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Chen D, Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Zeng H, Wu L, Liu Y. Unraveling shared susceptibility loci and Mendelian genetic associations linking educational attainment with multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1303430. [PMID: 38250258 PMCID: PMC10797721 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1303430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Empirical studies have demonstrated that educational attainment (EA) is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders (NPDs), suggesting a shared etiological basis between them. However, little is known about the shared genetic mechanisms and causality behind such associations. Methods This study explored the shared genetic basis and causal relationships between EA and NPDs using the high-definition likelihood (HDL) method, cross phenotype association study (CPASSOC), transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS), and bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) with summary-level data for EA (N = 293,723) and NPDs (N range = 9,725 to 455,258). Results Significant genetic correlations between EA and 12 NPDs (rg range - 0.49 to 0.35; all p < 3.85 × 10-3) were observed. CPASSOC identified 37 independent loci shared between EA and NPDs, one of which was novel (rs71351952, mapped gene: ARFGEF2). Functional analyses and TWAS found shared genes were enriched in brain tissue, especially in the cerebellum and highlighted the regulatory role of neuronal signaling, purine nucleotide metabolic process, and cAMP-mediated signaling pathways. CPASSOC and TWAS supported the role of three regions of 6q16.1, 3p21.31, and 17q21.31 might account for the shared causes between EA and NPDs. MR confirmed higher genetically predicted EA lower the risk of ADHD (ORIVW: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.63) and genetically predicted ADHD decreased the risk of EA (Causal effect: -2.8 months; 95% CI: -3.9 to -1.8). Conclusion These findings provided evidence of shared genetics and causation between EA and NPDs, advanced our understanding of EA, and implicated potential biological pathways that might underlie both EA and NPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongze Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Genetics, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Shenzhen Health Development Research and Data Management Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Huatang Zeng
- Shenzhen Health Development Research and Data Management Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liqun Wu
- Shenzhen Health Development Research and Data Management Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Shenzhen Health Development Research and Data Management Center, Shenzhen, China
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2
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de Sainte Agathe JM, Pode-Shakked B, Naudion S, Michaud V, Arveiler B, Fergelot P, Delmas J, Keren B, Poirsier C, Alkuraya FS, Tabarki B, Bend E, Davis K, Bebin M, Thompson ML, Bryant EM, Wagner M, Hannibal I, Lenberg J, Krenn M, Wigby KM, Friedman JR, Iascone M, Cereda A, Miao T, LeGuern E, Argilli E, Sherr E, Caluseriu O, Tidwell T, Bayrak-Toydemir P, Hagedorn C, Brugger M, Vill K, Morneau-Jacob FD, Chung W, Weaver KN, Owens JW, Husami A, Chaudhari BP, Stone BS, Burns K, Li R, de Lange IM, Biehler M, Ginglinger E, Gérard B, Stottmann RW, Trimouille A. ARF1-related disorder: phenotypic and molecular spectrum. J Med Genet 2023; 60:999-1005. [PMID: 37185208 PMCID: PMC10579487 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2022-108803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE ARF1 was previously implicated in periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH) in only five individuals and systematic clinical characterisation was not available. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive description of the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of ARF1-related neurodevelopmental disorder. METHODS We collected detailed phenotypes of an international cohort of individuals (n=17) with ARF1 variants assembled through the GeneMatcher platform. Missense variants were structurally modelled, and the impact of several were functionally validated. RESULTS De novo variants (10 missense, 1 frameshift, 1 splice altering resulting in 9 residues insertion) in ARF1 were identified among 17 unrelated individuals. Detailed phenotypes included intellectual disability (ID), microcephaly, seizures and PVNH. No specific facial characteristics were consistent across all cases, however microretrognathia was common. Various hearing and visual defects were recurrent, and interestingly, some inflammatory features were reported. MRI of the brain frequently showed abnormalities consistent with a neuronal migration disorder. CONCLUSION We confirm the role of ARF1 in an autosomal dominant syndrome with a phenotypic spectrum including severe ID, microcephaly, seizures and PVNH due to impaired neuronal migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Pode-Shakked
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sophie Naudion
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Michaud
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Maladies Rares : Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, INSERM, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Maladies Rares : Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, INSERM, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Fergelot
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Maladies Rares : Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, INSERM, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean Delmas
- Pediatric and Prenatal Imaging Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux Groupe hospitalier Pellegrin, Bordeaux, France
| | - Boris Keren
- Department of Medical Genetics, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomic, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brahim Tabarki
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military and Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eric Bend
- PreventionGenetics LLC, Marshfield, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Kellie Davis
- Division of Medical Genetics, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Martina Bebin
- UAB Epilepsy Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michelle L Thompson
- Greg Cooper's Laboratory, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Emily M Bryant
- Gillette Children's Specialty Healthcare, Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Matias Wagner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universitat Munchen, Munchen, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenomics, Helmholtz Zentrum Munchen Deutsches Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Iris Hannibal
