominal computed tomography scan revealed the coexistence of a left inguinal hernia or Nuck canal hydrocele and a left femoral hernia. The patient underwent laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair, and all four orifices were covered with one mesh. The patient was discharged on the second postoperative day without any complications. The concurrent presence of four hernias on the same side is rare and has not been previously reported. The laparoscopic approach is useful in such cases because it allows visualization of multiple hernia orifices from the intra-abdominal cavity.

F. Simões J, Dias CC, Sampaio Alves M, Azevedo J, Cunha M, Alagoa João A, Nobre JG, Picciochi M, Sampaio Soares A, Vieira B, Peyroteo M, On behalf of PT Surg. Surgical Technique and Chronic Postoperative Inguinal Pain in Patients Undergoing Open Inguinal Hernioplasty in Portugal: A Prospective Multicentric Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION

Evidence about the advantage of Lichtenstein's repair, the guidelines' recommended technique, is scarce regarding postoperative chronic inguinal pain (CPIP). The primary aim of this study was to compare CPIP in patients undergoing Lichtenstein versus other techniques.

METHODS

Prospective multicentric cohort study including consecutive adults undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair in Portuguese hospitals (October - December 2019). Laparoscopic and mesh-free hernia repairs were excluded. The primary outcome was postoperative pain at three months, defined as a score of ≥ 3/10 in the European Hernia Society Quality of Life score pain domain. The secondary outcome was 30-day postoperative complications.

RESULTS

Eight hundred and sixty-nine patients from 33 hospitals were included. Most were men (90.4%) and had unilateral hernias (88.6%). Overall, 53.6% (466/869) underwent Lichtenstein's repair, and 46.4% (403/869) were treated with other techniques, of which 83.9% (338/403) were plug and patch. The overall rate of CPIP was 16.6% and 12.2% of patients had surgical complications. The unadjusted risk was similar for CPIP (OR 0.76, p = 0.166, CI 0.51 - 1.12) and postoperative complications (OR 1.06, p = 0.801, CI 0.69 - 1.60) between Lichtenstein and other techniques. After adjustment, the risk was also similar for CPIP (OR 0.83, p = 0.455, CI 0.51 - 1.34) and postoperative complications (OR 1.14, p = 0.584, CI 0.71 - 1.84).

CONCLUSION

The Lichtenstein technique was not associated with lower CPIP and showed comparable surgical complications. Further investigation as- sessing long term outcomes is necessary to fully assess the benefits of the Lichtenstein technique regarding CPIP.

An Unusual Postoperative Complication Following Bilateral Inguinal Hernioplasty: A Pocket Hernia Case Report

Inguinal hernias are the most common type of hernias in the groin, affecting 27% of the population, with a nine to 12 times higher incidence in men. The primary treatment for this condition typically involves a surgical procedure, with most surgeons opting for mesh placement through a laparoscopic approach. While this procedure is generally associated with low complication rates (primarily hematomas, seromas, and scrotal edema), there are some highly infrequent complications reported such as postoperative small bowel obstruction (SBO), estimated to occur in approximately 0.1%-0.5% of cases, most commonly during transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair. It is crucial to emphasize the importance of using skilled surgical techniques and adhering to established guidelines in postoperative patient care to minimize the risk of these complications. We describe a case of a 47-year-old male patient who underwent bilateral TAPP repair for inguinal hernias and subsequently experienced postoperative complications, including the development of a hematoma and SBO, requiring a re-intervention that evidenced a peritoneal pocket hernia.

Comparative analysis of different surgical approaches for recurrent inguinal hernia: a single-center observational study

Purpose

Managing recurrent inguinal hernias is complex, and choosing the right surgical approach (laparoscopic vs. open) is vital for patient outcomes. This study compared the outcomes of using the same vs. different surgical approaches for initial and subsequent hernia repairs.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed patients who underwent recurrent inguinal hernia repair at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital between January 2014 and May 2023. Patients were divided into the "concordant" and "discordant" groups, comprising patients who underwent same and different approaches in both surgeries, respectively. Preoperative baseline characteristics, index surgery data, postoperative outcomes, and recurrence rates were analyzed and compared.

Results

In total, 131 patients were enrolled; the concordant and discordant groups comprised 31 (open, n = 19; laparoscopic, n = 12) and 100 patients (open to laparoscopic, n = 68; laparoscopic to open, n = 32), respectively. No significant differences were observed in the mean operation time (50.5 ± 21.7 minutes vs. 50.2 ± 20.0 minutes, P = 0.979), complication rates (6.5% vs. 14.0%, P = 0.356), or 36-month cumulative recurrence rates (9.8% vs. 9.8%; P = 0.865). The mean postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in the discordant than in the concordant group (1.8 ± 0.7 vs. 1.4 ± 0.6, P = 0.003).

Conclusion

Most recurrent inguinal hernia repairs were performed using the discordant surgical approach. Overall, concordance in the surgical approach did not significantly affect postoperative outcomes. Therefore, the selection of the surgical approach based on the patient's condition and surgeon's preference may be advisable.

