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García V, Herrero-Fresno A, Rodicio R, Felipe-López A, Montero I, Olsen JE, Hensel M, Rodicio MR. A Plasmid-Encoded FetMP-Fls Iron Uptake System Confers Selective Advantages to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Growth under Iron-Restricted Conditions and for Infection of Mammalian Host Cells. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050630. [PMID: 32349391 PMCID: PMC7285068 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance plasmid pUO-StVR2, derived from virulence plasmid pSLT, is widespread in clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium recovered in Spain and other European countries. pUO-StVR2 carries several genes encoding a FetMP-Fls system, which could be involved in iron uptake. We therefore analyzed S. Typhimurium LSP 146/02, a clinical strain selected as representative of the isolates carrying the plasmid, and an otherwise isogenic mutant lacking four genes (fetMP-flsDA) of the fetMP-fls region. Growth curves and determination of the intracellular iron content under iron-restricted conditions demonstrated that deletion of these genes impairs iron acquisition. Thus, under these conditions, the mutant grew significantly worse than the wild-type strain, its iron content was significantly lower, and it was outcompeted by the wild-type strain in competition assays. Importantly, the strain lacking the fetMP-flsDA genes was less invasive in cultured epithelial HeLa cells and replicated poorly upon infection of RAW264.7 macrophages. The genes were introduced into S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028, which lacks the FetMP-Fls system, and this resulted in increased growth under iron limitation as well as an increased ability to multiply inside macrophages. These findings indicate that the FetMP-Fls iron acquisition system exceeds the benefits conferred by the other high-affinity iron uptake systems carried by ATCC 14028 and LSP 146/02. We proposed that effective iron acquisition by this system in conjunction with antimicrobial resistance encoded from the same plasmid have greatly contributed to the epidemic success of S. Typhimurium isolates harboring pUO-StVR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa García
- Department of Functional Biology, Section of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (V.G.); (I.M.)
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (A.F.-L.); (M.H.)
| | - Ana Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.H.-F.); (J.E.O.)
| | - Rosaura Rodicio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Translacional Microbiology Group, Health Research Institute of Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain (ISPA)
| | - Alfonso Felipe-López
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (A.F.-L.); (M.H.)
| | - Ignacio Montero
- Department of Functional Biology, Section of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (V.G.); (I.M.)
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (A.H.-F.); (J.E.O.)
| | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany; (A.F.-L.); (M.H.)
| | - María Rosario Rodicio
- Department of Functional Biology, Section of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (V.G.); (I.M.)
- Translacional Microbiology Group, Health Research Institute of Principado de Asturias, 33011 Oviedo, Spain (ISPA)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-985103562
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Dionisio F, Zilhão R, Gama JA. Interactions between plasmids and other mobile genetic elements affect their transmission and persistence. Plasmid 2019; 102:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Mastrorilli E, Pietrucci D, Barco L, Ammendola S, Petrin S, Longo A, Mantovani C, Battistoni A, Ricci A, Desideri A, Losasso C. A Comparative Genomic Analysis Provides Novel Insights Into the Ecological Success of the Monophasic Salmonella Serovar 4,[5],12:i:. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:715. [PMID: 29719530 PMCID: PMC5913373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, Salmonella 4,[5],12:i:- has rapidly emerged and it is isolated with high frequency in the swine food chain. Although many studies have documented the epidemiological success of this serovar, few investigations have tried to explain this phenomenon from a genetic perspective. Here a comparative whole-genome analysis of 50 epidemiologically unrelated S. 4,[5],12:i:-, isolated in Italy from 2010 to 2016 was performed, characterizing them in terms of genetic elements potentially conferring resistance, tolerance and persistence characteristics. Phylogenetic analyses indicated interesting distinctions among the investigated isolates. The most striking genetic trait characterizing the analyzed isolates is the widespread presence of heavy metals tolerance gene cassettes: most of the strains possess genes expected to confer resistance to copper and silver, whereas about half of the isolates also contain the mercury tolerance gene merA. A functional assay showed that these genes might be useful for preventing the toxic effects of metals, thus supporting the hypothesis that they can contribute to the success of S. 4,[5],12:i:- in farming environments. In addition, the analysis of the distribution of type II toxin-antitoxin families indicated that these elements are abundant in this serovar, suggesting that this is another factor that might favor its successful spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Mastrorilli
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Lisa Barco
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Petrin
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alessandra Longo