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Jerica Lenberg
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Martin Krenn
- Department of Neurology, Medizinische Universitat Wien, Wien, Austria
| | - Kristen M Wigby
- Rady Children's Hospital-San Diego, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jennifer R Friedman
- Department of Neuroscience, Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Maria Iascone
- Laboratorio di Genetica Medica, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Anna Cereda
- Pediatric Department, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Térence Miao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- École d'ingénieurs biotechnologies Paris - SupBiotech, Sup'Biotech, Paris, France
| | - Eric LeGuern
- Department of Medical Genetics, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
- ICM, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Emanuela Argilli
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco Division of Hospital Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elliott Sherr
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco Division of Hospital Medicine, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Oana Caluseriu
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Caroline Hagedorn
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Melanie Brugger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munchen, Germany
| | - Katharina Vill
- Fachbereich Neuromuskuläre Erkrankungen und klinische Neurophysiologie, Dr. v. Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Wendy Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Columbia University, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Kathryn N Weaver
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joshua W Owens
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ammar Husami
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Bimal P Chaudhari
- Divisions of Neonatology, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brandon S Stone
- Divisions of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Katie Burns
- Sanford Children's Specialty Clinic, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Rachel Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Iris M de Lange
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Margaux Biehler
- Laboratories of Genetic Diagnosis, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace (IGMA), Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Bénédicte Gérard
- Laboratories of Genetic Diagnosis, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace (IGMA), Strasbourg University Hospitals, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati School of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Aurélien Trimouille
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Maladies Rares : Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), U1211, INSERM, Bordeaux, France
- Service de Pathologie, University Hospital Centre Bordeaux Pellegrin Hospital Group, Bordeaux, France
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Lv B, Zhou Y, Zeng J, Wang L, Zhao F, Chen H, Li X, Song Y, Xiao M, Ding Z, Cheng B. Cases report: MRI findings of asymptomatically familial subependymal heterotopia with filamin A gene abnormality. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:956545. [PMID: 35968360 PMCID: PMC9364927 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.956545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Subependymal heterotopia (SEH) is a rare neuronal migration disorder consisting of gray matter nodules along the lateral ventricular walls and is often associated with other brain malformations. Despite most SEH cases showing epilepsy during their lifetimes, very few patients with asymptomatically familial SEH tend to cause misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. We present four familial SEH cases without any positive symptoms and medical history, including two fetuses, who were diagnosed by MRI and confirmed by genetic testing with mutation of filamin A. This report emphasizes the role of MRI in the recognition of SEH at an early age of gestation and in asymptomatically familial SEH. MRI provides a fast, repeatable, reliable, and cheap choice for detecting and screening familial SEH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lv
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yushan Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianguang Zeng
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fumin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huizhu Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuesheng Li
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- Department of Medical Imaging, Qujing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Qujing, China
| | - Zhiyong Ding
- Department of Medical Imaging, Qujing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Qujing, China
| | - Bochao Cheng
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Bochao Cheng,
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The GTPase Arf1 Is a Determinant of Yeast Vps13 Localization to the Golgi Apparatus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212274. [PMID: 34830155 PMCID: PMC8619211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
VPS13 proteins are evolutionarily conserved. Mutations in the four human genes (VPS13A-D) encoding VPS13A-D proteins are linked to developmental or neurodegenerative diseases. The relationship between the specific localization of individual VPS13 proteins, their molecular functions, and the pathology of these diseases is unknown. Here we used a yeast model to establish the determinants of Vps13's interaction with the membranes of Golgi apparatus. We analyzed the different phenotypes of the arf1-3 arf2Δ vps13∆ strain, with reduced activity of the Arf1 GTPase, the master regulator of Golgi function and entirely devoid of Vps13. Our analysis led us to propose that Vps13 and Arf1 proteins cooperate at the Golgi apparatus. We showed that Vps13 binds to the Arf1 GTPase through its C-terminal Pleckstrin homology (PH)-like domain. This domain also interacts with phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate as it was bound to liposomes enriched with this lipid. The homologous domain of VPS13A exhibited the same behavior. Furthermore, a fusion of the PH-like domain of Vps13 to green fluorescent protein was localized to Golgi structures in an Arf1-dependent manner. These results suggest that the PH-like domains and Arf1 are determinants of the localization of VPS13 proteins to the Golgi apparatus in yeast and humans.
