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Wu Q, Zhao MX, Huang XS, Lin CS, Xu Q. The use of belimumab on patients with both systemic lupus erythematosus and immune thrombocytopenia: A retrospective cohort study. Lupus 2024; 33:608-614. [PMID: 38518059 DOI: 10.1177/09612033241241576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to provide a description of a group of retrospective cohort outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) complicated with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) receiving belimumab. METHODS This study reports on the treatment of 10 female patients (mean age 34.3 ± 14.0 years, mean weight 58.7 ± 18.2 kg) with both SLE and ITP who received belimumab in addition to basic drug therapy. The belimumab treatment regimen consisted of a dosage of 10 mg/kg, with an initial infusion every 2 weeks for the first 3 doses, followed by an infusion every 4 weeks. RESULTS Ten patients were included in the study. The overall response rate of thrombocytopenia was 90% after treatment. The parameters such as platelet count, lymphocyte count, erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, dsDNA, C3, and C4 were significantly improved (p < .05). The SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), British Islet lupus Assessment Group 2004 (BILAG-2004), and Physician Global assessment (PGA) scores were significantly decreased (p < .05). There were no significant differences in glutamic pyruvic transaminase (ALT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST), and serum creatinine (Scr) before and after treatment (p > .05). CONCLUSION Belimumab shows promising clinical outcomes in the treatment on patients with both SLE and ITP. Further studies are needed to validate these findings in larger patient populations and compare the efficacy of belimumab with other treatments for SLE complicated with ITP. Long-term response rates and adverse events associated with belimumab treatment also warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Xue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The Third Hospital of Mianyang (Sichuan Mental Health Center), Mianyang, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Song Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Department of Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Cvetković Z, Pantić N, Cvetković M, Virijević M, Sabljić N, Marinković G, Milosavljević V, Pravdić Z, Suvajdžić-Vuković N, Mitrović M. The Role of the Spleen and the Place of Splenectomy in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia-A Review of Current Knowledge. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2891. [PMID: 37761258 PMCID: PMC10527817 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13182891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare, very heterogeneous, and sometimes life-threatening acquired hematologic disease characterized by increased red blood cell (RBC) destruction by autoantibodies (autoAbs), either with or without complement involvement. Recent studies have shown that the involvement of T- and B-cell dysregulation and an imbalance of T-helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 phenotypes play major roles in the pathogenesis of AIHA. AIHA can be primary (idiopathic) but is more often secondary, triggered by infections or drug use or as a part of other diseases. As the location of origin of autoAbs and the location of autoAb-mediated RBC clearance, as well as the location of extramedullary hematopoiesis, the spleen is crucially involved in all the steps of AIHA pathobiology. Splenectomy, which was the established second-line therapeutic option in corticosteroid-resistant AIHA patients for decades, has become less common due to increasing knowledge of immunopathogenesis and the introduction of targeted therapy. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding the place of the spleen in the immunological background of AIHA and the rapidly growing spectrum of novel therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the still-existing expediency of laparoscopic splenectomy with appropriate perioperative thromboprophylaxis and the prevention of infection as a safe and reliable therapeutic option in the context of the limited availability of rituximab and other novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Cvetković
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Medical Center Zemun, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Pantić
- Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Cvetković
- Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Virijević
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikica Sabljić
- Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gligorije Marinković
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Medical Center Zemun, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Milosavljević
- Department for HPB Surgery, University Hospital Medical Center Bežanijska Kosa, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zlatko Pravdić
- Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nada Suvajdžić-Vuković
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Mitrović
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Hematology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Systemic lupus erythematosus-complicating immune thrombocytopenia: From pathogenesis to treatment. J Autoimmun 2022; 132:102887. [PMID: 36030136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a common hematological manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The heterogeneity of its clinical characteristics and therapeutic responses reflects a complex pathogenesis. A better understanding of its pathophysiological mechanisms and employing an optimal treatment regimen is therefore important to improve the response rate and prognosis, and avoid unwanted outcomes. Besides glucocorticoids, traditional immunosuppressants (i.e. cyclosporine, mycophenolate mofetil) and intravenous immunoglobulins, new therapies are emerging and promising for the treatment of intractable SLE-ITP, such as thrombopoietin receptor agonists (TPO-RAs), platelet desialylation inhibitors(i.e. oseltamivir), B-cell targeting therapy(i.e. rituximab, belimumab), neonatal Fc receptor(FcRn) inhibitor, spleen tyrosine kinase(Syk) inhibitor and Bruton tyrosine kinase(BTK) inhibitor et al., although more rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to substantiate their efficacy. In this review, we update our current knowledge on the pathogenesis and treatment of SLE-ITP.