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Claudio Mantovani
- Science Communication Laboratory, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Antonia Ricci
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | - Carmen Losasso
- Department of Food Safety, National Reference Center for Salmonella, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
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Chen CL, Su LH, Janapatla RP, Lin CY, Chiu CH. Genetic analysis of virulence and antimicrobial-resistant plasmid pOU7519 in Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2017; 53:49-59. [PMID: 29273286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zoonotic Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis (S. Choleraesuis), causing paratyphoid in pigs and bacteremia in humans, commonly carry a virulence plasmid and sometimes a separate antimicrobial-resistant plasmid or merging together. This study aimed to analyze the likely mechanism of how to form a virulence-resistance chimera of plasmid in S. Choleraesuis. METHODS Whole plasmid sequence of pOU7519 in S. Choleraesuis strain OU7519 was determined using shotgun cloning and sequencing. Sequence annotation and comparison were performed to determine the sequence responsible for the formation of a chimeric virulence-resistance pOU7519. Other chimeric plasmids among the collected strains of S. Choleraesuis were also confirmed. RESULTS The sequence of pOU719, 127,212 bp long, was identified to be a chimera of the virulence plasmid pSCV50 and a multidrug-resistant plasmid pSC138 that have been found in S. Choleraesuis strain SC-B67. The pOU7519 is a conjugative plasmid carrying various mobile DNAs, including prophages, insertion sequences, integrons and transposons, especially a Tn6088-like transposon. By dissecting the junction site of the pSCV50-pSC138 chimera in pOU7519, defective sequences at integrase gene scv50 (int) and its attachment site (att) were found, and that likely resulted in a stable chimera plasmid due to the failure of excision from the pSCV50-pSC138 chimera. Similar structure of chimera was also found in other large plasmids. CONCLUSION The deletion of both the int and att sties could likely block chimera excision, and result in an irreversible, stable pSCV50-pSC138 chimera. The emergence of conjugative virulence and antimicrobial-resistant plasmids in S. Choleraesuis could pose a threat to health public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyi-Liang Chen
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lin-Hui Su
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | | | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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García V, Montero I, Bances M, Rodicio R, Rodicio MR. Incidence and Genetic Bases of Nitrofurantoin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Two Successful Multidrug-Resistant Clones of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium: Pandemic "DT 104" and pUO-StVR2. Microb Drug Resist 2016; 23:405-412. [PMID: 27809653 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2016.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the incidence and genetic bases of nitrofurantoin resistance were established for clinical isolates of two successful clones of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the pandemic "DT 104" and the pUO-StVR2 clone. A total of 61 "DT 104" and 40 pUO-StVR2 isolates recovered from clinical samples during 2008-2014 and assigned to different phage types, were tested for nitrofurantoin susceptibility. As previously shown for older isolates, all newly tested pUO-StVR2 isolates were highly resistant to nitrofurantoin (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] of 128 μg/ml), while 42.6%, 24.6%, and 32.8% of the "DT 104" isolates were susceptible, showed intermediate resistance or were highly resistant, with MICs of 8, 64, and 128 μg/ml, respectively. The genetic bases of nitrofurantoin resistance were established by PCR amplification and sequencing of the nfsA and nfsB genes encoding oxygen-insensitive nitroreductases. pUO-StVR2 isolates shared identical alterations in both nfsA (IS1 inserted into the coding region) and nfsB (in frame duplication of two codons). "DT 104" isolates with intermediate or high resistance had a missense mutation affecting the start codon of nfsA, while a single resistant isolate carried an additional frameshift mutation affecting nfsB. Complementation studies, performed with wild-type nfsA and nfsB, cloned independently and together into low and high copy-number vectors, confirmed NfsA and NfsB as responsible for nitrofurantoin toxicity. The same alterations persisted along time in isolates of each clone belonging to different phage types. Accordingly, changes leading to nitrofurantoin resistance have probably occurred before phage type diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa García
- 1 Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ignacio Montero
- 1 Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Margarita Bances
- 2 Laboratorio de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad , Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Rosaura Rodicio
- 3 Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Santiago Gascón, Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - M Rosario Rodicio