Polyurethane-based three-dimensional printing for biological mesh carriers

Repair and reconstruction of the myopectineal orifice area using meshes is the mainstay of surgical treatment of inguinal hernias. However, the limitations of existing meshes are becoming increasingly evident in clinical applications; thus, the idea of using three-dimensionally (3D)-printed biological meshes was put forward. According to the current level of the 3D printing technology and the inherent characteristics of biological materials, the direct use of the 3D printing technology for making biological materials into finished products suitable for clinical applications is not yet supported, but synthetic materials can be first printed into 3D form carriers, compounded with biological materials, and finally made into finished products. The purpose of this study was to develop a technical protocol for making 3D-printed biomesh carriers using polyurethane as a raw material. In our study: raw material, polyurethane; weight, 20-30 g/m2; weaving method, hexagonal mesh; elastic tension aspect ratio, 2:1; diameters of pores, 0.1-1 mm; surface area, 8 × 12 cm2; the optimal printing layer height, temperature and velocity were 0.1 mm, 210-220 °C and 60 mm/s. Its clinical significance lies in: (1) applied to preoperative planning and design a detailed surgical plan; (2) applied to special types of surgery including patients in puberty, recurrent and compound inguinal hernias; (3) significantly improve the efficiency of doctor-patient communication; (4) it can shorten the operation and recovery period by about 1/3 and can save about 1/4 of the cost for patients; (5) the learning curve is significantly shortened, which is conducive to the cultivation of reserve talents.

Outpatient Surgery and Unplanned Overnight Admission in Bilateral Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Population-based Study

PURPOSE

The use of outpatient surgery in inguinal hernia is heterogeneous despite clinical recommendations. This study aimed to analyze the utilization trend of outpatient surgery for bilateral inguinal hernia repair (BHIR) in Spain and identify the factors associated with outpatient surgery choice and unplanned overnight admission.

METHODS

A retrospective observational study of patients undergoing BIHR from 2016 to 2021 was conducted. The clinical-administrative database of the Spanish Ministry of Health RAE-CMBD was used. Patient characteristics undergoing outpatient and inpatient surgery were compared. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with outpatient surgery choice and unplanned overnight admission.

RESULTS

A total of 30,940 RHIBs were performed; 63% were inpatient surgery, and 37% were outpatient surgery. The rate of outpatient surgery increased from 30% in 2016 to 41% in 2021 (p < 0.001). Higher rates of outpatient surgery were observed across hospitals with a higher number of cases per year (p < 0.001). Factors associated with outpatient surgery choice were: age under 65 years (OR: 2.01, 95% CI: 1.92-2.11), hospital volume (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.47-1.72), primary hernia (OR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.71-2.08), and laparoscopic surgery (OR: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.39-1.56). Comorbidities were negatively associated with outpatient surgery. Open surgery was associated (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.09-1.47) with unplanned overnight admission.

CONCLUSIONS

Outpatient surgery for BHIR has increased in recent years but is still low. Older age and comorbidities were associated with lower rates of outpatient surgery. However, the laparoscopic repair was associated with increased outpatient surgery and lower unplanned overnight admission.

Glued suture-less peritoneum closure in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair reduces acute postoperative pain

Inguinal hernia repair is performed more than 20 million times per annum, representing a significant health and economic burden. Over the last three decades, significant technical advances have started to reduce the invasiveness of these surgeries, which translated to better recovery and reduced costs. Here we bring forward an innovative surgical technique using a biodegradable cyanoacrylate glue instead of a traumatic suture to close the peritoneum, which is a highly innervated tissue layer, at the end of endoscopy hernia surgery. To test how this affects the invasiveness of hernia surgery, we conducted a cohort study. A total of 183 patients that underwent minimally invasive hernia repair, and the peritoneum was closed with either a conventional traumatic suture (n = 126, 68.9%) or our innovative approach using glue (n = 57, 31.1%). The proportion of patients experiencing acute pain after surgery was significantly reduced (36.8 vs. 54.0%, p = 0.032) by using glue instead of a suture. In accordance, the mean pain level was higher in the suture group (VAS = 1.5 vs. 1.3, p = 0.029) and more patients were still using painkillers (77.9 vs. 52.4%, p = 0.023). Furthermore, the rate of complications was not increased in the glue group. Using multivariate regressions, we identified that using a traumatic suture was an independent predictor of acute postoperative pain (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.9, p = 0.042). In conclusion, suture-less glue closure of the peritoneum is innovative, safe, less painful, and possibly leads to enhanced recovery and decreased health costs.

To close, not to close, or to act bigger? Managing the defect of large direct inguinal hernia to reduce the risk of recurrence during laparoscopic TAPP repair: a retrospective cohort study

Hernia recurrence is a common complication after inguinal hernia repair. Recent studies suggest that laparoscopic mesh repair with closure of direct hernia defects can reduce recurrence rates. Our study examines the effectiveness of this approach. A retrospective, multi-center cohort study was conducted on cases performed from January 2013 to April 2021. Patients with direct inguinal hernias (M3 according to EHS classification) undergoing TAPP were included. Three groups were present: closed-defect group, non-closed placing a standard-sized mesh group or non-closed placing an XL-sized mesh group. A 2-year follow-up was recorded. A total of 158 direct M3 inguinal hernias in 110 patients who underwent surgery were present. After propensity score matching at a 1:1 ratio, 22 patients for each group were analyzed. The mean age of patients was 62 years (41-84); with the majority being male (84.8%). 22 patients (40 hernias) underwent closure of the defect; 22 patients (39 hernias) did not undergo closure and used a standard-sized mesh; 22 patients (27 hernias) did not undergo closure and used an XL-sized mesh. There were 5 recurrences at 1 year post-operatively: all in the non-closure group with standard-sized mesh. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.044). There were 7 recurrences (6.6%) at 2 years post-operatively: 6 in the non-closure group with standard-sized mesh and 1 in the non-closure group with XL-sized mesh (p = 0.007). Closing large direct inguinal hernia defects has shown promise in reducing early recurrence rates. However, conducting larger RCTs in the future could provide more conclusive evidence that might impact the way we approach laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.

