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Grammatikos A, Thomas M, Johnston S, Moghaddas F, Albur M, Yong P, Buckland M, Grigoriadou S, Whyte AF, Herwadkar A, Gompels M. Chronic or recurrent Campylobacter enteritis in primary immunodeficiency: A UK national case-series and review of the literature. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY. IN PRACTICE 2023; 11:2948-2954.e4. [PMID: 37301434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Grammatikos
- Bristol Immunology and Allergy Centre, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Moira Thomas
- Clinical Immunology Service, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Johnston
- Bristol Immunology and Allergy Centre, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Moghaddas
- Bristol Immunology and Allergy Centre, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mahableshwar Albur
- Bristol Centre for Antimicrobial Research and Evaluation, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Yong
- Immunology Department, Frimley Park Hospital, Frimley Health NHS Trust, Frimley, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Buckland
- Immunology Department, Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Grigoriadou
- Immunology Department, Barts and The London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew F Whyte
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Archana Herwadkar
- Immunology Department, Northern Care NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Gompels
- Bristol Immunology and Allergy Centre, Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Fettinger NB, Bradley JS, Ramchandar N. An 11-Year-old Male With X-linked Agammaglobulinemia and Persistent Abdominal Pain. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:356-358. [PMID: 33710980 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000003056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is a promising tool for detecting pathogens that are difficult to isolate by traditional modalities, particularly in the diagnosis of complex infections in immunocompromised children. We describe a child with X-linked agammaglobulinemia and chronic abdominal pain diagnosed with a multiorganism infection (Helicobacter cinaedi, Campylobacter coli and Parainfluenza) identified by various diagnostic tools, including plasma metagenomic next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie B Fettinger
- From the Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, California
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Schiaffino F, Kosek MN. Intestinal and Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of Campylobacter in the Immunocompromised Host. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40506-020-00243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Recurrent Campylobacter Enteritis in Patients with Hypogammaglobulinemia: Review of the Literature. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020553. [PMID: 32085573 PMCID: PMC7074135 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrent Campylobacter enteritis is a well-recorded complication of primary hypogammaglobulinemia but has only rarely been reported with other types of immunodeficiency, and no cases have been reported after rituximab-associated secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. We therefore reviewed our local microbiology laboratory databases and conducted a literature search, to provide a detailed characterization of the immunodeficiency states associated with recurrent Campylobacter enteritis. Published cases had primary hypogammaglobulinemia, most frequently in the setting of common variable immunodeficiency, x-linked agammaglobulinemia, and Good syndrome. No cases were identified in the literature after rituximab or secondary hypogammaglobulinemia. We report a 73-year-old patient with recurrent Campylobacter enteritis and hypogammaglobulinemia in the setting of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chemotherapy, and maintenance rituximab. Physicians should be aware of the association of recurrent Campylobacter enteritis and immunodeficiency, most commonly in primary hypogammaglobulinemia. Rituximab alone may not be sufficiently immunosuppressive for recurrent campylobacteriosis to occur; additional factors, including hematological malignancy and its treatment, appear necessary. Patients with recurrent Campylobacter enteritis and those starting rituximab should be investigated for hypogammaglobulinemia and B-lymphopenia.
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The Brief Case: Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis as an Unexpected Sequela of Drinking Raw Milk. J Clin Microbiol 2019; 57:57/4/e01767-18. [PMID: 30923079 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01767-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hagiya H, Kimura K, Nishi I, Yoshida H, Yamamoto N, Akeda Y, Tomono K. Emergence of Carbapenem Non-susceptible Campylobacter coli after Long-term Treatment against Recurrent Bacteremia in a Patient with X-linked Agammaglobulinemia. Intern Med 2018; 57:2077-2080. [PMID: 29491300 PMCID: PMC6096023 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.0312-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report a case of recurrent Campylobacter coli bacteremia in a 37-year-old Japanese man with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). The patient experienced seven episodes of C. coli bacteremia over one year, with an erythematous rash intermittently emerged on the lower limbs. Although hospitalization for intravenous treatment was repeatedly recommended, he obstinately declined it. Following long-term oral antibiotic treatment with tebipenem and faropenem for the persistent infection, C. coli showed elevated minimum inhibitory concentrations to meropenem, a key drug for severe campylobacteriosis. Physicians should note that the overuse of antibiotics can lead to the emergence of carbapenem-non-susceptible Campylobacter strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Hagiya
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Japan
| | - Keigo Kimura
- Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Japan
| | - Isao Nishi
- Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Hospital, Japan
| | - Norihisa Yamamoto
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Japan
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Abstract