- 1 Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo , Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Herrero-Fresno A, Zachariasen C, Hansen MH, Nielsen A, Hendriksen RS, Nielsen SS, Olsen JE. Apramycin treatment affects selection and spread of a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain able to colonize the human gut in the intestinal microbiota of pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:12. [PMID: 26739225 PMCID: PMC4704421 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of apramycin treatment on transfer and selection of an Escherichia coli strain (E. coli 912) in the intestine of pigs was analyzed through an in vivo experiment. The strain was sequenced and assigned to the sequence type ST101 and serotype O11. It carried resistance genes to apramycin/gentamicin, sulphonamide, tetracycline, hygromycin B, β-lactams and streptomycin [aac(3)-IV, sul2, tet(X), aph(4), blaTEM-1 and strA/B], with all but tet(X) located on the same conjugative plasmid. Nineteen pigs were randomly allocated into two inoculation groups, one treated with apramycin (pen 2) and one non-treated (pen 3), along with a non-inoculated control group (pen 1). Two pigs of pen 2 and 3 were inoculated intragastrically with a rifampicin resistant variant of the strain. Apramycin treatment in pen 2 was initiated immediately after inoculation. Strain colonization was assessed in the feces from all pigs. E. coli 912 was shown to spread to non-inoculated pigs in both groups. The selective effect did not persist beyond 3 days post-treatment, and the strain was not detected from this time point in pen 2. We demonstrated that E. coli 912 was able to spread between pigs in the same pen irrespective of treatment, and apramycin treatment resulted in significantly higher counts compared to the non-treated group. This represents the first demonstration of how antimicrobial treatment affects spread of resistant bacteria in pig production. The use of apramycin may lead to enhanced spread of gentamicin-resistant E. coli. Since gentamicin is a first-choice drug for human bacteremia, this is of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Camilla Zachariasen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Monica Hegstad Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Alexander Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Rene S Hendriksen
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance in Food-borne Pathogens and EU Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Søren Saxmose Nielsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Transposition and homologous recombination drive evolution of pUO-StVR2, a multidrug resistance derivative of pSLT, the virulence plasmid specific of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 29:99-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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García P, Hopkins KL, García V, Beutlich J, Mendoza MC, Threlfall J, Mevius D, Helmuth R, Rodicio MR, Guerra B. Diversity of plasmids encoding virulence and resistance functions in Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- strains circulating in Europe. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89635. [PMID: 24586926 PMCID: PMC3935914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmids encoding resistance and virulence properties in multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica (S.) serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant 4,[5],12:i:- isolates recovered from pigs and humans (2006-2008) in Europe were characterised. The isolates were selected based on the detection by PCR-amplification of S. Typhimurium virulence plasmid pSLT genes and were analysed by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The resistance genes present in the isolates and the association of these genes with integrons, transposons and insertion sequences were characterised by PCR-sequencing, and their plasmid location was determined by alkaline lysis and by S1-nuclease pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) Southern-blot hybridisation. Plasmids were further analysed by replicon typing, plasmid MLST and conjugation experiments. The 10 S. 4,[5],12,i:- selected isolates belonged to ST19. Each isolate carried a large plasmid in which MDR with pSLT-associated virulence genes were located. After analysis, eight different plasmids of three incompatibility groups (IncA/C, IncR and IncF) were detected. Two IncA/C plasmids represented novel variants within the plasmid family of the S. 4,[5],12:i:- Spanish clone, and carried an empty class 1 integron with a conventional qacEΔ1-sul1 3′ conserved segment or an In-sul3 type III with estX-psp-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH variable region linked to tnpA440-sul3, part of Tn2, Tn21 and Tn1721 transposons, and ISCR2. Four newly described IncR plasmids contained the resistance genes within In-sul3 type I (dfrA12-orfF-aadA2-cmlA1-aadA1-qacH/tnpA440-sul3) and part of Tn10 [tet(B)]. Two pSLT-derivatives with FIIs-ST1+FIB-ST17 replicons carried cmlA1-[aadA1-aadA2]-sul3-dfrA12 and blaTEM-1 genes linked to an In-sul3 type I integron and to Tn2, respectively. In conclusion, three emerging European clones of S. 4,[5],12:i:- harboured MDR plasmids encoding additional virulence functions that could contribute significantly to their evolutionary success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia García
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Katie L. Hopkins
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England (PHE), London, United Kingdom
| | - Vanesa García
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Janine Beutlich
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Carmen Mendoza
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - John Threlfall
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections Reference Unit, Public Health England (PHE), London, United Kingdom
| | - Dik Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Reiner Helmuth
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Rosario Rodicio