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5
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Vriend I, Oegema R. Genetic causes underlying grey matter heterotopia. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2021; 35:82-92. [PMID: 34666232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Grey matter heterotopia (GMH) can cause of seizures and are associated with a wide range of neurodevelopmental disorders and syndromes. They are caused by a failure of neuronal migration during fetal development, leading to clusters of neurons that have not reached their final destination in the cerebral cortex. We have performed an extensive literature search in Pubmed, OMIM, and Google scholar and provide an overview of known genetic associations with periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNVH), subcortical band heterotopia (SBH) and other subcortical heterotopia (SUBH). We classified the heterotopias as PVNH, SBH, SUBH or other and collected the genetic information, frequency, imaging features and salient features in tables for every subtype of heterotopia. This resulted in 105 PVNH, 16 SBH and 25 SUBH gene/locus associations, making a total of 146 genes and chromosomal loci. Our study emphasizes the extreme genetic heterogeneity underlying GMH. It will aid the clinician in establishing an differential diagnosis and eventually a molecular diagnosis in GMH patients. A diagnosis enables proper counseling of prognosis and recurrence risks, and enables individualized patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Vriend
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Renske Oegema
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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6
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Jensen M, Tyryshkina A, Pizzo L, Smolen C, Das M, Huber E, Krishnan A, Girirajan S. Combinatorial patterns of gene expression changes contribute to variable expressivity of the developmental delay-associated 16p12.1 deletion. Genome Med 2021; 13:163. [PMID: 34657631 PMCID: PMC8522054 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that individual variants do not sufficiently explain the variable expressivity of phenotypes observed in complex disorders. For example, the 16p12.1 deletion is associated with developmental delay and neuropsychiatric features in affected individuals, but is inherited in > 90% of cases from a mildly-affected parent. While children with the deletion are more likely to carry additional "second-hit" variants than their parents, the mechanisms for how these variants contribute to phenotypic variability are unknown. METHODS We performed detailed clinical assessments, whole-genome sequencing, and RNA sequencing of lymphoblastoid cell lines for 32 individuals in five large families with multiple members carrying the 16p12.1 deletion. We identified contributions of the 16p12.1 deletion and "second-hit" variants towards a range of expression changes in deletion carriers and their family members, including differential expression, outlier expression, alternative splicing, allele-specific expression, and expression quantitative trait loci analyses. RESULTS We found that the deletion dysregulates multiple autism and brain development genes such as FOXP1, ANK3, and MEF2. Carrier children also showed an average of 5323 gene expression changes compared with one or both parents, which matched with 33/39 observed developmental phenotypes. We identified significant enrichments for 13/25 classes of "second-hit" variants in genes with expression changes, where 4/25 variant classes were only enriched when inherited from the noncarrier parent, including loss-of-function SNVs and large duplications. In 11 instances, including for ZEB2 and SYNJ1, gene expression was synergistically altered by both the deletion and inherited "second-hits" in carrier children. Finally, brain-specific interaction network analysis showed strong connectivity between genes carrying "second-hits" and genes with transcriptome alterations in deletion carriers. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a potential mechanism for how "second-hit" variants modulate expressivity of complex disorders such as the 16p12.1 deletion through transcriptomic perturbation of gene networks important for early development. Our work further shows that family-based assessments of transcriptome data are highly relevant towards understanding the genetic mechanisms associated with complex disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, University Park, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Anastasia Tyryshkina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, University Park, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Lucilla Pizzo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, University Park, USA
| | - Corrine Smolen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, University Park, USA
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Maitreya Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, University Park, USA
| | - Emily Huber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, University Park, USA
| | - Arjun Krishnan
- Department of Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Santhosh Girirajan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, PA, 16802, University Park, USA.
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Program, Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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7
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Wei P, Ru D, Li X, Shi D, Zhang M, Xu Q, Zhou H, Wen S. Exposure to environmental bisphenol A inhibits HTR-8/SVneo cell migration and invasion. J Biomed Res 2020; 34:369-378. [PMID: 32981897 PMCID: PMC7540237 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.34.20200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, such as bisphenol A (BPA) have recently been implicated in the development of adverse birth outcomes. However, the underlying teratogenic mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the effects of BPA on the migration and invasion of human primary extravillous trophoblast HTR-8/SVneo cells. Our results indicated that BPA reduced cell migration and invasion. Moreover, it altered the ratio of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) by downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9, and upregulating TIMP-1 and TIMP-2. Furthermore, BPA suppressed integrin β1, integrin α5, and vimentin. Interestingly, BPA-induced invasion was partially restored by G15, a membrane G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 30 antagonist. We further revealed that 42 proteins were differentially expressed by mass spectrometry analysis, which could be divided into three categories based on gene ontology including biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. These results suggest that BPA reduces HTR-8/SVneo cell migration and invasion by downregulating MMP-2 and MMP-9, up-regulating TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, and suppressing adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Wei
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Department of Obstetrics, the Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Dongqing Ru
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Dongyan Shi
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Mingshun Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210004, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.,Department of Biotherapy, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210011, China
| | - Shuang Wen
- Department of Immunology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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8
