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Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are mainly formed in the pyrolysis process during high-temperature cooking of meat. Meat consumption is very typical of the western diet, and the amount of meat consumption in the eastern countries is growing rapidly; HAAs represents widespread exposure. HAAs are classified as possible human carcinogens; numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated regular consumption of meat with HAAs as risk factor for cancers. Specific HAAs have received major attention. For example, 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine has been extensively studied as a genotoxicant and mutagen, with emergent literature on neurotoxicity. Harmane has been extensively studied for a role in essential tremors and potentially Parkinson's disease (PD). Harmane levels have been demonstrated to be elevated in blood and brain in essential tremor patients. Meat consumption has been implicated in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases; however, the role of toxicants formed during meat preparation has not been studied. Epidemiological studies are currently examining the association between HAAs and risk of neurodegenerative diseases such as essential tremors and PD. Studies from our laboratory and others have provided strong evidence that HAA exposure produces PD and Alzheimer's disease-relevant neurotoxicity in cellular and animal models. In this review, we summarize and critically evaluate previous studies on HAA-induced neurotoxicity and the molecular basis of potential neurotoxic effects of HAAs. The available studies provide strong support for the premise that HAAs may impact neurological function and that addressing gaps in understanding of adverse neurological outcomes is critical to determine whether these compounds are modifiable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeerunnisa Syeda
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Dhakal S, Saha J, Wyant CE, Rangachari V. αS Oligomers Generated from Interactions with a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and a Dopamine Metabolite Differentially Interact with Aβ to Enhance Neurotoxicity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4153-4161. [PMID: 34665617 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is increasingly becoming clear that neurodegenerative diseases are not as discrete as originally thought to be but display significant overlap in histopathological and clinical presentations. For example, nearly half of the patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) show symptoms and pathological features of one another. Yet, the molecular events and features that underlie such comorbidities in neurodegenerative diseases remain poorly understood. Here, inspired to uncover the molecular underpinnings of the overlap between AD and PD, we investigated the interactions between amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein (αS), aggregates of which form the major components of amyloid plaques and Lewy bodies, respectively. Specifically, we focused on αS oligomers generated from the dopamine metabolite called dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) and a polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The two αS oligomers showed structural and conformational differences as confirmed by the disparity in size, secondary structure, susceptibility to proteinase K digestion, and cytotoxicity. More importantly, the two oligomers differentially modulated Aβ aggregation; while both inhibited Aβ aggregation to varying extents, they also induced structurally different Aβ assemblies. Furthermore, Aβ seeded with DHA-derived αS oligomers showed greater toxicity than DOPAL-derived αS oligomers in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. These results provide insights into the interactions between two amyloid proteins with empirically distinctive biophysical and cellular manifestations, enunciating a basis for potentially ubiquitous cross-amyloid interactions across many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Dhakal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Jhinuk Saha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Courtney E. Wyant
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Vijayaraghavan Rangachari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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CD33 rs3865444 as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Lett 2021; 748:135709. [PMID: 33582190 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) share a few elements of their clinical, pathological and genetic backgrounds. The CD33 rs3865444 has emerged as a strong genetic locus associated with AD through genome-wide association study (GWAS). However, little is known for its role in PD. OBJECTIVE To assess the role of CD33 rs3865444 on PD risk. METHODS We genotyped 358 patients with PD and 358 healthy controls for theCD33 rs3865444. Odds ratios (ORs) with the respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs)], were calculated with the SNPStats software, assuming five genetic models (co-dominant, dominant, recessive, over-dominant and log-additive), with the G allele as the reference allele. RESULTS The CD33 rs3865444 was associated with decreased PD risk in the dominant [GG vs GT + TT; OR (95% CI) = 0.61 (0.45-0.82), p = 0.001], the over-dominant [GG + TT vs GT; OR (95% CI) = 0.65 (0.48-0.89), p = 0.0061], log-additive [OR (95% CI) = 0.67 (0.52-0.86), p = 0.0014], and co-dominant [with overall p = 0.0043, and OR (95% CI) = 0.62 (0.45-0.84) for the TG genotype compared to the GG], modes of inheritance. CONCLUSIONS The CD33 rs3865444 is associated with decreased PD risk, and larger studies investigating the role of CD33 rs3865444 on PD are needed.