Previous inguinal hernia surgery does not limit the likelihood of choosing prostatectomy as primary prostate cancer therapy

We evaluated whether previous inguinal hernia repair may affect the choice of prostate carcinoma treatment in a population-based cohort. It has been suggested that previous laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (LIHR) could limit the subsequent possibility of performing a prostatectomy. Several small studies have suggested otherwise. The study cohort included all new prostate cancer cases in Finland 1998-2015 identified through the Finnish cancer registry. Data on the treatment of prostate cancer and surgical inguinal hernia repairs in 1998-2016 was obtained from the HILMO hospital discharge registry. After linkage, the study cohort included 7206 men. Of these, 5500 had no history of inguinal hernia, 1463 had an open hernia repair, and 193 had a minimally invasive repair (LIHR). Compared to men with no history of hernia repair, those with previous hernia repairs were more likely to undergo prostatectomy over radiation therapy as the primary treatment for prostate cancer HR 1.34 (CI 95% 1.19-1.52). The association did not depend on the method of hernia repair, HR 1.58 (CI 95% 1.15-2.18), in men with previous LIHR. The increased likelihood of choosing prostatectomy over radiation therapy concerns all type prostatectomies. Previous hernia repair is not a limiting factor when choosing treatment for prostate cancer.

Comparative Analysis of Bilateral Open Inguinal Hernia Repair and Rives-Stoppa Repair: A Comprehensive Review

Inguinal hernias present a significant healthcare burden globally, necessitating effective surgical management. This comprehensive review evaluates two primary surgical techniques for managing bilateral inguinal hernias: bilateral open inguinal hernia and Rives-Stoppa repair. This review aims to provide insights into optimal surgical approaches through a comparative analysis of these techniques, including examining advantages, disadvantages, outcomes, and factors influencing technique selection. Bilateral open inguinal hernia repair offers simplicity and familiarity, while Rives-Stoppa repair may provide advantages such as reduced recurrence rates and postoperative complications. The findings underscore the importance of considering patient-specific factors, surgeon expertise, and hospital resources when selecting the optimal approach. Further research is warranted to conduct long-term comparative studies and explore innovations in surgical techniques and materials, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes and advancing inguinal hernia repair practices.

Revisiting femoral hernia diagnosis rates by patient sex in inguinal hernia repairs

INTRODUCTION

Guidelines recommend MIS repairs for females with inguinal hernias, despite limited evidence. We investigated rates of femoral hernias intraoperatively noted during MIS and Lichtenstein repairs in females.

METHODS

ACHQC was queried for adult females undergoing inguinal hernia repair between January 2014-November 2022. Outcomes included identified femoral hernia and size, hernia recurrence, quality of life, and sex-based recurrence.

RESULTS

1357 and 316 females underwent MIS and Lichtenstein inguinal repair respectively. Femoral hernias were identified more frequently in MIS than open repairs (27%vs12%; (p ​< ​0.001). Most femoral hernias in MIS (61%) and Lichtenstein repairs (62%) were <1.5 ​cm(p ​< ​0.001). Identification rates of femoral hernias >3 ​cm were 1% overall(p ​= ​0.09). Surgeon and patient-reported recurrences were similar between approaches at 1-5-years for females(p ​> ​0.05 for all) and similar between sexes(p ​> ​0.05).

CONCLUSION

Most incidental femoral hernias are small and both repair approaches demonstrated similar outcomes. The recommendation for MIS inguinal hernia repairs in females is potentially overstated.

Safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic adult groin hernia repair in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Surgery is the recommended treatment of groin hernia, and laparoscopic approach is increasingly accepted due to lower risk of chronic pain. This systematic review aims to evaluate results of laparoscopic groin hernia repair (LGHR) in Africa.

METHODS

We performed a literature search of published studies using electronic databases. Included African articles reported at least one of outcomes after LGHR in adult population. Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for quality assessment. A quantitative meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled prevalence of the post-operative outcomes.

RESULTS

We included 19 studies from 6 countries which totalized 2329 hernia cases. Mean age was 44.5 years and male patients were predominant (sex-ratio 19.8). The mean operative time was 69.1 min. The pooled prevalence of conversion to open procedure was 2.578% (95% IC: 1.209-4.443). The pooled prevalence of surgical site infection and Hematoma/Seroma was respectively 0.626% (95%IC: 0.332-1.071) and 4.617% (95% IC: 2.990-6.577). The pooled prevalence of recurrence and chronic pain was respectively 2.410% (95% IC: 1.334-3.792) and 3.180% (95% IC: 1.435-5.580). We found that total morbidity for TAPP procedure was higher than TEP procedure (p = 0.0006; OR 1.8443).

CONCLUSION

These results confirm that LGHR is safe and feasible and would be recommended in our African context.

Endo-laparoscopic scrotal hernia surgery: which technique must we choose to reduce seroma-sac transection or complete sac reduction? A prospective study

Seroma formation is one of the important postoperative problems in inguinal hernia surgery, especially after scrotal hernia surgery. The present study aimed to present primarily the incidence of seroma after reduction and transection of the hernia sac in endo-laparoscopic scrotal hernia repair, and secondarily the results of early postoperative complications. Patients were divided into two groups TAPP and TEP. These groups were also divided into transection and reduction subgroups. In the reduction group, the hernia sac was completely dissected and pulled to the peritoneal area, while in the transection group, the neck of the hernia sac was cut by ligating, and its distal part was fixed to the posterior abdominal wall. The groups were compared, and data were analyzed. The reduction was performed in 13 (43.33%) of the 30 patients included in the study, and transection in 17 (56.67%). Seroma developed in 2 (15.38%) of the reduction group and 7 (41.18%) of the transection group. There was no statistical difference between the groups (p = 0.229). Cord and testicular complications were seen in 6 (20%) patients, 5 (38.46%) in the reduction group, and 1 (5.88%) in the transection group. No statistical difference was detected between the groups (p = 0.061). Although not statistically significant, seroma was more common in transection, while cord and testicular complications were more common in reduction. If dissection of the hernia sac is difficult, the complete reduction should not be insisted on, and the neck of the sac should be transection by ligating, and its distal part should be fixed to the posterior abdominal wall.