Bacteremia and sepsis are conditions associated with high mortality and are of great impact to health care operations. Among the top causes of mortality in the United States, these conditions cause over 600 fatalities each day. Empiric, broad-spectrum treatment is a common but often a costly approach that may fail to effectively target the correct microbe, may inadvertently harm patients via antimicrobial toxicity or downstream antimicrobial resistance. To meet the diagnostic challenges of bacteremia and sepsis, laboratories must understand the complexity of diagnosing and treating septic patients, in order to focus on creating algorithms that can help direct a more targeted approach to antimicrobial therapy and synergize with existing clinical practices defined in new Surviving Sepsis Guidelines. Significant advances have been made in improving blood culture media; as yet no molecular or antigen-based method has proven superior for the detection of bacteremia in terms of limit of detection. Several methods for rapid molecular identification of pathogens from blood cultures bottles are available and many more are on the diagnostic horizon. Ultimately, early intervention by molecular detection of bacteria and fungi directly from whole blood could provide the most patient benefit and contribute to tailored antibiotic coverage of the patient early on in the course of the disease. Although blood cultures remain as the best means of diagnosing bacteremia and candidemia, complementary testing with antigen tests, microbiologic investigations from other body sites, and histopathology can often aid in the diagnosis of disseminated disease, and application of emerging nucleic acid test methods and other new technology may greatly impact our ability to bacteremic and septic patients, particularly those who are immunocompromised.
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O'Hara GA, Fitchett JRA, Klein JL. Campylobacter bacteremia in London: A 44-year single-center study. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017. [PMID: 28629878 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Campylobacter species are a well-recognized but rare cause of bloodstream infection. METHODS Here we reviewed 41 cases of Campylobacter bloodstream infection occurring at a single center in London over 44years, comprising 0.2% of all recorded episodes during this time period. RESULTS Patients had a mean age of 46years and, contrasting with previous reports, nearly 50% of our patients did not have significant comorbidities. Ciprofloxacin resistance increased over the study period with 35% of isolates overall being resistant compared with only 3% exhibiting macrolide resistance. Despite a minority of patients receiving appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy, overall mortality was only 7%. CONCLUSION Campylobacter bacteremia remains a rare but significant cause of morbidity with a low associated mortality. Underlying immunosuppressive conditions are common but by no means universal. In our setting, macrolides would be favored as empirical agents to treat suspected Campylobacter enteritis, including cases with associated bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine A O'Hara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK; London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, UK
| | | | - John L Klein
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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Selected Topics in Aerobic Bacteriology. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 4. [PMID: 27726805 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.dmih2-0027-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria can be important pathogens in the immunocompromised host. These bacteria can be found in many environments, as part of the normal microbiota of the human host and animals, in soil and water, on plants, on fomites in the hospital, and on hospital equipment. This review provides information from relevant studies about what are the most common aerobic bacteria associated with patients who have cancer and/or are being treated for it, or who have other diseases which lead to immunodeficiencies, such as HIV, multiple myeloma, aplastic anemia, chronic diseases, and aging. A discussion of the appropriate laboratory tests needed for diagnosis of aerobic infections and information about antibiotics and susceptibility testing are also included.
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Karrasch M, Pfister W, Edel B, Stallmach A, Hagel S, Hochhaus A, Rödel J. Campylobacter jejuni ssp. jejuni bacteraemia in a patient with BCR-ABL-positive chronic myelogenous leukaemia in remission on dasatinib therapy. JMM Case Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1099/jmmcr.0.005001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Karrasch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Pfister
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Edel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Hagel
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Rödel
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Bonilla FA, Khan DA, Ballas ZK, Chinen J, Frank MM, Hsu JT, Keller M, Kobrynski LJ, Komarow HD, Mazer B, Nelson RP, Orange JS, Routes JM, Shearer WT, Sorensen RU, Verbsky JW, Bernstein DI, Blessing-Moore J, Lang D, Nicklas RA, Oppenheimer J, Portnoy JM, Randolph CR, Schuller D, Spector SL, Tilles S, Wallace D. Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:1186-205.e1-78. [PMID: 26371839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (AAAAI) and the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) have jointly accepted responsibility for establishing the "Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency." This is a complete and comprehensive document at the current time. The medical environment is a changing environment, and not all recommendations will be appropriate for all patients. Because this document incorporated the efforts of many participants, no single individual, including those who served on the Joint Task Force, is authorized to provide an official AAAAI or ACAAI interpretation of these practice parameters. Any request for information about or an interpretation of these practice parameters by the AAAAI or ACAAI should be directed to the Executive Offices of the AAAAI, the ACAAI, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. These parameters are not designed for use by pharmaceutical companies in drug promotion.