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Golriz Khatami S, Domingo-Fernández D, Mubeen S, Hoyt CT, Robinson C, Karki R, Iyappan A, Kodamullil AT, Hofmann-Apitius M. A Systems Biology Approach for Hypothesizing the Effect of Genetic Variants on Neuroimaging Features in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:831-840. [PMID: 33554913 PMCID: PMC8075382 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroimaging markers provide quantitative insight into brain structure and function in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, where we lack mechanistic insights to explain pathophysiology. These mechanisms are often mediated by genes and genetic variations and are often studied through the lens of genome-wide association studies. Linking these two disparate layers (i.e., imaging and genetic variation) through causal relationships between biological entities involved in the disease's etiology would pave the way to large-scale mechanistic reasoning and interpretation. OBJECTIVE We explore how genetic variants may lead to functional alterations of intermediate molecular traits, which can further impact neuroimaging hallmarks over a series of biological processes across multiple scales. METHODS We present an approach in which knowledge pertaining to single nucleotide polymorphisms and imaging readouts is extracted from the literature, encoded in Biological Expression Language, and used in a novel workflow to assist in the functional interpretation of SNPs in a clinical context. RESULTS We demonstrate our approach in a case scenario which proposes KANSL1 as a candidate gene that accounts for the clinically reported correlation between the incidence of the genetic variants and hippocampal atrophy. We find that the workflow prioritizes multiple mechanisms reported in the literature through which KANSL1 may have an impact on hippocampal atrophy such as through the dysregulation of cell proliferation, synaptic plasticity, and metabolic processes. CONCLUSION We have presented an approach that enables pinpointing relevant genetic variants as well as investigating their functional role in biological processes spanning across several, diverse biological scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Golriz Khatami
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (Fraunhofer SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel Domingo-Fernández
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (Fraunhofer SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Sarah Mubeen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (Fraunhofer SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Charles Tapley Hoyt
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (Fraunhofer SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Christine Robinson
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (Fraunhofer SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Reagon Karki
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (Fraunhofer SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anandhi Iyappan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (Fraunhofer SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alpha Tom Kodamullil
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (Fraunhofer SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Hofmann-Apitius
- Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing (Fraunhofer SCAI), Sankt Augustin, Germany
- Bonn-Aachen International Center for IT, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Genetic variation associated with the occurrence and progression of neurological disorders. Neurotoxicology 2017; 61:243-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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rs3851179 Polymorphism at 5' to the PICALM Gene is Associated with Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases in Brazilian Population. Neuromolecular Med 2017; 19:293-299. [PMID: 28567584 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-017-8444-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) share clinical and pathological features, suggesting that they could have common pathogenic mechanisms, as well as overlapping genetic modifiers. Here, we performed a case-control study in a Brazilian population to clarify whether the risk of AD and PD might be influenced by shared polymorphisms at PICALM (rs3851179), CR1 (rs6656401) and CLU (rs11136000) genes, which were previously identified as AD risk factors by genome-wide association studies. For this purpose, 174 late-onset AD patients, 166 PD patients and 176 matched controls were genotyped using TaqMan® assays. The results revealed that there were significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies for the SNP PICALM rs3851179 between AD/PD cases and controls, but none for CR1 rs6656401 and CLU rs11136000 intronic polymorphisms. After stratification by APOE ε4 status, the protective effect of the PICALM rs3851179 A allele in AD cases remains evident only in APOE ε4 (-) carriers, suggesting that the APOE ε4 risky allele weakens its protective effect in the APOE ε4 (+) subgroup. More genetic studies using large-sized and well-defined matched samples of AD and PD patients from mixed populations as well as functional correlation analysis are urgently needed to clarify the role of rs3851179 in the AD/PD risk. An understanding of the contribution of rs3851179 to the development of AD and PD could provide new targets for the development of novel therapies.