Evaluating the complications of adult groin hernia where there is no hernia registry: a systematic review of Nigerian literature

BACKGROUND

Enumerating the complications of groin hernia repair might help to highlight the need for improvement in the quality of care. This is imperative in a country without a strong post-operative complication surveillance mechanism. Hence, this review aims to determine the complications encountered during the surgical treatment of groin hernias among Nigerian subjects.

METHODS

Databases like Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed were searched. Out of the 140 papers found during the search, only 20 were included in this review. Bassini repair was the most common type of hernia repair used, and neither laparoscopic repair nor posterior approach was utilized in any of the patients. Emergency presentations constituted about 18.5% of the cases. Meta-analysis of the studies showed that more prevalent complications were wound/scrotal edema (derived from four studies), surgical site infections (derived from 17 studies), and hematoma (from 19 studies). The rates were 23% (CI 0-46%; I2 = 80.9%), 6% (CI 3-10%; I2 = 87.7%), and 5% (CI 2-8%; I2 = 83.7%), respectively. The rate of complication in giant hernias was higher than the non-giant hernias and was statistically significant [p < 0.05; OR 1.5 (CI 0.9-2.4)]. Although the recurrence rate is low, there was insufficient follow-up of patients.

CONCLUSION

This review has shown that one-fifth of the patients had emergency repair of hernias and giant groin hernias have higher odds of complications after repair compared to normal-sized ones. The most common complication noted was wound/scrotal edema. None of the hernias was repaired with laparoscopy. Perhaps, establishing a registry might improve the detection of late complications in patients who had groin hernia repair.

Routine closed-suction drainage reduces seromas following totally extraperitoneal (TEP) inguinal hernia repair: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

The value of prophylactic closed-suction drainage in totally extraperitoneal inguinal hernia repair (TEP) is still a matter of controversy. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies examining postoperative seroma rates in patients with or without routine placement of closed-suction drainage tubes.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was conducted for trials comparing the outcome of TEP with or without routine drainage placement. Data regarding postoperative outcomes were extracted and compared by meta-analysis. The odds ratio and standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

RESULTS

Four studies were identified, involving a total of 1626 cases (Drain: n = 1251, no Drain: n = 375). There was a statistically significant difference noted between the 2 groups regarding postoperative seroma formation favoring the Drain group (odds ratio = 0.12; 95% confidence intervals [0.05, 0.29]; P < .001; 4 studies; I2 = 72%). For the remaining secondary endpoints postoperative urinary retention, recurrence, mesh infection and in-hospital length of stay no statistically significant difference was noted between the 2 study groups.

CONCLUSION

Current evidence suggests that patients who underwent TEP with routine closed-suction drain placement developed significantly fewer seromas without any additional morbidity or prolongation of in-hospital stay.

RAWS4all project: validation of a new silicone model for robotic TAPP inguinal hernia repair

BACKGROUND

Trans-abdominal pre-peritoneal (TAPP) hernia repair is a complex procedure that presents several challenges. Even though, due to the high prevalence of inguinal hernia, TAPP technique is increasing in frequency and robotic Abdominal Wall Surgery (rAWS) is emerging as a valuable tool in this regard. Although inguinal TAPP procedure principles have been published and simulation is needed, the availability of validated models remains scarce.

METHODS

A new low-cost model was developed to simulate inguinal rTAPP repair. For validity assessment, a new TAPP-specific fidelity questionnaire and assessment scale were developed to compare the performance of novices and experts in the simulated procedure. The models used were assessed at 60 min for execution and quality score.

RESULTS

Twenty-five residents and specialists from all over the country participated in this study. Execution, quality, and global performance was higher in the seniors group compared to juniors (8.91 vs 6.36, p = 0.02; 8.09 vs 5.14, p < .001; and 17 vs. 11,5, p < .001, respectively). Overall fidelity was assessed as being very high [4.41 (3.5-5.0), α = .918] as well as face [4.31 (3.0-5.0), α = .867] and content validity [4.44 (3.2-5.0), α = .803]. Participants strongly agreed that the model is adequate to be used with the DaVinci® Robot [4.52 (3.5-5.0), α = .758].

CONCLUSION

This study shows face, content, and construct validity of the model for inguinal TAPP simulation, including for robotic surgery. Therefore, the model can be a valuable tool for learning, understanding, practicing, and mastering the TAPP technique prior to participating in the operating room.

Safety and efficacy revisited: a systematic review and meta-analysis of glue versus tack mesh fixation in laparoscopic inguinal herniorrhaphy

Background

This analysis addresses the uncertainty surrounding the efficacy of glue mesh fixation (GMF) compared with tack mesh fixation (TMF) in laparoscopic herniorrhaphy. Our meta-analysis incorporates recently conducted randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to enhance the reference for assessing the efficacy and safety of GMF.

Methods

PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library were extensively reviewed for articles in the English language performed from inception to May 2023 using the keywords "Glue mesh repair," "Tack mesh repair," "Inguinal Hernia," "Herniorrhaphy," "Laparoscopic," "Mesh Fixation," and "Randomized controlled trials."

Results

In this meta-analysis, we incorporated a total of 20 randomized controlled trials, evaluating each article individually using quality ratings. Compared with TMF, GMF demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of chronic pain [RR: 0.40, (0.23, 0.68)] and pain scores on postoperative day 1 [MD: -1.07, (-1.90, -0.25)]. We also used funnel plots and Egger's regression to test for publication bias.

Conclusion

In summary, this meta-analysis establishes the significance of GMF in reducing chronic pain and postoperative day 1 pain compared with TMF. However, no statistically significant difference was noted between the GMF and TMF groups concerning hematoma, seroma, operation time, recurrence rate, and total complications. Nonetheless, given the small number of cases in this study, the findings must be validated in the future by multicenter, large-sample, high-quality RCTs.