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Scaramellini N, Croci G, De Magistris C, Panzieri DL, Cassinerio E, Marcon A, Nascimbeni F, Quarta A, Cappellini MD, Motta I. Splenomegaly: Dare to think rare. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:1259-1265. [PMID: 35384034 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Scaramellini
- Rare Diseases Center, General Medicine Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Giorgio Croci
- Division of Pathology Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Claudio De Magistris
- Rare Diseases Center, General Medicine Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Daniele Lello Panzieri
- Rare Diseases Center, General Medicine Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
- Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Elena Cassinerio
- Rare Diseases Center, General Medicine Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Alessia Marcon
- Rare Diseases Center, General Medicine Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
| | - Fabio Nascimbeni
- Regional Referral Centre for Lysosomal Storage Diseases, Division of Internal Medicine and Metabolism University Hospital of Baggiovara, AOU of Modena Modena Italy
| | - Antonella Quarta
- Microcythemia Center Hematology with Transplant Unit, “A. Perrino” Hospital Brindisi Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Cappellini
- Rare Diseases Center, General Medicine Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
| | - Irene Motta
- Rare Diseases Center, General Medicine Unit Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy
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Roussotte M, Gerfaud-Valentin M, Hot A, Audia S, Bonnotte B, Thibault T, Lobbes H, Le Guenno G, Goulabchand R, Cathebras P, Varron L, Dufour JF, Deroux A, Compain C, Baudet A, Karkowski L, Pérard L, Ebbo M, Lega JC, Sève P. Immune thrombocytopenia with clinical significance in systemic lupus erythematosus: a retrospective cohort study of 90 patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 61:3627-3639. [PMID: 34918048 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the characteristics, treatment, and outcome of patients with immune thrombocytopenia with clinical significance (ITPCS) associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS This retrospective multicentre study included SLE patients who experienced ≥1 ITPCS (defined as ITP with attributable bleeding disorders and/or a platelet count <30 x109/L). Other causes of secondary thrombocytopenia were excluded. Major bleeding event (MBG) was defined as Khellaf score>8 and/or WHO score>2. RESULTS A total of 90 patients were included, the median (range) follow-up duration was 80 (6-446) months. ITP was diagnosed before SLE in 25 patients. They presented high rate of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (15%), antiphospholipid antibody (62%), and antiphospholipid syndrome (19%). The 25 (28%) patients who experienced MBG had significantly more bleedings at ITP diagnosis and higher bleeding scores, and serositis and thrombosis during follow-up. They required significantly more treatment lines, transfusions, and hospitalizations. The 11 (12%) patients who experienced no bleeding event presented a significantly more restricted SLE phenotype (cutaneous and/or articular). Patients received a mean (range) of 4.2 (1-11) treatment lines. Corticosteroids and hydroxychloroquine allowed ITPCS overall response in one third of patients. The median relapse-free survival of rituximab (n = 34), azathioprine (n = 19), mycophenolate mofetil (n = 8), thrombopoietin-receptor agonists (n = 16), and splenectomy (n = 19) were 53, 31.5, 61, 24.5, and 78 months, respectively. Four patients experienced thrombotic events after splenectomy and one occurred under thrombopoietin-receptor agonist treatment. CONCLUSION SLE-ITCS patients displayed a high rate of haematological abnormalities and MBG patients exhibited higher morbidity. Management of thrombocytopenia was highly heterogeneous and many options seem viable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnaud Hot
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Audia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, France
| | - Bernard Bonnotte
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Thibault
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Dijon, France
| | - Hervé Lobbes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Le Guenno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Radjiv Goulabchand
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Cathebras
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint Etienne, France
| | - Loig Varron
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de Montélimar, France
| | | | - Alban Deroux
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble, France
| | - Caroline Compain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de Chambéry, France
| | - Antoine Baudet
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier d'Annecy, France
| | - Ludovic Karkowski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Militaire de Desgenettes, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Pérard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de St. Joseph St. Luc, Lyon, France
| | - Mikael Ebbo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de La Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - Pascal Sève
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Research on Healthcare Performance (RESHAPE), INSERM U1290, Lyon, France
