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Zhang YG, Jin MZ, Zhu XR, Jin WL. Reclassification of Hepatocellular Cancer With Neural-Related Genes. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877657. [PMID: 35646712 PMCID: PMC9136183 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural infiltration is a critical component of the tumor microenvironment; however, owing to technological limitations, its role in hepatocellular cancer remains obscure. Herein, we obtained the RNA-sequencing data of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and performed a series of bioinformatic analyses, including prognosis analysis, pathway enrichment, and immune analysis, using the R software packages, Consensus Cluster Plus and Limma. LIHC could be divided into two subtypes according to the expression of neural-related genes (NRGs); moreover, there are statistic differences in the prognosis, stage, and immune regulation between the two subtypes. The prognostic model showed that high expression of NRGs correlated with a poor survival prognosis (P<0.05). Further, CHRNE, GFRA2, GFRA3, and GRIN2D was significantly correlated with LIHC clinical prognosis, clinical stage, immune infiltration, immune response, and vital signaling pathways. There was nerve-cancer crosstalk in LIHC. A reclassification of LIHC based on NRG expression may prove beneficial to clinical practice. CHRNE, GFRA2, GFRA3, and GRIN2D may serve as potential biomarker for liver cancer prognosis or immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Gan Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Jin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Ran Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wei-Lin Jin
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wei-Lin Jin, ;
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2
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Blakey TJ, Michaels JR, Guo LT, Hodshon AJ, Shelton GD. Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome in a Mixed Breed Dog. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:173. [PMID: 29090216 PMCID: PMC5650981 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 6-month-old, male, intact mixed breed dog was presented for a 3-month history of progressive generalized weakness. Neurologic examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, weakness of the head and neck, and decreased withdrawal reflexes in all limbs consistent with a generalized neuromuscular disorder. Electromyography and motor nerve conduction velocity were normal. Repetitive nerve stimulation showed a decremental response of the compound muscle action potential with improvement upon intravenous administration of edrophonium chloride. The serum acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody titer was within reference range. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was unremarkable. A presumptive diagnosis of post-synaptic congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) was made. Treatment with pyridostigmine bromide was initiated with titrated increases in dosage resulting in an incomplete improvement in clinical signs. The dog was euthanized 2 months after initiation of treatment due to poor quality of life. Immunostaining for localization of antibodies against end-plate proteins in muscle biopsies was negative. Immunofluorescence staining for AChRs in external intercostal muscle biopsies showed absence of AChRs and biochemical quantitation showed a markedly decreased concentration of AChRs with no detectable AChR-bound autoantibody which confirmed the diagnosis of a CMS. Evaluation for the CHRNE mutation previously identified as the causative mutation of CMS in Jack Russell Terriers was performed and was negative. This is the first reported confirmed case of CMS in a mixed breed dog and provides a review of typical clinical and diagnostic findings as well as treatment considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Blakey
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Jennifer R Michaels
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ling T Guo
- Department of Pathology, Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, LaJolla, CA, United States
| | - Amy J Hodshon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, Comparative Neuromuscular Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, LaJolla, CA, United States
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3