Totally laparoscopic surgery for a hydrocele of the canal of Nuck extending from the abdominal cavity to the subcutaneous space: a case report

BACKGROUND

Hydrocele of the canal of Nuck (HCN) is a rare disease, and its indications for laparoscopic surgery are not well-established.

CASE PRESENTATION

A 53-year-old woman was referred to our hospital due to an uncomfortable thumb-sized inguinal mass. Preoperative computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a hydrocele extending from the abdominal cavity around the left deep inguinal ring via the inguinal canal to the subcutaneous space. The patient was diagnosed with HCN protruding into the abdominal cavity and extending to the subcutaneous space. Laparoscopy can easily access the hydrocele protruding into the abdominal cavity. Furthermore, laparoscopic hernioplasty can be superior to the anterior approach for females. Hence, laparoscopic surgery was performed. After transecting the round ligament of the uterus, a tense 3-cm hydrocele was dissected with it. In order to approach the hydrocele distal to the deep inguinal ring, the transversalis fascia was incised medially to the inferior epigastric vessels. The subcutaneously connected hydrocele was excised from the incision. Then, the enlarged deep inguinal ring was reinforced using a mesh with the laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal approach. The patient was discharged 2 days postoperatively. Laparoscopic resection can be more effective for a hydrocele protruding into the abdominal cavity as it facilitates an easy access to the hydrocele. Moreover, laparoscopic resection of a hydrocele extending from the inguinal canal to the subcutaneous space via a transversalis fascia incision can be safer, with low risk of injury to the inferior epigastric vessels. The incised transversalis fascia and the enlarged deep inguinal ring due to the HCN were simultaneously repaired with the laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal repair. There are two reports on laparoscopic resection via a transversalis fascia incision for HCNs located between the inguinal canal and the subcutaneous space, which does not require intraperitoneal hydrocelectomy. However, this is the first report on laparoscopic resection of large HCNs protruding into the abdominal cavity and extending beyond the inguinal canal into the subcutaneous space via intraperitoneal hydrocelectomy and a transversalis fascia incision.

CONCLUSIONS

Laparoscopic surgery with transversalis fascia incision can be useful for HCNs extending from the abdominal cavity to the subcutaneous space.

Female sex and ipsilateral reoperation risk following mesh-based inguinal hernia repair: a cohort study including 131,626 repairs in adults from an integrated healthcare system over a 10-year period

PURPOSE

We sought to compare females and males for the risk of reoperation following different inguinal hernia repair approaches (open, laparoscopic, and robotic).

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study including all patients aged ≥ 18 who underwent first inguinal hernia repair with mesh within a US integrated healthcare system (2010-2020). Data were obtained from the system's integrated electronic health record. Multiple Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to evaluate the association between sex and risk for ipsilateral reoperation during follow-up. Analysis was stratified by surgical approach (open, laparoscopic, and robotic).

RESULTS

The study cohort was comprised of 110,805 patients who underwent 131,626 inguinal hernia repairs with mesh, 10,079 (7.7%) repairs were in females. After adjustment for confounders, females had a higher risk of reoperation than males following open groin hernia repair (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.98, 95% CI 1.74-2.25), but a lower reoperation risk following laparoscopic repair (HR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.51-0.97). The crude 5-year cumulative reoperation probability following robotic repair was 2.8% in males and no reoperations were observed for females. Of females who had a reoperation, 10.3% (39/378) were for a femoral hernia, while only 0.6% (18/3110) were for femoral hernias in males.

CONCLUSION

In a large multi-center cohort of mesh-based inguinal hernia repair patients, we found a higher risk for reoperation in females after an open repair approach compared to males. Lower risk was observed for females through a minimally invasive approach (laparoscopic or robotic) and may be due to the ability to identify an occult femoral hernia through these approaches.

Laparoscopic Transabdominal Pre-peritoneal Repair of a Bilateral Inguinal Hernia in a Pediatric Female Patient in Pakistan: A Case Report

Inguinal hernias, although a common occurrence, pose a significant threat to the surgical community on account of their complexity and socioeconomic consequences. Bilateral inguinal hernias, which are a rare subtype of inguinal hernias, in particular, are problematic since there are no existing definitive international guidelines for their repair. It is estimated that between 8% and 30% of inguinal hernia patients have bilateral hernias, but there is still no clarity as to whether a bilateral hernia represents a special type of inguinal hernia or two different hernias in one patient. The transabdominal pre-peritoneal repair (TAPP), totally extra-peritoneal repair (TEP), and Lichtenstein repair techniques are commonly employed depending on the resources and surgical expertise available, but there is a need to conduct large-scale, prospective, randomized-controlled trials to guide the formation of evidence-based guidelines that could be followed globally. Herein, we present the first known case of a bilateral inguinal hernia in a female pediatric patient repaired by the laparoscopic TAPP technique from Pakistan.

[Efficacy and safety of artificial intelligence-based large language models for decision making support in herniology: evaluation by experts and general surgeons]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the quality of recommendations provided by ChatGPT regarding inguinal hernia repair.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

ChatGPT was asked 5 questions about surgical management of inguinal hernias. The chat-bot was assigned the role of expert in herniology and requested to search only specialized medical databases and provide information about references and evidence. Herniology experts and surgeons (non-experts) rated the quality of recommendations generated by ChatGPT using 4-point scale (from 0 to 3 points). Statistical correlations were explored between participants' ratings and their stance regarding artificial intelligence.

RESULTS

Experts scored the quality of ChatGPT responses lower than non-experts (2 (1-2) vs. 2 (2-3), p<0.001). The chat-bot failed to provide valid references and actual evidence, as well as falsified half of references. Respondents were optimistic about the future of neural networks for clinical decision-making support. Most of them were against restricting their use in healthcare.