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Beatriz Guerra
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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de Toro M, Seral C, Rojo-Bezares B, Torres C, Castillo FJ, Sáenz Y. Resistencia a antibióticos y factores de virulencia en aislados clínicos de Salmonella enterica. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32:4-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Beutlich J, Rodicio MR, Mendoza MC, García P, Kirchner M, Luzzi I, Mevius D, Threlfall J, Helmuth R, Guerra, on behalf of the Med-Vet-Ne B. Salmonella entericaserovarTyphimurium Virulence-Resistance Plasmids Derived from the pSLT Carrying Nonconventional Class 1 Integrons withdfrA12Gene in Their Variable Region andsul3in the 3′ Conserved Segment. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 19:437-45. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Beutlich
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Rosario Rodicio
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Mendoza
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patricia García
- Department of Functional Biology, Area of Microbiology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Miranda Kirchner
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Department of Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Ida Luzzi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Dik Mevius
- Department of Bacteriology and TSEs, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI) of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - John Threlfall
- Health Protection Agency (HPA), Centre for Infections, London, United Kingdom
| | - Reiner Helmuth
- Department of Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium skills to succeed in the host: virulence and regulation. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:308-41. [PMID: 23554419 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00066-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a primary enteric pathogen infecting both humans and animals. Infection begins with the ingestion of contaminated food or water so that salmonellae reach the intestinal epithelium and trigger gastrointestinal disease. In some patients the infection spreads upon invasion of the intestinal epithelium, internalization within phagocytes, and subsequent dissemination. In that case, antimicrobial therapy, based on fluoroquinolones and expanded-spectrum cephalosporins as the current drugs of choice, is indicated. To accomplish the pathogenic process, the Salmonella chromosome comprises several virulence mechanisms. The most important virulence genes are those located within the so-called Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs). Thus far, five SPIs have been reported to have a major contribution to pathogenesis. Nonetheless, further virulence traits, such as the pSLT virulence plasmid, adhesins, flagella, and biofilm-related proteins, also contribute to success within the host. Several regulatory mechanisms which synchronize all these elements in order to guarantee bacterial survival have been described. These mechanisms govern the transitions from the different pathogenic stages and drive the pathogen to achieve maximal efficiency inside the host. This review focuses primarily on the virulence armamentarium of this pathogen and the extremely complicated regulatory network controlling its success.
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12
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Montero I, Herrero-Fresno A, Rodicio R, Rodicio MR. Efficient mobilization of a resistance derivative of pSLT, the virulence plasmid specific of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, by an IncI1 plasmid. Plasmid 2013; 70:104-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Beceiro A, Tomás M, Bou G. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence: a successful or deleterious association in the bacterial world? Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:185-230. [PMID: 23554414 PMCID: PMC3623377 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00059-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 602] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hosts and bacteria have coevolved over millions of years, during which pathogenic bacteria have modified their virulence mechanisms to adapt to host defense systems. Although the spread of pathogens has been hindered by the discovery and widespread use of antimicrobial agents, antimicrobial resistance has increased globally. The emergence of resistant bacteria has accelerated in recent years, mainly as a result of increased selective pressure. However, although antimicrobial resistance and bacterial virulence have developed on different timescales, they share some common characteristics. This review considers how bacterial virulence and fitness are affected by antibiotic resistance and also how the relationship between virulence and resistance is affected by different genetic mechanisms (e.g., coselection and compensatory mutations) and by the most prevalent global responses. The interplay between these factors and the associated biological costs depend on four main factors: the bacterial species involved, virulence and resistance mechanisms, the ecological niche, and the host. The development of new strategies involving new antimicrobials or nonantimicrobial compounds and of novel diagnostic methods that focus on high-risk clones and rapid tests to detect virulence markers may help to resolve the increasing problem of the association between virulence and resistance, which is becoming more beneficial for pathogenic bacteria.