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Herder V, Ciurkiewicz M, Baumgärtner W, Jagannathan V, Leeb T. Frame-shift variant in the CHRNE gene in a juvenile dog with suspected myasthenia gravis-like disease. Anim Genet 2017; 48:625. [PMID: 28508416 DOI: 10.1111/age.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Gandolfi B, Grahn RA, Creighton EK, Williams DC, Dickinson PJ, Sturges BK, Guo LT, Shelton GD, Leegwater PAJ, Longeri M, Malik R, Lyons LA. COLQ variant associated with Devon Rex and Sphynx feline hereditary myopathy. Anim Genet 2015; 46:711-5. [PMID: 26374066 PMCID: PMC4637250 DOI: 10.1111/age.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Some Devon Rex and Sphynx cats have a variably progressive myopathy characterized by appendicular and axial muscle weakness, megaesophagus, pharyngeal weakness and fatigability with exercise. Muscle biopsies from affected cats demonstrated variable pathological changes ranging from dystrophic features to minimal abnormalities. Affected cats have exacerbation of weakness following anticholinesterase dosing, a clue that there is an underlying congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). A genome-wide association study and whole-genome sequencing suggested a causal variant for this entity was a c.1190G>A variant causing a cysteine to tyrosine substitution (p.Cys397Tyr) within the C-terminal domain of collagen-like tail subunit (single strand of homotrimer) of asymmetric acetylcholinesterase (COLQ). Alpha-dystroglycan expression, which is associated with COLQ anchorage at the motor end-plate, has been shown to be deficient in affected cats. Eighteen affected cats were identified by genotyping, including cats from the original clinical descriptions in 1993 and subsequent publications. Eight Devon Rex and one Sphynx not associated with the study were identified as carriers, suggesting an allele frequency of ~2.0% in Devon Rex. Over 350 tested cats from other breeds did not have the variant. Characteristic clinical features and variant presence in all affected cats suggest a model for COLQ CMS. The association between the COLQ variant and this CMS affords clinicians the opportunity to confirm diagnosis via genetic testing and permits owners and breeders to identify carriers in the population. Moreover, accurate diagnosis increases available therapeutic options for affected cats based on an understanding of the pathophysiology and experience from human CMS associated with COLQ variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gandolfi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Robert A Grahn
- Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Erica K Creighton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - D Colette Williams
- The William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Beverly K Sturges
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ling T Guo
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, University of California - San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Peter A J Leegwater
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Longeri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie e Sanità Pubblica, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Malik
- Centre for Veterinary Education, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Leslie A Lyons
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Rinz CJ, Lennon VA, James F, Thoreson JB, Tsai KL, Starr-Moss AN, Humphries HD, Guo LT, Palmer AC, Clark LA, Shelton GD. A CHRNE frameshift mutation causes congenital myasthenic syndrome in young Jack Russell Terriers. Neuromuscul Disord 2015; 25:921-7. [PMID: 26429099 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are a group of rare genetic disorders of the neuromuscular junction resulting in structural or functional causes of fatigable weakness that usually begins early in life. Mutations in pre-synaptic, synaptic and post-synaptic proteins have been demonstrated in human cases, with more than half involving aberrations in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits. CMS was first recognized in dogs in 1974 as an autosomal recessive trait in Jack Russell Terriers (JRTs). A deficiency of junctional AChRs was demonstrated. Here we characterize a CMS in 2 contemporary cases of JRT littermates with classic clinical and electromyographic findings, and immunochemical confirmation of an approximately 90% reduction in AChR protein content. Loci encoding the 5 AChR subunits were evaluated using microsatellite markers, and CHRNB1 and CHRNE were identified as candidate genes. Sequences of the splice sites and exons of both genes revealed a single base insertion in exon 7 of CHRNE that predicts a frameshift mutation and a premature stop codon. We further demonstrated this pathogenic mutation in CHRNE in archival tissues from unrelated JRTs studied 34 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J Rinz
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Vanda A Lennon
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Immunology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Fiona James
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - James B Thoreson
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine, Immunology and Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kate L Tsai
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Alison N Starr-Moss
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - H Dale Humphries
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0709, USA
| | - Ling T Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0709, USA
| | - Anthony C Palmer
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leigh Anne Clark
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0709, USA.