CONCLUSION

We would not recommend non-specialized large language models as a single or primary source of information for clinical decision making or virtual searching assistant.

[Laparoscopic preperitoneal and Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair. What method is preferable?]

This review is devoted to laparoscopic preperitoneal and open Lichtenstein unguinal hernia repair. Considering the PubMed, Google, the Springer Link online library and the Cochrane Systematic Review databases, we analyzed the reviews, prospective and retrospective studies devoted to comparison of these most common methods of treating inguinal hernias. Indications and contraindications for endoscopic hernia repair, features of laparoscopic surgeries, causes of conversion to open interventions, early and long-term results of laparoscopic and open operations were estimated.

Inguinal hernia: Lichtenstein VS Shouldice technique repair: A randomized controlled trial

Background

Inguinal hernia repair is the most frequent operation in general surgery. The chance of a person having to undergo an inguinal hernia operation during his/her life is quite high, 27 % in men and 3 % in women. European Hernia Society guidelines state that the Lichtenstein technique (mesh-based repair) is the standard treatment of elective inguinal hernia in adults. Some authors consider the Shouldice technique (tissue-based repair) the best conventional method for open hernia repair. In this study, we compared these two methods.

Methods

In This randomized study, 452 patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups. 51 patients were lost during follow-up period and were excluded from further analysis in the study. Finally, the analyzed patients were 183 patients in Shouldice technique group and 218 patients in Lichtenstein technique group. All patients were examined after 1 week, 1, 3 months, 1, 2, and 3 years after the operation date.

Results

After 3 years follow up Recurrence of hernia in Shouldice technique group was 7.1 % and in Lichtenstein technique group was 3 % with significant differences (p-value 0.006). No statistically significant differences were found between the groups in wound infection, Seroma, hematoma, Hydrocele, Bladder damage, chronic pain in the inguinal region, and Patient Satisfaction level after surgery.

Conclusion

It seems that inguinal hernia treatment by the Lichtenstein technique is better than the Shouldice technique in elective patients.

Cesena guidelines: WSES consensus statement on laparoscopic-first approach to general surgery emergencies and abdominal trauma

BACKGROUND

Laparoscopy is widely adopted across nearly all surgical subspecialties in the elective setting. Initially finding indication in minor abdominal emergencies, it has gradually become the standard approach in the majority of elective general surgery procedures. Despite many technological advances and increasing acceptance, the laparoscopic approach remains underutilized in emergency general surgery and in abdominal trauma. Emergency laparotomy continues to carry a high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, there has been a growing interest from emergency and trauma surgeons in adopting minimally invasive surgery approaches in the acute surgical setting. The present position paper, supported by the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES), aims to provide a review of the literature to reach a consensus on the indications and benefits of a laparoscopic-first approach in patients requiring emergency abdominal surgery for general surgery emergencies or abdominal trauma.

METHODS

This position paper was developed according to the WSES methodology. A steering committee performed the literature review and drafted the position paper. An international panel of 54 experts then critically revised the manuscript and discussed it in detail, to develop a consensus on a position statement.

RESULTS

A total of 323 studies (systematic review and meta-analysis, randomized clinical trial, retrospective comparative cohort studies, case series) have been selected from an initial pool of 7409 studies. Evidence demonstrates several benefits of the laparoscopic approach in stable patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery for general surgical emergencies or abdominal trauma. The selection of a stable patient seems to be of paramount importance for a safe adoption of a laparoscopic approach. In hemodynamically stable patients, the laparoscopic approach was found to be safe, feasible and effective as a therapeutic tool or helpful to identify further management steps and needs, resulting in improved outcomes, regardless of conversion. Appropriate patient selection, surgeon experience and rigorous minimally invasive surgical training, remain crucial factors to increase the adoption of laparoscopy in emergency general surgery and abdominal trauma.

CONCLUSIONS

The WSES expert panel suggests laparoscopy as the first approach for stable patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery for general surgery emergencies and abdominal trauma.

Cyanoacrylate mesh fixation for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a prospective, multicenter, single-arm study

BACKGROUND

Inguinal hernia repair is among the most frequently performed surgical procedures. Alternatives to penetrating mesh fixation, such as surgical glue, are being investigated for their potential benefit in reducing chronic pain. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of the n-hexyl cyanoacrylate glue Ifabond™ for mesh fixation in laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair.

METHODS

This prospective, multicenter, single-arm study collected data from laparoscopic inguinal hernia repairs using Ifabond™ (Peters Surgical, Boulogne-Billancourt Cedex, France) and a standard [Promesh® SURG ST (Peters Surgical)/Biomesh® P1 (Cousin Biotech, Wervicq-Sud, France)] or lightweight [Promesh® SURG LI (Peters Surgical)/Premium® Implant (Cousin Biotech)] polypropylene mesh. The primary endpoint was postoperative pain [100-scale Visual Analog Scale (VAS)]. Secondary endpoints were complications, hernia recurrences, and quality of life (QoL) (EQ-5D-3L health index and EQ-VAS). Patients were followed up at 5 weeks and 12 months after surgery.