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Herkommer LF, Henrich M, Herden C, Schmidt MJ. Periventricular nodular heterotopia in a Chihuahua. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1570-1575. [PMID: 32445227 PMCID: PMC7379017 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Periventricular nodular heterotopia is a common neuronal malformation in humans, often leading to epilepsy and other neurologic diseases. A 2‐month‐old female Chihuahua weighing 750 g was examined because of a history of epileptic seizures and abnormalities in gait and behavior. Results of the clinical examination were consistent with a multifocal neurologic disease with localization in the forebrain and spinovestibular system. The magnetic resonance imaging showed multiple bilateral periventricular nodules isointense to gray matter and ventriculomegaly. Histopathological and immunohistological examination of the brain revealed that periventricular nodules consisted of neurons, fewer astrocytes, and some oligodendroglia consistent with periventricular nodular heterotopias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie F Herkommer
- Institute for Veterinary-Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Manfred Henrich
- Institute for Veterinary-Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute for Veterinary-Pathology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Neurosurgery, Neuroradiology and Clinical Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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9
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Walton K, Leier A, Sztul E. Regulating the regulators: role of phosphorylation in modulating the function of the GBF1/BIG family of Sec7 ARF-GEFs. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2213-2226. [PMID: 32333796 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Membrane traffic between secretory and endosomal compartments is vesicle-mediated and must be tightly balanced to maintain a physiological compartment size. Vesicle formation is initiated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that activate the ARF family of small GTPases. Regulatory mechanisms, including reversible phosphorylation, allow ARF-GEFs to support vesicle formation only at the right time and place in response to cellular needs. Here, we review current knowledge of how the Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance factor 1 (GBF1)/brefeldin A-inhibited guanine nucleotide exchange protein (BIG) family of ARF-GEFs is influenced by phosphorylation and use predictive paradigms to propose new regulatory paradigms. We describe a conserved cluster of phosphorylation sites within the N-terminal domains of the GBF1/BIG ARF-GEFs and suggest that these sites may respond to homeostatic signals related to cell growth and division. In the C-terminal region, GBF1 shows phosphorylation sites clustered differently as compared with the similar configuration found in both BIG1 and BIG2. Despite this similarity, BIG1 and BIG2 phosphorylation patterns are divergent in other domains. The different clustering of phosphorylation sites suggests that the nonconserved sites may represent distinct regulatory nodes and specify the function of GBF1, BIG1, and BIG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Walton
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andre Leier
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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Rasika S, Passemard S, Verloes A, Gressens P, El Ghouzzi V. Golgipathies in Neurodevelopment: A New View of Old Defects. Dev Neurosci 2019; 40:396-416. [PMID: 30878996 DOI: 10.1159/000497035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus (GA) is involved in a whole spectrum of activities, from lipid biosynthesis and membrane secretion to the posttranslational processing and trafficking of most proteins, the control of mitosis, cell polarity, migration and morphogenesis, and diverse processes such as apoptosis, autophagy, and the stress response. In keeping with its versatility, mutations in GA proteins lead to a number of different disorders, including syndromes with multisystem involvement. Intriguingly, however, > 40% of the GA-related genes known to be associated with disease affect the central or peripheral nervous system, highlighting the critical importance of the GA for neural function. We have previously proposed the term "Golgipathies" in relation to a group of disorders in which mutations in GA proteins or their molecular partners lead to consequences for brain development, in particular postnatal-onset microcephaly (POM), white-matter defects, and intellectual disability (ID). Here, taking into account the broader role of the GA in the nervous system, we refine and enlarge this emerging concept to include other disorders whose symptoms may be indicative of altered neurodevelopmental processes, from neurogenesis to neuronal migration and the secretory function critical for the maturation of postmitotic neurons and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sowmyalakshmi Rasika
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Passemard
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, UF de Génétique Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Centre for the Developing Brain, Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, King's Health Partners, St. Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent El Ghouzzi
- NeuroDiderot, INSERM UMR1141, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France,
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Rezazadeh A, Bercovici E, Kiehl TR, Chow EW, Krings T, Bassett AS, Andrade DM. Periventricular nodular heterotopia in 22q11.2 deletion and frontal lobe migration. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2018; 5:1314-1322. [PMID: 30480026 PMCID: PMC6243376 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We aimed to delineate the distribution of periventricular nodular heterotopia (PNH) in patients with 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) and place this in the context of other genetic forms of PNH. Methods We retrospectively analyzed brain imaging and postmortem data available for adult patients with 22q11.2DS. We included only those with good quality MRI data (n = 29) in addition to two patients with PNH identified through postmortem studies. We also reviewed the pattern of PNH in all genetic conditions reported with this phenotype. Results Of the total seven patients (M = 4, F = 3; age: 19–61 years) identified to have PNH, six had a history of seizures, six had schizophrenia, six had variable levels of intellectual disability, and two had obsessive compulsive disorder. In all seven patients, the nodules were located over the dorsal pole of the frontal horn of the lateral ventricles. The nodules were small, noncontiguous, and ranged in number from 1 to 10 per individual. Our review identified 37 genetic conditions associated with PNH. With the cases reported here, 22q11.2DS becomes the fifth most commonly reported genetic condition, and the third most common copy number variation, associated with PNH. Interpretation The neuropsychiatric manifestations in our patients with PNH support other data indicating abnormal neurodevelopment as part of the pathogenesis of 22q11.2DS.The location and cellular characteristics of PNH in 22q11.2DS overlaps with a group of migrating postnatal interneurons termed Arc cells, although more research is needed to confirm that PNH in 22q11.2DS represents Arc cells arrested in their migratory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rezazadeh
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Krembil Neuroscience Centre Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eduard Bercovici
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Krembil Neuroscience Centre Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Tim-Rasmus Kiehl
- Department of Pathology University Health Network University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eva W Chow
- Clinical Genetics Research Program Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Timo Krings
- Division of Neuroradiology Joint Department of Medical Imaging Toronto Western Hospital University Health Network University of Toronto Toronto Canada
| | - Anne S Bassett
- Clinical Genetics Research Program Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry Toronto Ontario Canada.,Dalglish Family 22q Clinic Toronto General Research Institute and Department of Psychiatry Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute University Health Network Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Danielle M Andrade
- Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Krembil Neuroscience Centre Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Krembil Neurosciences Epilepsy Genetics Program Toronto Western Hospital University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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12
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Wang C, Saar V, Leung KL, Chen L, Wong G. Human amyloid β peptide and tau co-expression impairs behavior and causes specific gene expression changes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 109:88-101. [PMID: 28982592 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques consisting of Amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles formed by aggregation of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. We generated a novel invertebrate model of AD by crossing Aβ1-42 (strain CL2355) with either pro-aggregating tau (strain BR5270) or anti-aggregating tau (strain BR5271) pan-neuronal expressing transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans. The lifespan and progeny viability of the double transgenic strains were significantly decreased compared with wild type N2 (P<0.0001). In addition, co-expression of these transgenes interfered with neurotransmitter signaling pathways, caused deficits in chemotaxis associative learning, increased protein aggregation visualized by Congo red staining, and increased neuronal loss. Global transcriptomic RNA-seq analysis revealed 248 up- and 805 down-regulated genes in N2 wild type versus Aβ1-42+pro-aggregating tau animals, compared to 293 up- and 295 down-regulated genes in N2 wild type versus Aβ1-42+anti-aggregating tau animals. Gene set enrichment analysis of Aβ1-42+pro-aggregating tau animals uncovered up-regulated annotation clusters UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (5 genes, P<4.2E-4), protein phosphorylation (5 genes, P<2.60E-02), and aging (5 genes, P<8.1E-2) while the down-regulated clusters included nematode cuticle collagen (36 genes, P<1.5E-21). RNA interference of 13 available top up-regulated genes in Aβ1-42+pro-aggregating tau animals revealed that F-box family genes and nep-4 could enhance life span deficits and chemotaxis deficits while Y39G8C.2 (TTBK2) could suppress these behaviors. Comparing the list of regulated genes from C. elegans to the top 60 genes related to human AD confirmed an overlap of 8 genes: patched homolog 1, PTCH1 (ptc-3), the Rab GTPase activating protein, TBC1D16 (tbc-16), the WD repeat and FYVE domain-containing protein 3, WDFY3 (wdfy-3), ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2, ARFGEF2 (agef-1), Early B-cell Factor, EBF1 (unc-3), d-amino-acid oxidase, DAO (daao-1), glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1, GRM1 (mgl-2), prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 2, P4HA2 (dpy-18 and phy-2). Taken together, our C. elegans double transgenic model provides insight on the fundamental neurobiologic processes underlying human AD and recapitulates selected transcriptomic changes observed in human AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyin Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Valeria Saar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Ka Lai Leung
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Liang Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau
| | - Garry Wong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, 999078, Macau.
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13
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Yilmaz S, Gokben S, Serdaroglu G, Eraslan C, Mancini GMS, Tekin H, Tekgul H. The expanding phenotypic spectrum of ARFGEF2 gene mutation: Cardiomyopathy and movement disorder. Brain Dev 2016; 38:124-7. [PMID: 26126837 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in ADP-ribosylation factor guanine nucleotide-exchange factor 2 (ARFGEF2) gene was recently recognized to cause bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia, putaminal hyperintensity and movement disorder. A ten year-old girl with severe developmental and growth delay, feeding problems and involuntary movements is presented. Bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia and putaminal hyperintensity were detected in cranial magnetic resonance imaging. Her echocardiographic examination revealed left ventricular non-compaction cardiomyopathy. Sequence analysis of ARFGEF2 gene demonstrated a homozygous c.5126G>A, p.Trp1709(∗) mutation. The mutation is the first nonsense mutation described in ARFGEF2 gene and the case is the second reported case of ARFGEF2 gene mutation with cardiomyopathy. The presented case supports the view that the presence of cardiomyopathy in ARFGEF2 gene mutations is more than a coincidence and thus expands the phenotypic spectrum of ARFGEF2 gene mutations. Mutations in the ARFGEF2 gene must be considered in the presence of bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia and putaminal hyperintensity in children presenting with movement disorder, severe developmental delay and microcephaly. In case of ARFGEF2 gene mutation, screening for cardiomyopathy may be indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanem Yilmaz
- Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Sarenur Gokben
- Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gul Serdaroglu
- Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cenk Eraslan
- Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Grazia M S Mancini
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hande Tekin
- Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Tekgul
- Ege University Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Neurology, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract
Zusammenfassung
Hirnfehlbildungen sind ein häufiger Befund bei Mikrozephalien, ihr Nachweis erhöht die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer genetisch bedingten Grunderkrankung. Werden weitere Zusatzsymptome wie Entwicklungsverzögerung oder Epilepsie beobachtet, sollte frühzeitig eine zerebrale Bildgebung möglichst mittels MRT und neuroradiologischer Beurteilung veranlasst werden. Insbesondere Hinweise auf eine Holoprosenzephalie oder neuronale Migrationsstörungen können die Einleitung zielführender genetischer Untersuchungen bahnen. In diesem Artikel sollen für häufigere Formen syndromaler und nicht-syndromaler Mikrozephalien mit wichtigen neuroradiologischen Leitbefunden wie periventrikulären Heterotopien, Lissenzephalie, Double Cortex, Holoprosenzephalie, pontozerebelläre Hypoplasien und Agenesie oder Hypoplasie des Corpus callosum differenzialdiagnostische Überlegungen und diagnostische Algorithmen vorgestellt werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia M. Herbst
- Aff1 Zentrum für Humangenetik Regensburg, Im Universitätsklinikum D3 Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
- Aff2 grid.7727.5 0000000121905763 Institut für Humangenetik Universität Regensburg Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Schuierer
- Aff3 Institut für Neuroradiologie Bezirksklinikum Regensburg Universitätsstr. 84 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Ute Hehr
- Aff1 Zentrum für Humangenetik Regensburg, Im Universitätsklinikum D3 Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
- Aff2 grid.7727.5 0000000121905763 Institut für Humangenetik Universität Regensburg Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11 93053 Regensburg Deutschland
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15