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Tokuchi R, Hishikawa N, Sato K, Hatanaka N, Fukui Y, Takemoto M, Ohta Y, Yamashita T, Abe K. Differences between the behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2016; 369:278-282. [PMID: 27653908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We compared the behavioral and psychological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) in order to determine the characteristic features of each disorder. METHODS For this retrospective cohort study, we compared the behavioral and psychological symptoms of 288AD patients and 189 PD patients (mean age, 74.6±5.9 and 73.0±8.7years respectively). Symptoms were evaluated using the geriatric depression scale (GDS), apathy scale (AS), and Abe's behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia score (ABS). RESULTS AD patients had higher AS and ABS scores than PD patients. A gender-dependent comparison showed that ABS scores were worse in female AD patients than in female PD patients (p=0.001). A subscale analysis of ABS scores revealed that male AD patients were only significantly different from male PD patients in 1 item, whereas female AD patients were significantly different from female PD patients in 4 items. Among patients with mild cognitive decline, no differences in affective scores were observed. Alternatively, among patients with moderate cognitive decline, affective scores on all 3 scales were worse in PD patients than in AD patients. CONCLUSIONS The present age- and gender-matched retrospective analysis identified greater behavioral and psychological disease severity in female AD patients relative to female PD patients, and greater affective severity in PD patients versus AD patients with a similar degree of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tokuchi
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Department of Occupational Therapy, Okayama Institute for Medical and Technical Sciences, Japan
| | - Nozomi Hishikawa
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Noriko Hatanaka
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yusuke Fukui
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Mami Takemoto
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohta
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Wroolie TE, Kenna HA, Williams KE, Rasgon NL. Cognitive Effects of Hormone Therapy Continuation or Discontinuation in a Sample of Women at Risk for Alzheimer Disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23. [PMID: 26209223 PMCID: PMC4654994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) as a protection from cognitive decline and Alzheimer disease (AD) is controversial, although cumulative data support HT use when initiated close to menopause onset with estrogen formulations containing 17β-estradiol preferable to conjugated equine estrogen formulations. Little is known regarding specific populations of women who may derive benefit from HT. METHODS Women with heightened risk for AD (aged 49-69), all of whom were taking HT for at least 1 year and most of whom initiated HT close to menopause onset, underwent cognitive assessment followed by randomization to continue or discontinue HT. Assessments were repeated at 2 years after randomization. RESULTS Women who continued HT performed better on cognitive domains composed of measures of verbal memory and combined attention, working memory, and processing speed measures. Women who used 17β-estradiol versus conjugated equine estrogen, whether randomized to continue or discontinue HT, showed better verbal memory performance at the 2-year follow-up assessment. An interaction was also found with HT randomization and family history of AD in a first-degree relative. All female offspring of patients with AD declined in verbal memory; however, women who continued HT declined less than women who discontinued HT. Women without a first-degree relative with AD showed verbal memory improvement (likely because of practice effects) with continuance and declined with discontinuance of HT. CONCLUSION Continuation of HT use appears to protect cognition in women with heightened risk for AD when initiated close to menopause onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonita E. Wroolie
- Stanford Center for Neuroscience in Women's Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94303-5723, USA
| | - Heather A. Kenna
- Stanford Center for Neuroscience in Women's Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94303-5723, USA
| | - Katherine E. Williams
- Stanford Center for Neuroscience in Women's Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94303-5723, USA
| | - Natalie L. Rasgon
- Stanford Center for Neuroscience in Women's Health, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94303-5723, USA