RESULTS

Six-hundred and thirteen patients underwent laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Postoperative pain decreased at 5-week (3.97 ± 10.04; p < 0.0001) and 12-month (3.83 ± 11.26; p < 0.0001) follow-up compared with before surgery (26.96 ± 19.42). One hundred and fifteen patients (13.74%) experienced chronic pain in the groin at 12-month follow-up, of whom 14 (2.67%) required analgesics. There were 6 patients with major morbidities and one patient died of an unrelated cause. Two hernia recurrences occurred within 12-month follow-up. Patients' QoL increased from an EQ-5D-3L index score of 0.82 ± 0.19 preoperatively to 0.90 ± 0.15 at 5 weeks (p < 0.0001) and 0.92 ± 0.15 at 12 months after surgery (p < 0.0001). The EQ-VAS general health scoring increased from 79.03 ± 12.69 preoperatively to 84.31 ± 9.97 at 5-week (p < 0.0001) and 84.16 ± 14.48 at 12-month follow-up (p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Ifabond™ (Peters Surgical) is a safe, reliable, and feasible fixation method for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair with a very high surgeon satisfaction score, improved patients' QoL, and comparable risk of developing chronic pain and postoperative complications as described in the literature.

Day-case and in-patient elective inguinal hernia repair surgery across England: an observational study of variation and outcomes

PURPOSE

Elective primary inguinal hernia repair surgery is increasingly being conducted as a day-case procedure. However, in England there is evidence of wide variation in day-case rates across hospitals. Reducing the extent of this variation has the potential to support more efficient use of resources (e.g., clinician time, hospital beds) and help the recovery of elective surgical activity following the COVID-19 pandemic. The aims of this study were to explore the extent of variation in day-case rates across healthcare providers in England and to evaluate the safety of day-case elective primary inguinal hernia repair surgery.

METHODS

This was an exploratory, retrospective analysis of observational data from the Hospital Episode Statistics data set for England. All patients aged ≥ 17 years undergoing a first elective inguinal hernia repair between 1st April 2014 and 31st March 2022 were identified. The exposure of interest was day-case or in-patient stay, and the primary outcome of interest was 30-day emergency readmission with an overnight stay. For reporting, providers were aggregated to an Integrated Care Board (ICB) level.

RESULTS

A total of 413,059 elective primary inguinal hernia repairs were identified over the 8-year study period. Of these, 326,833 (79.1%) were day-case procedures. During the most recent financial year (2021-22), the highest day-case rate for an ICB was 93.8% and the lowest 66.1%. After adjusting for covariates, day-case surgery was associated with significantly lower rates of 30-day emergency readmission (odds ratio (OR) 0.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.58-0.64, p < 0.001) and for the secondary outcomes 180-day mortality and haemorrhage, infection and pain at 30-day post-discharge. Rates of 30-day emergency readmission were significantly lower in ICBs with high rates of day-case surgery (OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.74-0.96, p < 0.001) than in ICBs with low rates of day-case surgery, although rates of post-procedural haemorrhage within 30 days of discharge were significantly higher in trusts with high day-case rates (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.04-1.40, p = 0.015).

CONCLUSIONS

For the outcomes studied, we found no consistent evidence that day-case elective inguinal hernia repair was unsafe for selected patients. Currently, there is substantial variation between ICBs in terms of delivering day-case surgery. Reducing this variability may help address the current pressures on the NHS in elective surgery.

The feasibility and safety of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair as a 24-h day surgery for patients aged 80 years and older: a retrospective cohort study

INTRODUCTION

As the proportion of aging adults increases and inguinal hernia repair becomes increasingly popular as a day surgery, the demand for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair as a day surgery is increasing among patients aged 80 years and older. Relevant research needs to be completed, so we aimed to evaluate laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair as a 24-h day surgery for this group of patients.

METHODS

In this retrospective cohort study, we utilized propensity score matching to analyze the data of patients who underwent laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair at a day surgery center between January 1, 2019, and March 1, 2022. Patients were divided into ≥ 80 years old and < 80 years old groups. We compared the perioperative laboratory results, perioperative outcomes, and 1-year complications between the two groups.

RESULT

A total of 554 patients were included in the study. After propensity score matching, 292 patients were included in the matched cohort (98 patients in the ≥ 80 years old group and 194 patients in the < 80 years old group). During hospitalization, there were significant differences in ASA classification, Caprini score, length of hospital stays, risk of thrombosis, and delayed discharge rate. No significant difference was found in the incidence of total postoperative complications between the two groups at the 1-year follow-up (HR: 0.96, 95% CI 0.36-2.54, P = 0.96).

CONCLUSION

In our study, LIHR as a 24-h day surgery was safe and effective for patients over 80 years old. However, to reduce the rate of delayed discharge, cautious perioperative evaluation is necessary.

Impact of nonmalignant ascites on outcomes of open inguinal hernia repair in the USA

PURPOSE

Studies on inguinal hernia repair in patients with ascites are limited, small, and inconsistent, exacerbating a challenging clinical dilemma for surgeons. To fill this gap in the literature, this retrospective cohort study used a national US database to examine the impact of ascites on the outcomes of open inguinal herniorrhaphy.

METHODS

Patients who underwent open inguinal herniorrhaphy between 2005 and 2019 were identified in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Two groups were defined by the presence or absence of nonmalignant preoperative ascites. Ascites patients were propensity matched 1:10 with non-ascites patients. Surgical outcomes at 30 days for the matched groups, stratified by electiveness of procedure, were compared, with the primary end points of mortality and the NSQIP composite outcome "serious complication".

RESULTS

The study included 682 patients with ascites. Compared to matched controls, those with ascites had significantly increased odds of mortality (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.5-7.0) after elective repair, but not after nonelective repair. Ascites was associated with increased odds of serious complication after both elective (OR 1.7, 1.2-2.3) and nonelective (OR 2.0, 1.3-3.0) surgery. Among ascites patients, age ≥ 65 years was associated with increased mortality (risk-adjusted OR 3.8, 1.2-14.4) and serious complication (OR 2.2, 1.2-3.9).

CONCLUSION

In this largest study to date on patients with ascites undergoing open inguinal herniorrhaphy, ascites increased the odds of mortality after elective repair and of serious complication after elective and nonelective repair. Age ≥ 65 was a risk factor for poor outcome. Inguinal herniorrhaphy is fraught with complications in this population.