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Yu L, Sawle AD, Wynn J, Aspelund G, Stolar CJ, Arkovitz MS, Potoka D, Azarow KS, Mychaliska GB, Shen Y, Chung WK. Increased burden of de novo predicted deleterious variants in complex congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4764-73. [PMID: 26034137 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a serious birth defect that accounts for 8% of all major birth anomalies. Approximately 40% of cases occur in association with other anomalies. As sporadic complex CDH likely has a significant impact on reproductive fitness, we hypothesized that de novo variants would account for the etiology in a significant fraction of cases. We performed exome sequencing in 39 CDH trios and compared the frequency of de novo variants with 787 unaffected controls from the Simons Simplex Collection. We found no significant difference in overall frequency of de novo variants between cases and controls. However, among genes that are highly expressed during diaphragm development, there was a significant burden of likely gene disrupting (LGD) and predicted deleterious missense variants in cases (fold enrichment = 3.2, P-value = 0.003), and these genes are more likely to be haploinsufficient (P-value = 0.01) than the ones with benign missense or synonymous de novo variants in cases. After accounting for the frequency of de novo variants in the control population, we estimate that 15% of sporadic complex CDH patients are attributable to de novo LGD or deleterious missense variants. We identified several genes with predicted deleterious de novo variants that fall into common categories of genes related to transcription factors and cell migration that we believe are related to the pathogenesis of CDH. These data provide supportive evidence for novel genes in the pathogenesis of CDH associated with other anomalies and suggest that de novo variants play a significant role in complex CDH cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yu
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Julia Wynn
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics
| | | | - Charles J Stolar
- California Pediatric Surgery Group, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA
| | - Marc S Arkovitz
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Tel Hashomer Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Douglas Potoka
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kenneth S Azarow
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Oregon Health Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA and
| | - George B Mychaliska
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yufeng Shen
- Departments of System Biology and Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA,
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics,
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16
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17
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Bardón-Cancho EJ, Muñoz-Jiménez L, Vázquez-López M, Ruíz-Martín Y, García-Morín M, Barredo-Valderrama E. Periventricular nodular heterotopia and dystonia due to an ARFGEF2 mutation. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 51:461-4. [PMID: 25160555 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heterotopias are a neuronal migration disorder caused by extrinsic factors or by genetic mutations. When the location is periventricular, the most frequent genetic cause is the mutation in the "filamin A2 gene", which is X-linked. New genes for periventricular nodular heterotopia with an autosomal inheritance pattern have been recently discovered. PATIENTS We describe two siblings. The girl, who was prenatally diagnosed ventriculomegaly, had delayed development. At 6 months, she had no head control and variable muscle tone, alternating low axial tone with jerking movements. She became microcephalic. Magnetic resonance imaging at 12 months of age revealed enlarged lateral ventricles, periventricular nodular heterotopia, thin corpus callosum, a T2-hyperintensity of the putamen and the thalamus, and a loss of volume of lenticular nucleus. At 18 months, she developed sporadic myoclonic seizures that were well controlled with valproic acid. Her younger brother also developed progressive microcephaly and psychomotor delay by 6 months. He exhibited axial hypotonia with a prominent dystonic-athetoid component. Magnetic resonance imaging at 15 months of age revealed asymmetric ventriculomegaly plus diffuse nodules lining the temporal horns, a thin corpus callosum, and hyperintensity signal in putamens. He had no seizures. RESULTS Because of the association of microcephaly, developmental delay with dystonic movements, the imaging results, and the probable autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, genetic analysis was requested. This detected a homozygous nonsense mutation in ARFGEF2 gene, at the DNA level c.388C>T in exon 4. CONCLUSIONS The presence of dyskinetic movements in individuals with acquired microcephaly could be a manifestation of periventricular nodular heterotopia due to ARFGEF2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Muñoz-Jiménez
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vázquez-López
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Section of Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Ruíz-Martín
- Section of Pediatric Radiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina García-Morín
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Barredo-Valderrama
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Section of Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Abstract
Neural proliferation, migration and differentiation require reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulation of vesicle trafficking to provide stability in maintaining cell adhesions, allow for changes in cell shape, and establishing cell polarity. Human disorders involving the actin-binding Filamin A (FLNA) and vesicle trafficking Brefeldin-associated guanine exchange factor 2 (BIG2 is encoded by the ARFGEF2 gene) proteins are implicated in these various developmental processes, resulting in a malformation of cortical development called periventricular heterotopia (nodules along the ventricular lining) and microcephaly (small brain). Here we discuss several recent reports from our laboratory that demonstrate a shared role for both proteins in actin-associated vesicle trafficking, which is required to maintain the expression and stability of cell adhesion and cell cycle associated molecules during cortical development. While changes in FLNA and BIG2 have first been linked to disorders involving the central nervous system, increasing reports suggest they are associated with aberrant development of various other organ systems in the body. These studies suggest that vesicle trafficking defects in FLN-GEF dependent pathways may contribute to a much broader phenotype than previously realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volney L Sheen
- Department of Neurology; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
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19
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Filamin A regulates neuronal migration through brefeldin A-inhibited guanine exchange factor 2-dependent Arf1 activation. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15735-46. [PMID: 24089482 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1939-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periventricular heterotopias is a malformation of cortical development, characterized by ectopic neuronal nodules around ventricle lining and caused by an initial migration defect during early brain development. Human mutations in the Filamin A (FLNA) and ADP-ribosylation factor guanine exchange factor 2 [ARFGEF2; encoding brefeldin-A-inhibited guanine exchange factor-2 (BIG2)] genes give rise to this disorder. Previously, we have reported that Big2 inhibition impairs neuronal migration and binds to FlnA, and its loss promotes FlnA phosphorylation. FlnA phosphorylation dictates FlnA-actin binding affinity and consequently alters focal adhesion size and number to effect neuronal migration. Here we show that FlnA loss similarly impairs migration, reciprocally enhances Big2 expression, but also alters Big2 subcellular localization in both null and conditional FlnA mice. FlnA phosphorylation promotes relocalization of Big2 from the Golgi toward the lipid ruffles, thereby activating Big2-dependent Arf1 at the cell membrane. Loss of FlnA phosphorylation or Big2 function impairs Arf1-dependent vesicle trafficking at the periphery, and Arf1 is required for maintenance of cell-cell junction connectivity and focal adhesion assembly. Loss of Arf1 activity disrupts neuronal migration and cell adhesion. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a potential mechanism whereby coordinated interactions between actin (through FlnA) and vesicle trafficking (through Big2-Arf) direct the assembly and disassembly of membrane protein complexes required for neuronal migration and neuroependymal integrity.