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Linking genes to neurological clinical practice: the genomic basis for neurorehabilitation. J Neurol Phys Ther 2015; 39:52-61. [PMID: 25415554 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale genomics projects such as the Human Genome Project and the International HapMap Project promise significant advances in the ability to diagnose and treat many conditions, including those with a neurological basis. A major focus of research has emerged in the neurological sciences to elucidate the molecular and genetic basis of various neurological diseases. Indeed, genetic factors are implicated in susceptibility for many neurological disorders, with family history studies providing strong evidence of familial risk for conditions such as stroke, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases. Heritability studies also suggest a strong genetic contribution to the risk for neurological diseases. Genome-wide association studies are also uncovering novel genetic variants associated with neurological disorders. Whole-genome and exome sequencing are likely to provide novel insights into the genetic basis of neurological disorders. Genetic factors are similarly associated with clinical phenotypes such as symptom severity and progression as well as response to treatment. Specifically, disease progression and functional restoration depend, in part, on the capacity for neural plasticity within residual neural tissues. Furthermore, such plasticity may be influenced in part by the presence of polymorphisms in several genes known to orchestrate neural plasticity including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Apolipoprotein E. (APOE). It is important for neurorehabilitation therapist practicing in the "genomic era" to be aware of the potential influence of genetic factors during clinical encounters, as advances in molecular sciences are revealing information of critical relevance to the clinical rehabilitation management of individuals with neurological conditions. Video Abstract available (See Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A88) for more insights from the authors.
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Feldman AL, Wirdefeldt K, Johansson ALV, Gatz M, Pedersen NL. Evidence for modest familial co-aggregation between dementia and parkinsonism. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 29:49-56. [PMID: 24248476 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-013-9864-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the contribution of shared familial risk to the co-occurrence of dementia and parkinsonism by studying familial co-aggregation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Using Swedish population-based registers we constructed two cohorts; a first-degree relative cohort of persons born 1932-1960 (n = 2,775,332) and a spouse cohort of persons born 1890-1960 (n = 4,736,006). Study persons were followed up between 1969 and 2009 in the National Patient and Cause of Death Registers. We modeled the association between incidence of disease and having at least one affected relative using Cox proportional hazard regression that estimated hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for age, sex and number of relatives. Within each disorder; dementia, AD, parkinsonian disorders and PD, there was a strong association between risk of disease and having at least one affected sibling or parent. There was also a modest shared familial risk between the diseases; risk of parkinsonian disorders was associated with having a sibling with AD (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.11-1.65) and risk of dementia was associated with having a sibling with PD (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02-1.41). There were no meaningful familial risks among spouses. The risk of co-occurring dementia in PD was considerably increased (HR 2.83, 95% CI 2.76-2.89). There is strong familial aggregation within dementia, AD, parkinsonian disorders and PD, and modest familial co-aggregation between dementia and parkinsonism. Thus, co-occurrence of dementia and parkinsonism is not primarily caused by shared familial risk between AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adina L Feldman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, PO-Box 281, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden,
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Boot BP, Orr CF, Ahlskog JE, Ferman TJ, Roberts R, Pankratz VS, Dickson DW, Parisi J, Aakre JA, Geda YE, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Boeve BF. Risk factors for dementia with Lewy bodies: a case-control study. Neurology 2013; 81:833-40. [PMID: 23892702 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a2cbd1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the risk factors associated with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). METHODS We identified 147 subjects with DLB and sampled 2 sex- and age-matched cognitively normal control subjects for each case. We also identified an unmatched comparison group of 236 subjects with Alzheimer disease (AD). We evaluated 19 candidate risk factors in the study cohort. RESULTS Compared with controls, subjects with DLB were more likely to have a history of anxiety (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval) (7.4; 3.5-16; p < 0.0001), depression (6.0; 3.7-9.5; p < 0.0001), stroke (2.8; 1.3-6.3; p = 0.01), a family history of Parkinson disease (PD) (4.6; 2.5-8.6; p < 0.0001), and carry APOE ε4 alleles (2.2; 1.5-3.3; p < 0.0001), but less likely to have had cancer (0.44; 0.27-0.70; p = 0.0006) or use caffeine (0.29; 0.14-0.57; p < 0.0001) with a similar trend for alcohol (0.65; 0.42-1.0; p = 0.0501). Compared with subjects with AD, subjects with DLB were younger (72.5 vs 74.9 years, p = 0.021) and more likely to be male (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval) (5.3; 3.3-8.5; p < 0.0001), have a history of depression (4.3; 2.4-7.5; p < 0.0001), be more educated (2.5; 1.1-5.6; p = 0.031), have a positive family history of PD (5.0; 2.4-10; p < 0.0001), have no APOE ε4 alleles (0.61; 0.40-0.93; p = 0.02), and to have had an oophorectomy before age 45 years (7.6; 1.5-39; p = 0.015). CONCLUSION DLB risk factors are an amalgam of those for AD and PD. Smoking and education, which have opposing risk effects on AD and PD, are not risk factors for DLB; however, depression and low caffeine intake, both risk factors for AD and PD, increase risk of DLB more strongly than in either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon P Boot