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6
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Abitbol M, Hitte C, Bossé P, Blanchard-Gutton N, Thomas A, Martignat L, Blot S, Tiret L. A COLQ Missense Mutation in Sphynx and Devon Rex Cats with Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137019. [PMID: 26327126 PMCID: PMC4556666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder characterized by skeletal muscle weakness, fatigability and variable electromyographic or muscular histopathological features has been described in the two related Sphynx and Devon Rex cat breeds (Felis catus). Collection of data from two affected Sphynx cats and their relatives pointed out a single disease candidate region on feline chromosome C2, identified following a genome-wide SNP-based homozygosity mapping strategy. In that region, we further identified COLQ (collagen-like tail subunit of asymmetric acetylcholinesterase) as a good candidate gene, since COLQ mutations were identified in affected humans and dogs with endplate acetylcholinesterase deficiency leading to a synaptic form of congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). A homozygous c.1190G>A missense variant located in exon 15 of COLQ, leading to a C397Y substitution, was identified in the two affected cats. C397 is a highly-conserved residue from the C-terminal domain of the protein; its mutation was previously shown to produce CMS in humans, and here we confirmed in an affected Sphynx cat that it induces a loss of acetylcholinesterase clustering at the neuromuscular junction. Segregation of the c.1190G>A variant was 100% consistent with the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of the disorder in our cat pedigree; in addition, an affected, unrelated Devon Rex cat recruited thereafter was also homozygous for the variant. Genotyping of a panel of 333 cats from 14 breeds failed to identify a single carrier in non-Sphynx and non-Devon Rex cats. Finally, the percentage of healthy carriers in a European subpanel of 81 genotyped Sphynx cats was estimated to be low (3.7%) and 14 control Devon Rex cats were genotyped as wild-type individuals. Altogether, these results strongly support that the neuromuscular disorder reported in Sphynx and Devon Rex breeds is a CMS caused by a unique c.1190G>A missense mutation, presumably transmitted through a founder effect, which strictly and slightly disseminated in these two breeds. The presently available DNA test will help owners avoid matings at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Abitbol
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94000, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, & Faculté de médecine, 94000, Créteil, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017, Créteil, France
- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000 Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christophe Hitte
- Institut de Génétique et Développement de Rennes IGDR, UMR6290 CNRS—Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Bossé
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94000, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, & Faculté de médecine, 94000, Créteil, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017, Créteil, France
- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Nicolas Blanchard-Gutton
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94000, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, & Faculté de médecine, 94000, Créteil, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017, Créteil, France
- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Anne Thomas
- Antagene, Animal Genetics Laboratory, La Tour de Salvagny, France
| | - Lionel Martignat
- ONIRIS, UP Sécurité Sanitaire en Biotechnologies de la Reproduction, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Blot
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94000, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, & Faculté de médecine, 94000, Créteil, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017, Créteil, France
- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Laurent Tiret
- Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, 94000, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, & Faculté de médecine, 94000, Créteil, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang, 94017, Créteil, France
- APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, DHU Pepsy & Centre de référence des maladies neuromusculaires GNMH, 94000 Créteil, France
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7
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Rinz CJ, Levine J, Minor KM, Humphries HD, Lara R, Starr-Moss AN, Guo LT, Williams DC, Shelton GD, Clark LA. A COLQ missense mutation in Labrador Retrievers having congenital myasthenic syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106425. [PMID: 25166616 PMCID: PMC4148433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMSs) are heterogeneous neuromuscular disorders characterized by skeletal muscle weakness caused by disruption of signal transmission across the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). CMSs are rarely encountered in veterinary medicine, and causative mutations have only been identified in Old Danish Pointing Dogs and Brahman cattle to date. Herein, we characterize a novel CMS in 2 Labrador Retriever littermates with an early onset of marked generalized muscle weakness. Because the sire and dam share 2 recent common ancestors, CMS is likely the result of recessive alleles inherited identical by descent (IBD). Genome-wide SNP profiles generated from the Illumina