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Identification and characterization of novel Salmonella mobile elements involved in the dissemination of genes linked to virulence and transmission. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41247. [PMID: 22911766 PMCID: PMC3401170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic diversity represented by >2,500 different Salmonella serovars provides a yet largely uncharacterized reservoir of mobile elements that can contribute to the frequent emergence of new pathogenic strains of this important zoonotic pathogen. Currently, our understanding of Salmonella mobile elements is skewed by the fact that most studies have focused on highly virulent or common serovars. To gain a more global picture of mobile elements in Salmonella, we used prediction algorithms to screen for mobile elements in 16 sequenced Salmonella genomes representing serovars for which no prior genome scale mobile element data were available. From these results, selected mobile elements underwent further analyses in the form of validation studies, comparative analyses, and PCR-based population screens. Through this analysis we identified a novel plasmid that has two cointegrated replicons (IncI1-IncFIB); this plasmid type was found in four genomes representing different Salmonella serovars and contained a virulence gene array that had not been previously identified. A Salmonella Montevideo isolate contained an IncHI and an IncN2 plasmid, which both encoded antimicrobial resistance genes. We also identified two novel genomic islands (SGI2 and SGI3), and 42 prophages with mosaic architecture, seven of them harboring known virulence genes. Finally, we identified a novel integrative conjugative element (ICE) encoding a type IVb pilus operon in three non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars. Our analyses not only identified a considerable number of mobile elements that have not been previously reported in Salmonella, but also found evidence that these elements facilitate transfer of genes that were previously thought to be limited in their distribution among Salmonella serovars. The abundance of mobile elements encoding pathogenic properties may facilitate the emergence of strains with novel combinations of pathogenic traits.
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Virulence-resistance plasmids (pUO-StVR2-like) in meat isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of bacterial strains producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases and/or AmpC β-lactamases in food and food-producing animals. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Acquisition of antimicrobial resistance determinants by virulence plasmids specific for nontyphoid serovars of Salmonella enterica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/mrm.0b013e328346d87d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Seral García C, Pardos de la Gándara M, Castillo García FJ. [Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in enterobacteria other than Escherichia coli and Klebsiella]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28 Suppl 1:12-8. [PMID: 20172418 DOI: 10.1016/s0213-005x(10)70003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methods for detecting ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae begin by a correct interpretation of the susceptibility profiles, applying the usual criteria for interpretative reading of the antibiogram. Appropriate confirmatory methods will be consequently chosen, based on the inhibition of the enzyme by betalactamases inhibitors, generally clavulanic acid. In case of non-AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae, at least two substrates should be used -cefotaxime or ceftriaxone and ceftazidime- to detect enzymes with a low hydrolytic activity against both substrates. Cefepime or AmpC-inhibitors should be recommended for AmpC-producing microorganisms. The identification of the enzymes responsible for the confirmed ESBL phenotype can be performed, either in the clinical laboratory or in reference centres, following a protocol of biochemical and molecular reactions able to detect and characterize, at least, those genes more frequently related to the predominant phenotypic profiles in our region. It is important to know which are the most prevalent combinations enzyme-microorganism, the vehicles for the genetic transmission involved in their dissemination, and the main epidemiological characteristics of the infections that they produce, in order to establish the dimensions of the problem and conduct surveillance studies, with the aim of achieving measures to control the wide spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Seral García
- Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Departamento de Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, España
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Emergence of an IncI plasmid encoding CMY-2 -lactamase associated with the international ST19 OXA-30-producing -lactamase Salmonella Typhimurium multidrug-resistant clone. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65:2097-100. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkq293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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