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester MN, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
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Gao J, Huang X, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Chen H. An exploratory study on CLU, CR1 and PICALM and Parkinson disease. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24211. [PMID: 21912625 PMCID: PMC3166161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent GWAS and subsequent confirmation studies reported several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the CLU, CR1 and PICALM loci in association with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Parkinson disease (PD) shares several clinical and pathologic characteristics with AD; we therefore explored whether these SNPs were also associated with PD risk. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS 791 non-Hispanic Whites cases and 1,580 matched controls were included in the study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained from logistic regression models. rs11136000 at the CLU locus was associated with PD risk under the recessive model (comparing TT versus CC+CT: OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.55-0.92, p = 0.008) after adjusting for year of birth, gender, smoking, and caffeine intake. Further adjustment for family history of PD and ApoE ε4 status did not change the result. In addition, we did not find evidence for effect modification by ApoE or known PD risk factors. The association, however, appeared to be stronger for PD with dementia (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.27-0.91) than for PD without dementia (OR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.61-1.06). The two other SNPs, rs6656401 from CR1, and rs3851179 from PICALM region were not associated with PD (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Our exploratory analysis suggests an association of CLU with PD. This exploratory finding and the role of dementia in explaining this finding needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Gao
- Epidemiology Branch of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State University-Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - YikYung Park
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Honglei Chen
- Epidemiology Branch of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
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Wirdefeldt K, Adami HO, Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Mandel J. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson's disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol 2011; 26 Suppl 1:S1-58. [PMID: 21626386 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-011-9581-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 714] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is not well understood but likely to involve both genetic and environmental factors. Incidence and prevalence estimates vary to a large extent-at least partly due to methodological differences between studies-but are consistently higher in men than in women. Several genes that cause familial as well as sporadic PD have been identified and familial aggregation studies support a genetic component. Despite a vast literature on lifestyle and environmental possible risk or protection factors, consistent findings are few. There is compelling evidence for protective effects of smoking and coffee, but the biologic mechanisms for these possibly causal relations are poorly understood. Uric acid also seems to be associated with lower PD risk. Evidence that one or several pesticides increase PD risk is suggestive but further research is needed to identify specific compounds that may play a causal role. Evidence is limited on the role of metals, other chemicals and magnetic fields. Important methodological limitations include crude classification of exposure, low frequency and intensity of exposure, inadequate sample size, potential for confounding, retrospective study designs and lack of consistent diagnostic criteria for PD. Studies that assessed possible shared etiological components between PD and other diseases show that REM sleep behavior disorder and mental illness increase PD risk and that PD patients have lower cancer risk, but methodological concerns exist. Future epidemiologic studies of PD should be large, include detailed quantifications of exposure, and collect information on environmental exposures as well as genetic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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