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Meine TC, Maschke SK, Kirstein MM, Jaeckel E, Lena BS, Werncke T, Dewald CL, Wacker FK, Meyer BC, Hinrichs JB. Evaluation of perfusion changes using a 2D Parametric Parenchymal Blood Flow technique with automated vessel suppression following partial spleen embolization in patients with hypersplenism and portal hypertension. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24783. [PMID: 33607830 PMCID: PMC7899811 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the feasibility and potential value of 2D Parametric Parenchymal Blood Flow (2D-PPBF) for the assessment of perfusion changes following partial spleen embolization (PSE) in a retrospective observational study design.Overall, 12 PSE procedures in 12 patients were included in this study. The outcome of the study was the platelet response (PR), calculated as the percentage increase of platelet count (PLT), following PSE. To quantify perfusion changes using 2D-PPBF, the acquired digital subtraction angiography series were post-processed. A reference region-of-interest (ROI) was placed in the afferent splenic artery and a target ROI was positioned on the embolization territory of the spleen on digital subtraction angiography series pre- and post-embolization. The ratios of the target ROIs to the reference ROIs were calculated for the Wash-In-Rate (WIR), the Time-To-Peak (TTP) and the Area-Under-the-Curve (AUC). Comparisons between pre- and post-embolization data were made using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r). Afterwards, the study population was divided by the median of the TTP before PSE to analyze its value for the prediction of PR following PSE.Following PSE, PLT increased significantly from 43,000 ± 21,405 platelets/μL to 128,500 ± 66,083 platelets/μL with a PR of 255 ± 243% (P = .003). In the embolized splenic territory, the pre-/post-embolization 2D-PPBF parameter changed significantly: WIRpre-PSE 1.23 ± 2.42/WIRpost-PSE 0.09 ± 0.07; -64 ± 46% (p = 0.04), TTPpre-PSE 4.41 ± 0.99/TTPpost-PSE 5.67 ± 1.52 (P = .041); +34 ± 47% and AUCpost-PSE 0.81 ± 0.85/AUCpost-PSE 0.14 ± 0.08; -71 ± 18% (P = .002). A significant correlation of a 2D-PPBF parameter with the PLT was found for TTPpre-PSE/PLTpre-PSE r = -0.66 (P = .01). Subgroup analysis showed a significantly increased PR for the group with TTPpre-PSE >4.44 compared to the group with TTPpre-PSE ≤4.44 (404 ± 267% versus 107 ± 76%; P = .04).2D-PPBF is an objective approach to analyze the perfusion reduction of embolized splenic tissue. TTP derived from 2D-PPBF has the potential to predict the extent of PR during PSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo C. Meine
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
| | | | - Martha M. Kirstein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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7
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Ilizaliturri-Guerra O, Uriarte-Botello R, Pineda-Sic RÁ, Serna-Peña G, Garza-Elizondo MA, Galarza-Delgado DÁ, Leal-Bramasco AS, Elizondo-Solís CV, Santoyo-Fexas L, Villarreal-Alarcón MÁ. Low-dose rituximab therapy in steroid-refractory thrombocytopenia due to systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatol Int 2020; 40:1717-1724. [PMID: 32797277 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-020-04668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by multi-organ symptomatology. 16% of the patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia have SLE and are associated with high mortality. Intravenous methylprednisolone or high-dose steroids are the first-line treatments in those patients who experienced life-threatening bleeding or have a severely low platelet count, whereas a second line includes splenectomy, as well as other immunosuppressive agents as monotherapy or combined therapy, including azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil. However, response rates of these therapies vary considerably. Rituximab (RTX) became a useful tool in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, due to the decrease of autoantibodies production. In addition, there is evidence that low doses of RTX (100 mg IV per week for 4 weeks) can have a similar effect compared to the standard dose. The objective of this study was to describe the response to low doses of RTX in patients with lupus-induced thrombocytopenia. We present a report of four female patients with newly diagnosed SLE, accompanied by purpuric syndrome and severe thrombocytopenia (< 30 × 109/L) as the clinical debut that was refractory to glucocorticoids (GC) therapy and treated with low doses of RTX. By week 5, complete response (> 100 × 109/L) was achieved in two patients, partial response (> 50 × 109/L) in 1 patient, and no response in one patient. There is little information on the treatment of SLE-associated autoimmune thrombocytopenia. The most extensive study found at the time of our search was the study of 10 Asian patients. They found that 80% of the patients responded by week four and maintained until week 24 of follow-up. At week 36, a follow-up for two patients showed relapse; this occurred on patients with the most disease duration (> 5 years) and was associated with a lower response rate. In contrast, our study with four patients found that half of them presented a complete response: one patient added concomitant therapy with azathioprine (AZA) and another patient without the concomitant therapy. A third patient with a partial improvement, this was seen by week five of treatment. Moreover, a fourth patient who did not have a response by week five of treatment presented a clinical response in subsequent appointments with a count of > 100 at week 24. Those patients who required concomitant use of AZA were patients who had positive antiphospholipid serology. The use of low-dose RTX for the management of severe thrombocytopenia refractory to GC in patients with SLE has a good response. It could be a safe, economical, and effective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Ilizaliturri-Guerra
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - Rodolfo Uriarte-Botello
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - Rita Ángelica Pineda-Sic
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - Griselda Serna-Peña