Robotic Totally Extraperitoneal Hernia Repair: An Initial Experience with Cambridge Medical Robotics Versius

Background: Total extraperitoneal approach for laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair (L-TEP) allows for better dissection, lesser chance of bowel injury, and quicker operating time. However robotic groin hernia repair is currently performed only through transabdominal route as it allows for more mobility of the arms. This study is aimed at studying the feasibility and outcomes of robotic totally extraperitoneal (R-TEP). Methods: A prospective nonrandomized comparative study was conducted to compare R-TEP with L-TEP. Out of a total of 88 patients with inguinal hernia, 44 patients underwent R-TEP and other 44 patients underwent L-TEP over a period of 15 months. All R-TEP were performed with Cambridge Medical Robotics (CMR) Versius. The outcomes were analyzed over a minimum follow-up period of 6 months. Results: All patients were males with a mean age of 45.9 years. Average body mass index was 28.7. Mean docking time for R-TEP was 12.7 minutes. Overall time taken for R-TEP (mean 60.47 minutes) was significantly higher (P < .001) than L-TEP (mean 38.45 minutes). When the console time of R-TEP and overall time of L-TEP were compared, there was no significant difference (P = .053). A RCT (RIVAL Trial) conducted by Prabhu et al. showed their robotic transabdominal preperitoneal (R-TAPP) time of median 75.5 (59.0-93.8) minutes. Kimberly et al. had their overall time of 77.5 minutes and Andre Luiz et al. had a console time of 58 minutes. When we compared the data, the overall time of R-TEP is lesser compared with R-TAPP. Postoperative pain on POD-1 showed that the robotic group had significantly lower pain. There were no recurrences noted in the study period. Conclusion: With our study, we have shown that R-TEP performed using the principle of laparoscopic triangulation technique with CMR Versius is feasible and reproducible. Although the overall time is significantly more in R-TEP when compared with L-TEP, console times of R-TEP and overall times of L-TEP were very similar. Console times of R-TEP are much lesser compared with other studies on R-TAPP. R-TEP can be a better alternative to R-TAPP and can be considered at par with L-TEP. A systematic RCT would provide a better picture.

Primary abandon of hernia sac for inguinoscrotal hernias: a safe way to cut corners

INTRODUCTION

Inguinoscrotal hernias (ISH) pose a challenge to surgeons with consistently higher rates of postoperative complications and recurrence rates. The aim of this study is to report our initial experience and early results with a new technique for inguinoscrotal hernia repair.

METHODS

A review of a prospectively maintained multi-center database was conducted in patients who underwent minimally invasive repair using the "primary abandon-of-the-sac" (PAS) technique for inguinoscrotal hernias from March 2021 to July 2022. Demographics and outcomes were analyzed. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 76 minimally invasive inguinal hernia repairs were performed. In 70 patients (92%) C-PAS was used as the technique to abandon the sac while in the remaining 6 patients, "pirate-eye-patch" technique was used. Median hernia ring was 3 (IQR 2.5-3.5) cm and median hernia sac was 9.5 (8-10.8) cm. Median operative time was 70 min (IQR 56-96). Seroma was present in 22 (28.9%) patients 7 days after surgery. Most had seroma only in the inguinal area (n = 19; 25%). Thirty days after surgery, 12 (15.8%) patients still had seroma in the inguinal area and 6 (7.9%) in the inguinoscrotal area. Ninety days after surgery, four (5.3%) patients had inguinal seroma, 2 (2.6%) scrotal seromas and 3 (3.9%) inguinoscrotal seromas. The size of the hernia sac was not associated with seroma formation 7 days after surgery (OR 1.06; 95% CI 0.89-1.2; P = 0.461) in the multivariate logistic regression. BMI was also not associated with seroma formation (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.74-1.06; P = 0.2).

CONCLUSIONS

Planned abandon of the hernia sac is an interesting alternative and is associated with a low rate of complications and acceptable seroma formation rates.

Sex-based differences in inguinal hernia factors

BACKGROUND

Much of our knowledge about inguinal hernias is based on males. Meanwhile, it is established that women have worse outcomes after inguinal hernia repair, with more chronic pain and higher recurrences. Pediatric literature shows inguinal hernias in females are more likely to be bilateral, incarcerated, and carry a stronger genetic predisposition than males. We aimed to evaluate sex-based differences in inguinal hernia factors in adults, to help supplement the paucity of literature in the adult population.

METHODS

An institutional database of patients undergoing repair of primary inguinal hernias was queried with focus on preoperative risk factors and operative characteristics. Multivariate analysis was performed looking for independent variables associated with a greater number of hernia defects found intraoperatively.

RESULTS

Among 494 patients, 202 (40.9%) were female. Number of risk factors among females was significantly higher than males (1.53 vs 1.2, p = 0.003). Females had significantly more constipation, GERD, and asthma and lower BMI than males. Family history of hernias was similar between both sexes. As expected, females had significantly less direct hernias (12.9% vs 32.9%, p < 0.001) and more femoral hernias (38.5% vs 12.2%, p < 0.001) than males. Bilaterality was similar. Females undergoing inguinal hernia repair averaged 1.23 prior deliveries. Regression analysis showed age, sex, BMI, and number of deliveries were not correlated with the number of defects.

CONCLUSIONS

Females undergoing primary inguinal hernia repair had more preoperative risk factors for inguinal hernia than males. In our population, there was no higher incidence of bilaterality or significant genetic predisposition in females as noted by family history of hernias. Age, sex, BMI and number of deliveries did not correlate with the number of hernia defects found. Our study promotes awareness of inguinal hernias in females and presents new data to quantify sex-based differences and predispositions to inguinal hernias.