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Tanyalçin I, Verhelst H, Halley DJJ, Vanderhasselt T, Villard L, Goizet C, Lissens W, Mancini GM, Jansen AC. Elaborating the phenotypic spectrum associated with mutations in ARFGEF2: case study and literature review. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2013; 17:666-70. [PMID: 23755938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BIG2 protein, coded by ARFGEF2 indirectly assists neuronal proliferation and migration during cortical development. Mutations in ARFGEF2 have been reported as a rare cause of periventricular heterotopia. METHODS The presence of periventricular heterotopia, acquired microcephaly and suspected recessive inheritance led to mutation analysis of ARFGEF2 in two affected siblings and their healthy consanguineous parents, after mutations in FLNA had been ruled out. RESULTS A homozygous c.242_249delins7 (p.Pro81fs) mutation in exon 3 of ARFGEF2 was identified in the siblings. The alteration is a combination of 2 missense mutations (c.242C > A and c.247G > T) and a frameshift mutation (c.249delA) resulting in a premature stop codon. The clinical phenotype was characterized by dystonic quadriplegia, marked developmental delay, obstructive cardiomyopathy, recurrent infections and feeding difficulties. Degenerative features included early regression, acquired microcephaly and cerebral atrophy. Brain MRI revealed bilateral periventricular heterotopia, small corpus callosum, cerebral and hippocampal atrophy and hyperintensity in the putamen. CONCLUSION Mutations in ARFGEF2 can be anticipated based on characteristic clinical and imaging features.
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21
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Sheen VL. Periventricular Heterotopia: Shuttling of Proteins through Vesicles and Actin in Cortical Development and Disease. SCIENTIFICA 2012; 2012:480129. [PMID: 24278701 PMCID: PMC3820590 DOI: 10.6064/2012/480129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
During cortical development, proliferating neural progenitors exhibit polarized apical and basolateral membranes that are maintained by tightly controlled and membrane-specific vesicular trafficking pathways. Disruption of polarity through impaired delivery of proteins can alter cell fate decisions and consequent expansion of the progenitor pool, as well as impact the integrity of the neuroependymal lining. Loss of neuroependymal integrity disrupts radial glial scaffolding and alters initial neuronal migration from the ventricular zone. Vesicle trafficking is also required for maintenance of lipid and protein cycling within the leading and trailing edge of migratory neurons, as well as dendrites and synapses of mature neurons. Defects in this transport machinery disrupt neuronal identity, migration, and connectivity and give rise to a malformation of cortical development termed as periventricular heterotopia (PH). PH is characterized by a reduction in brain size, ectopic clusters of neurons localized along the lateral ventricle, and epilepsy and dyslexia. These anatomical anomalies correlate with developmental impairments in neural progenitor proliferation and specification, migration from loss of neuroependymal integrity and neuronal motility, and aberrant neuronal process extension. Genes causal for PH regulate vesicle-mediated endocytosis along an actin cytoskeletal network. This paper explores the role of these dynamic processes in cortical development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volney L. Sheen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Richardson BC, McDonold CM, Fromme JC. The Sec7 Arf-GEF is recruited to the trans-Golgi network by positive feedback. Dev Cell 2012; 22:799-810. [PMID: 22516198 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Arf GTPases are key regulators of both retrograde and anterograde traffic at the Golgi complex. The Golgi-localized Arf activators, Arf-GEFs (guanine exchange factor) of the BIG/GBF family, are poorly understood in terms of both their regulatory and localization mechanisms. We have performed a detailed kinetic characterization of a functional Golgi Arf-GEF, the trans-Golgi network (TGN)-localized Sec7 protein from yeast. We demonstrate that Sec7 is regulated by both autoinhibition and positive feedback. We show that positive feedback arises through the stable recruitment of Sec7 to membranes via its HDS1 domain by interaction with its product, activated Arf1. This interaction mediates localization of Sec7 to the TGN, because deletion of the HDS1 domain or mutation of the HDS1 domain in combination with deletion of Arf1 significantly increases cytoplasmic localization of Sec7. Our results lead us to propose a model in which Arf-GEF recruitment is linked to Golgi maturation via Arf1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Richardson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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Barkovich AJ, Guerrini R, Kuzniecky RI, Jackson GD, Dobyns WB. A developmental and genetic classification for malformations of cortical development: update 2012. Brain 2012; 135:1348-69. [PMID: 22427329 PMCID: PMC3338922 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malformations of cerebral cortical development include a wide range of developmental disorders that are common causes of neurodevelopmental delay and epilepsy. In addition, study of these disorders contributes greatly to the understanding of normal brain development and its perturbations. The rapid recent evolution of molecular biology, genetics and imaging has resulted in an explosive increase in our knowledge of cerebral cortex development and in the number and types of malformations of cortical development that have been reported. These advances continue to modify our perception of these malformations. This review addresses recent changes in our perception of these disorders and proposes a modified classification based upon updates in our knowledge of cerebral cortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Barkovich
- Neuroradiology, University of California at San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94913-0628, USA.