HD array for 9 nuclear family members were used to determine genomic inheritance patterns in chromosomal regions encompassing 18 functional candidate genes. SNP haplotypes spanning 3 genes were consistent with autosomal recessive transmission, and microsatellite data showed that only the segment encompassing COLQ was inherited IBD. COLQ encodes the collagenous tail of acetylcholinesterase, the enzyme responsible for termination of signal transduction in the NMJ. Sequences from COLQ revealed a variant in exon 14 (c.1010T>C) that results in the substitution of a conserved amino acid (I337T) within the C-terminal domain. Both affected puppies were homozygous for this variant, and 16 relatives were heterozygous, while 288 unrelated Labrador Retrievers and 112 dogs of other breeds were wild-type. A recent study in which 2 human CMS patients were found to be homozygous for an identical COLQ mutation (c.1010T>C; I337T) provides further evidence that this mutation is pathogenic. This report describes the first COLQ mutation in canine CMS and demonstrates the utility of SNP profiles from nuclear family members for the identification of private mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin J. Rinz
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Minor
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hammon D. Humphries
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Renee Lara
- Kingdom Animal Hospital, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alison N. Starr-Moss
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ling T. Guo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - D. Colette Williams
- R. Prichard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - G. Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GDS); (LAC)
| | - Leigh Anne Clark
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GDS); (LAC)
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8
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Dunner S, Sevane N, Garcia D, Levéziel H, Williams JL, Mangin B, Valentini A. Genes involved in muscle lipid composition in 15 European Bos taurus breeds. Anim Genet 2013; 44:493-501. [PMID: 23611291 DOI: 10.1111/age.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Consumers demand healthy and palatable meat, both factors being affected by fat composition. However, red meat has relatively high concentration of saturated fatty acids and low concentration of the beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids. To select animals prone to produce particular fat types, it is necessary to identify the genes influencing muscle lipid composition. This paper describes an association study in which a large panel of candidate genes involved in adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and energy homoeostasis was tested for effects on fat composition in 15 European cattle breeds. Sixteen genes were found to have significant effects on different lipid traits, and among these, CFL1 and MYOZ1 were found to have large effects on the ratio of 18:2/18:3, CRI1 on the amount of neutral adrenic acid (22:4 n-6), MMP1 on docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) and conjugated linoleic acid, PLTP on the ratio of n-6:n-3 and IGF2R on flavour. Several genes - ALDH2, CHRNE, CRHR2, DGAT1, IGFBP3, NEB, SOCS2, SUSP1, TCF12 and FOXO1 - also were found to be associated with both lipid and organoleptic traits although with smaller effect. The results presented here help in understanding the genetic and biochemical background underlying variations in fatty acid composition and flavour in beef.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dunner
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Ibeagha-Awemu EM, Kgwatalala P, Ibeagha AE, Zhao X. A critical analysis of disease-associated DNA polymorphisms in the genes of cattle, goat, sheep, and pig. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:226-45. [PMID: 18350334 PMCID: PMC2323435 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variations through their effects on gene expression and protein function underlie disease susceptibility in farm animal species. The variations are in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms, deletions/insertions of nucleotides or whole genes, gene or whole chromosomal rearrangements, gene duplications, and copy number polymorphisms or variants. They exert varying degrees of effects on gene action, such as substitution of an amino acid for another, shift in reading frame and premature termination of translation, and complete deletion of entire exon(s) or gene(s) in diseased individuals. These factors influence gene function by affecting mRNA splicing pattern or by altering/eliminating protein function. Elucidating the genetic bases of diseases under the control of many genes is very challenging, and it is compounded by several factors, including host x pathogen x environment interactions. In this review, the genetic variations that underlie several diseases of livestock (under monogenic and polygenic control) are analyzed. Also, factors hampering research efforts toward identification of genetic influences on animal disease identification and control are highlighted. A better understanding of the factors analyzed could be better harnessed to effectively identify and control, genetically, livestock diseases. Finally, genetic control of animal diseases can reduce the costs associated with diseases, improve animal welfare, and provide healthy animal products to consumers, and should be given more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore Road, Ste Anne De Bellevue, Montreal, QC, Canada, H9X 3V9.
