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Crlz-1 Homozygous Null Knockout Mouse Embryos Are Lethally Stopped in Their Early Development. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030511. [PMID: 35328065 PMCID: PMC8951461 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the conditional gene knockout (KO) is a better choice for observing its phenotype in a specific cell, tissue, and/or organ, the simple null gene KO could nevertheless be attempted initially to scan its overall phenotypes at the level of the whole-body system, especially for a new gene such as Crlz-1. Therefore, with a hope to glean phenotypic clues for Crlz-1 at the whole-body system, we attempted to generate its null KO mice. Contrary to our original desire, Crlz-1 homozygous null KO mice were not born. However, in the chasing of their homozygous KO embryos, they were found to be lethally impaired from early development, remaining in a state of small globular mass without ever leading to a body shape, indicating the critical role of Crlz-1 as a Wnt target gene for the proliferation and/or differentiation of cells during early mouse embryonic development.
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Xiao L, Zhang C, Li X, Jia C, Chen L, Yuan Y, Gao Q, Lu Z, Feng Y, Zhao R, Zhao X, Cheng S, Shu Z, Xu J, Duan W, Nie G, Hou Y. LEF1 Enhances the Progression of Colonic Adenocarcinoma via Remodeling the Cell Motility Associated Structures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910870. [PMID: 34639214 PMCID: PMC8509209 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) is a key transcription factor mediating the Wnt signaling pathway. LEF1 is a regulator that is closely associated with tumor malignancy and is usually upregulated in cancers, including colonic adenocarcinoma. The underlying molecular mechanisms of LEF1 regulation for colonic adenocarcinoma progression remain unknown. To explore it, the LEF1 expression in caco2 cells was inhibited using an shRNA approach. The results showed that downregulation of LEF1 inhibited the malignancy and motility associated microstructures, such as polymerization of F-actin, β-tubulin, and Lamin B1 in caco2 cells. LEF1 inhibition suppressed the expression of epithelial/endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) relevant genes. Overall, the current results demonstrated that LEF1 plays a pivotal role in maintaining the malignancy of colonic adenocarcinoma by remodeling motility correlated microstructures and suppressing the expression of EMT-relevant genes. Our study provided evidence of the roles LEF1 played in colonic adenocarcinoma progression, and suggest LEF1 as a potential target for colonic adenocarcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Caixia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Xinyao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Chenshuang Jia
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Lirong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Yue Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Zheng Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Yang Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Ruixia Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Xuewei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Sinan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Zhan Shu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3216, Australia;
| | - Guochao Nie
- Ukraine Joint Research Center for Nano Carbon Black, Yulin 537000, China
- Optoelectronic Information Research Center, School of Physics and Telecommunication Engineering, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resource Chemistry and Biotechnology, Yulin 537000, China
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yingchun Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China; (L.X.); (C.Z.); (X.L.); (C.J.); (L.C.); (Y.Y.); (Q.G.); (Z.L.); (Y.F.); (R.Z.); (X.Z.); (S.C.); (Z.S.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: (G.N.); (Y.H.)
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Choi SY, Pi JH, Park SK, Kang CJ. Crlz-1 Controls Germinal Center Reaction by Relaying a Wnt Signal to the Bcl-6 Expression in Centroblasts during Humoral Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2630-2643. [PMID: 31586036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Crlz-1 was expressed along with Wnt3a in the rapidly proliferating centroblasts within the dark zone of germinal center (GC) during humoral immune responses. Significantly, Crlz-1 relayed a Wnt/β-catenin signal to the expression of Bcl-6, the master regulator of centroblasts, by mobilizing the cytoplasmic CBFβ into the nucleus to allow Runx/CBFβ heterodimerization and its subsequent binding to the Bcl-6 promoter. The knockdown of Crlz-1 or β-catenin, as well as inhibition of Wnt signaling in the centroblasts, led to the decreased expression of Bcl-6 and, thereby, the altered expression of its various target genes, resulting in their diminished proliferation. Consistently, the administration of Wnt inhibitors into the immunized mice impaired or abolished GC reaction, with concomitant decreases of Crlz-1 and Bcl-6 expression and, thus, centroblastic proliferation. Our observation that Wnt/β-catenin signaling via Crlz-1 regulates GC reaction would suggest developmental strategies for vaccine adjuvants and cancer therapeutics because both immune efficacy and accidental lymphoma depend on GC reaction. Our studies of Crlz-1 were performed using human cell lines, mice, and their primary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Young Choi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Joo Hyun Pi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea; and