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Wang S, Meyer H, Ochoa-Espinosa A, Buchwald U, Onel S, Altenhein B, Heinisch JJ, Affolter M, Paululat A. GBF1 (Gartenzwerg)-dependent secretion is required for Drosophila tubulogenesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:461-72. [PMID: 22302994 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.092551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report on the generation and in vivo analysis of a series of loss-of-function mutants for the Drosophila ArfGEF, Gartenzwerg. The Drosophila gene gartenzwerg (garz) encodes the orthologue of mammalian GBF1. garz is expressed ubiquitously in embryos with substantially higher abundance in cells forming diverse tubular structures such as salivary glands, trachea, proventriculus or hindgut. In the absence of functional Garz protein, the integrity of the Golgi complex is impaired. As a result, both vesicle transport of cargo proteins and directed apical membrane delivery are severely disrupted. Dysfunction of the Arf1-COPI machinery caused by a loss of Garz leads to perturbations in establishing a polarized epithelial architecture of tubular organs. Furthermore, insufficient apical transport of proteins and other membrane components causes incomplete luminal diameter expansion and deficiencies in extracellular matrix assembly. The fact that homologues of Garz are present in every annotated metazoan genome indicates that secretion processes mediated by the GBF-type ArfGEFs play a universal role in animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuoshuo Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Osnabrück, Zoology/Developmental Biology, Barbarastraße 11, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Abstract
Cortical malformations associated with defects in neuronal migration result in severe developmental consequences including intractable epilepsy and intellectual disability. Genetic causes of migration defects have been identified with the advent and widespread use of high-resolution MRI and genetic techniques. Thus, the full phenotypic range of these genetic disorders is becoming apparent. Genes that cause lissencephaly, pachygyria, subcortical band heterotopia, and periventricular nodular heterotopias have been defined. Many of these genes are involved in cytoskeletal regulation including the function of microtubules (LIS1, TUBA1A,TUBB3, and DCX) and of actin (FilaminA). Thus, the molecular pathways regulating neuronal migration including the cytoskeletal pathways appear to be defined by human mutation syndromes. Basic science, including cell biology and animal models of these disorders, has informed our understanding of the pathogenesis of neuronal migration disorders and further progress depends on the continued integration of the clinical and basic sciences.
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Srour M, Rioux MF, Varga C, Lortie A, Major P, Robitaille Y, Décarie JC, Michaud J, Carmant L. The clinical spectrum of nodular heterotopias in children: report of 31 patients. Epilepsia 2011; 52:728-37. [PMID: 21320118 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The phenotypic and etiologic spectrum in adults with nodular heterotopias (NHs) has been well characterized. However, there are no large pediatric case series. We, therefore, wanted to review the clinical features of NHs in our population. METHODS Hospital records of 31 patients with pathology or imaging-confirmed NHs were reviewed. Two-sided Fisher's exact t-test was used to assess associations between distribution of NHs and specific clinical features. KEY FINDINGS NHs were distributed as follows: 8 (26%) unilateral focal subependymal, 3 (10%) unilateral diffuse subependymal, 5 (16%) bilateral focal subependymal, 12 (39%) bilateral diffuse subependymal, and 3 (10%) isolated subcortical. The phenotypic spectrum in our population differs from that described in adults. Significant morbidity and mortality are associated with presentation in childhood. Twenty-two of 31 patients (71%) died in the neonatal period or in childhood. Additional cerebral malformations were found in 80% and systemic malformations in 74%. The majority of patients had developmental delay, intellectual deficit, and intractable epilepsy. Patients with unilateral focal NHs were more likely to have ventriculomegaly (p = 0.027), and those with bilateral diffuse NHs more likely to have cerebellar abnormalities (p = 0.007). Isolated subcortical NHs were associated with multiple malformations (p = 0.049) and cardiac abnormalities (p = 0.027). Underlying etiology was heterogeneous and determined in only six cases (19%): del chr 1p36, del chr 15q11, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, sialic acidosis type 1, Aicardi syndrome, and FLNA mutation. SIGNIFICANCE NHs are present in childhood as part of multiple cerebral and systemic malformations; developmental delay and refractory seizures are the rule rather than the exception. Milder forms go unrecognized until seizure onset in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Srour
- Centre de recherche du CHUM, Montréal, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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