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - Mario Alberto Garza-Elizondo
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - Dionicio Ángel Galarza-Delgado
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - Ana Sofía Leal-Bramasco
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - César Vidal Elizondo-Solís
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - Leticia Santoyo-Fexas
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México
| | - Miguel Ángel Villarreal-Alarcón
- Hospital Universitario "Dr. José Eleuterio González", Av. Gonzalitos No. 235 Nte, Col. Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo León, C.P. 64460, México.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW To review the available evidence on the management of a variety of non-criteria manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), including valvular disease, alveolar hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, APS nephropathy, skin ulcers, livedo reticularis, cognitive dysfunction, and epilepsy. RECENT FINDINGS Current treatment relies on low-level evidence and mainly on expert consensus due to the rarity and the heterogeneity of non-criteria APS manifestations and the diversity in management approaches. Conventional anticoagulation and/or antiplatelet APS treatment do not adequately control most of non-criteria manifestations. Increasing knowledge about the contribution of inflammatory in addition to, or independently of, thrombotic mechanisms in non-criteria APS manifestations provides insight into the potential effect of novel therapies targeting B-cells, mammalian target of rapamycin, neutrophil, and complement or interferon pathways. Existing evidence is limited by lack of high-quality studies. Better understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical phenotypes of APS and well-designed prospective studies of homogenous populations are needed to provide evidence-based recommendations for the management of non-criteria APS manifestations.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Medical therapies for the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) complicating SLE are increasingly being investigated as alternatives to splenectomy and IVIG. The purpose of this review is to highlight the therapies that are utilized in the treatment of primary ITP and ITP secondary to lupus. RECENT FINDINGS Corticosteroids are still the standard initial treatment of ITP, with the addition of IVIG when a rapid response is needed. There are few studies dedicated to assessing the efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic (DMARD), biologic, and nonimmunosuppressive agents as treatment for lupus thrombocytopenia/lupus ITP. Rituximab and thrombopoeitin mimetics have been the most extensively studied therapies for primary ITP in recent years. Results of trials show adequate initial responses; however, the duration of therapy and sustainability of responses are variable. Splenectomy is less often utilized. SUMMARY Although corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and splenectomy have proven to be effective measures to treat immune thrombocytopenia, newer studies have demonstrated positive outcomes of immunosuppressives and thrombopoeitin mimetics. In most cases, the reported duration of therapy was not prolonged. More studies are needed to fully assess the effect of medical therapy in lupus ITP and to determine how long to continue maintenance therapy.
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Straub RH, Dufner B, Rauch L. Proinflammatory α-Adrenergic Neuronal Regulation of Splenic IFN-γ, IL-6, and TGF-β of Mice from Day 15 onwards in Arthritis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2020; 27:58-68. [PMID: 32610310 PMCID: PMC7446300 DOI: 10.1159/000508109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In arthritic mice, a sympathetic influence is proinflammatory from the time point of immunization until the onset of disease (days 0-32), but reasons are unknown. Disruption of the major anti-inflammatory pathway through Gαs-coupled receptors probably play a role. For example, noradrenaline cannot operate via anti-inflammatory β2-adrenoceptors but through proinflammatory α1/2-ad-renoceptors. This might happen, first, through a loss of sympathetic nerve fibers in inflamed tissue with low neurotransmitter levels (noradrenaline only binds to high-affinity α-adrenoceptors) and, second, through an alteration in G-protein receptor coupling with a predominance of α-adrenergic signaling. We hypothesized that both mechanisms play a role in the course of collagen type II-induced arthritis (CIA) in the spleen in mice. METHODS In CIA mice, nerve fiber density in the spleen was quantified by immunohistochemistry techniques. The functional impact of sympathetic nerve fibers in the spleen was studied by a micro-superfusion technique of spleen slices with a focus on the secretion of IFN-γ and IL-6 (proinflammatory) and TGF-β (anti-inflammatory). RESULTS During CIA, sympathetic nerve fibers get increasingly lost from day14 until day 55 after immunization. The influence of electrically released noradrenaline diminishes in the course of arthritis. At all investigated time points (days 14, 32, and 55), only proinflammatory neuronal α-adrenergic effects on cytokine secretion were demonstrated (i.e., stimulation of IFN-γ and IL-6 and inhibition of TGF-β). CONCLUSION Sympathetic nerve fibers are rapidly lost in the spleen, and only proinflammatory α-adrenergic neuronal regulation of cytokine secretion takes place throughout the course of arthritis. These results support a predominance of a proinflammatory α-adrenergic sympathetic influence in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany,
| | - Bianca Dufner
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Luise Rauch
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrine Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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