| | - Sung-Kyun Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Joong Kang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Giheung, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Republic of Korea; and
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Choi SY, Park SK, Yoo HW, Pi JH, Kang CJ. Charged Amino Acid-rich Leucine Zipper-1 (Crlz-1) as a Target of Wnt Signaling Pathway Controls Pre-B Cell Proliferation by Affecting Runx/CBFβ-targeted VpreB and λ5 Genes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15008-19. [PMID: 27226553 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.712901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of pre-B cells is known to further increase the clonal diversity of B cells at the stage of pre-B cells by allowing the same rearranged heavy chains to combine with differently rearranged light chains in a subsequent developmental stage. Crlz-1 (charged amino acid-rich leucine zipper-1) was found to control this proliferation of pre-B cells by working as a Wnt (wingless-related mouse mammary tumor virus integration site) target gene in these cells. Mechanistically, Crlz-1 protein functioned by mobilizing cytoplasmic CBFβ (core binding factor β) into the nucleus to allow Runx (runt-related transcription factor)/CBFβ heterodimerization. Runx/CBFβ then turned on its target genes such as EBF (early B cell factor), VpreB, and λ5 and thereby pre-B cell receptor signaling, leading to the expression of cyclins D2 and D3 Actually, the proliferative function of Crlz-1 was demonstrated by not only Crlz-1 or β-catenin knockdown but also Crlz-1 overexpression. Furthermore, the mechanistic view that the proliferative function of Crlz-1 is caused by relaying Wnt/β-catenin to pre-B cell receptor signaling pathways through the regulation of Runx/CBFβ heterodimerization was also verified by employing niclosamide, XAV939, and LiCl as Wnt inhibitors and activator, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Young Choi
- From the Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Park
- From the Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woong Yoo
- From the Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Hyun Pi
- From the Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Joong Kang
- From the Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
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Understanding multicellular function and disease with human tissue-specific networks. Nat Genet 2015; 47:569-76. [PMID: 25915600 PMCID: PMC4828725 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue and cell-type identity lie at the core of human physiology and disease. Understanding the genetic underpinnings of complex tissues and individual cell lineages is crucial for developing improved diagnostics and therapeutics. We present genome-wide functional interaction networks for 144 human tissues and cell types developed using a data-driven Bayesian methodology that integrates thousands of diverse experiments spanning tissue and disease states. Tissue-specific networks predict lineage-specific responses to perturbation, reveal genes’ changing functional roles across tissues, and illuminate disease-disease relationships. We introduce NetWAS, which combines genes with nominally significant GWAS p-values and tissue-specific networks to identify disease-gene associations more accurately than GWAS alone. Our webserver, GIANT, provides an interface to human tissue networks through multi-gene queries, network visualization, analysis tools including NetWAS, and downloadable networks. GIANT enables systematic exploration of the landscape of interacting genes that shape specialized cellular functions across more than one hundred human tissues and cell types.
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Lim JH, Choi SY, Yoo HW, Cho SJ, Son Y, Kang CJ. Crlz-1 is prominently expressed in spermatogonia and Sertoli cells during early testis development and in spermatids during late spermatogenesis. J Histochem Cytochem 2013; 61:522-8. [PMID: 23525569 DOI: 10.1369/0022155413486159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the Crlz-1 gene in mouse testis, where it was found to be expressed most highly among the tested mouse organs, was analyzed spatiotemporally by employing RT-PCR and in situ hybridization techniques with the aid of immunohistochemistry and/or immunofluorescence methods. In 1-week-old neonatal testis, Crlz-1 was strongly expressed in the spermatogonia and Sertoli cells in its seminiferous cord. In 2- to 3-week-old prepubertal testis, where Sertoli cells cease to proliferate, Crlz-1 expression dropped and remained weakly at the rim layer of seminiferous cords and/or tubules, where spermatogonia are present. In the adult testis at 12 weeks after birth, Crlz-1 was expressed mainly in the spermatids near the lumen of seminiferous tubules. In a further in situ hybridization of Crlz-1 in the 12-week-old adult testis with hematoxylin nuclear counterstaining, Crlz-1 was mainly expressed at step 16 of spermatids between stages VII and VIII of seminiferous tubules as well as in their residual bodies at stage IX of seminiferous tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hyun Lim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Republic of Korea
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