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Thompson PN, van der Werf JHJ, Heesterbeek JAP, van Arendonk JAM. The CHRNE 470del20 mutation causing congenital myasthenic syndrome in South African Brahman cattle: prevalence, origin, and association with performance traits. J Anim Sci 2006; 85:604-9. [PMID: 17121978 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping of the South African, registered, Brahman cattle population for the 470del20 mutation in the CHRNE gene causing congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) was carried out in 1,453 animals. Overall prevalence of carriers was 0.97% (0.50 to 1.68%, 95% confidence interval). Carrier prevalence among breeding bulls in 2004 was 1.22% (0.65 to 2.15%, 95% confidence interval), and had not changed significantly since 2000. Using segregation analysis, CMS genotype probabilities were calculated for all 612,219 animals in the pedigree, leading to the identification of 2 founder animals as the most likely original carriers. Pedigree analysis revealed no ancestors common to all known carriers, but rather that the mutation had been introduced at least twice into the South African Brahman population, probably via animals imported from the United States. The effects of CMS genotype probability on adjusted birth, 200-d, 400-d, and 600-d BW, as well as on EBV for birth, 200-d, 400-d, and 600-d BW, and milk, were estimated, accounting for effects of sire. Heterozygosity for the CHRNE 470del20 mutation was associated with a 13.3-kg increase in adjusted 600-d BW (P = 0.03). Positive effects of CMS carrier status on all BW EBV were found, but no effect was found on milk EBV. We conclude that CMS carriers have a BW advantage at 600 d and possibly also at birth, 200 d, and 400 d. This may confer a selective advantage and tend to increase the frequency of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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11
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Thompson PN, Heesterbeek JAP, van Arendonk JAM. Changes in disease gene frequency over time with differential genotypic fitness and various control strategies. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2629-35. [PMID: 16971563 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A spreadsheet model was constructed to describe the change in allelic frequency over time for a lethal recessive mutation in an animal population. The model allowed relative fitness to differ between genotypes, between sexes, and over time. Whereas a lethal recessive allele is naturally eliminated very slowly from a population, a small selective disadvantage of the heterozygote results in a large increase in the rate of elimination. With selective advantage of the heterozygote through linkage with a production trait or pleiotropy, the allele is never naturally eliminated but tends toward a stable equilibrium frequency. The model was used to investigate various alternative control programs based on the detection of heterozygotes by genotyping and their exclusion from breeding. The programs (genotyping males only, genotyping males and 50% of females, and genotyping all breeding animals) were modeled for various initial heterozygote frequencies, and the results were described in terms of the number of generations, number of tests, and number of culls required to reduce the heterozygote frequency to a predefined level. The model can be used to compare the feasibility and cost of various control strategies and to illustrate clearly to breeders the expected outcomes, as well as the danger of prematurely terminating a control program when there is a selective advantage of the heterozygote.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Thompson
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Congenital myasthenic syndromes are a heterogeneous group of diseases caused by genetic defects affecting neuromuscular transmission. In this article, a strategy that leads to the diagnosis of congenital myasthenic syndromes is presented, and recent advances in the clinical, genetic and molecular aspects of congenital myasthenic syndrome are outlined. RECENT FINDINGS Besides the identification of new mutations in genes already known to be implicated in congenital myasthenic syndromes (genes for the acetylcholine receptor subunits and the collagen tail of acetylcholinesterase), mutations in other genes have more recently been discovered and characterized (genes for choline acetyltransferase, rapsyn, and the muscle sodium channel SCN4A). Fluoxetine has recently been proposed as an alternative treatment for 'slow channel' congenital myasthenic syndrome. SUMMARY The characterization of congenital myasthenic syndromes comprises two complementary steps: establishing the diagnosis and identifying the pathophysiological type of congenital myasthenic syndrome. Characterization of the type of congenital myasthenic syndrome has allowed it to be classified as caused by presynaptic, synaptic and postsynaptic defects. A clinically and muscle histopathologically oriented genetic study has identified several genes in which mutations cause the disease. Despite comprehensive characterization, the phenotypic expression of one given gene involved is variable, and the aetiology of many congenital myasthenic syndromes remains to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hantaï
- Inserm U582 and Unité Clinique de Pathologie Neuromusculaire, Institut de Myologie, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Diagnose und Therapie der kongenitalen Myastheniesyndrome. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-003-0874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sieb JP, Kraner S, Thompson PN, Steinlein OK. Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome in Cattle due to Homozygosity for a Truncating Mutation in the Acetylcholine Receptor (AChR) Epsilon-Subunit Gene. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 998:125-7. [PMID: 14592869 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1254.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joern P Sieb
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Neurogenetics, Munich, Germany.
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