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Louwen R, Hays JP. Is there an unrecognised role for Campylobacter infections in (chronic) inflammatory diseases? World J Clin Infect Dis 2013; 3:58-69. [DOI: 10.5495/wjcid.v3.i4.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species are one of the major causes of global bacterial-related diarrheal disease worldwide. The disease is most frequently associated with the ingestion of contaminated meat, raw milk, pets, contaminated water, and the organism may be frequently cultured from the faeces of chicken and other domesticated farm animals. Of the 17 established Campylobacter species, the most important pathogens for humans are Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), Campylobacter coli (C. coli) and Campylobacter fetus (C. fetus), which are all associated with diarrheal disease. Further, C. jejuni and C. coli are also associated with the neuroparalytic diseases Guillain-Barré syndrome and Miller Fischer syndrome, respectively, whereas C. fetus is linked with psoriatic arthritis. The discovery of both “molecular mimicry” and translocation-related virulence in the pathogenesis of C. jejuni-induced disease, indicates that Campylobacter-related gastrointestinal infections may not only generate localized, acute intestinal infection in the human host, but may also be involved in the establishment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Indeed, pathogenicity studies on several Campylobacter species now suggest that molecular mimicry and translocation-related virulence is not only related to C. jejuni, but may play a role in human disease caused by other Campylobacter spp. In this review, the authors provide a review based on the current literature describing the potential links between Campylobacter spp. and (chronic) inflammatory diseases, and provide their opinions on the likely role of Campylobacter in such diseases.
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Relapsing Campylobacter jejuni Systemic Infections in a Child with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia. Case Rep Pediatr 2013; 2013:735108. [PMID: 23862092 PMCID: PMC3686078 DOI: 10.1155/2013/735108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) is a primary immunodeficiency of the humoral compartment, due to a mutation in the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene, characterized by a severe defect of circulating B cells and serum immunoglobulins. Recurrent infections are the main clinical manifestations; although they are especially due to encapsulated bacteria, a specific association with Campylobacter species has been reported. Here, we report the case of a boy with XLA who presented with relapsing Campylobacter jejuni systemic infections. His clinical history supports the hypothesis of the persistence of C. jejuni in his intestinal tract. Indeed, as previously reported, XLA patients may become chronic intestinal carriers of Campylobacter, even in absence of symptoms, with an increased risk of relapsing bacteraemia. The humoral defect is considered to be crucial for this phenomenon, as well as the difficulties to eradicate the pathogen with an appropriate antibiotic therapy; drug resistance is raising in Campylobacter species, and the appropriate duration of treatment has not been established. C. jejuni should always be suspected in XLA patients with signs and symptoms of systemic infection, and treatment should be based on antibiogram to assure the eradication of the pathogen.
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Sun X, Liu B, Sartor RB, Jobin C. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-γ signaling promotes Campylobacter jejuni-induced colitis through neutrophil recruitment in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012. [PMID: 23180818 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crypt abscesses caused by excessive neutrophil accumulation are prominent features of human campylobacteriosis and its associated pathology. The molecular and cellular events responsible for this pathological situation are currently unknown. We investigated the contribution of PI3K-γ signaling in Campylobacter jejuni-induced neutrophil accumulation and intestinal inflammation. Germ-free and specific pathogen-free Il10(-/-) and germ-free Il10(-/-);Rag2(-/-) mice were infected with C. jejuni (10(9) CFU/mouse). PI3K-γ signaling was manipulated using either the pharmacological PI3K-γ inhibitor AS252424 (i.p. 10 mg/kg daily) or genetically using Pi3k-γ(-/-) mice. After up to 14 d, inflammation was assessed histologically and by measuring levels of colonic Il1β, Cxcl2, and Il17a mRNA. Neutrophils were depleted using anti-Gr1 Ab (i.p. 0.5 mg/mouse/every 3 d). Using germ-free Il10(-/-);Rag2(-/-) mice, we observed that innate immune cells are the main cellular compartment responsible for campylobacteriosis. Pharmacological blockade of PI3K-γ signaling diminished C. jejuni-induced intestinal inflammation, neutrophil accumulation, and NF-κB activity, which correlated with reduced Il1β (77%), Cxcl2 (73%), and Il17a (72%) mRNA accumulation. Moreover, Pi3k-γ(-/-) mice pretreated with anti-IL-10R were resistant to C. jejuni-induced intestinal inflammation compared with Wt mice. This improvement was accompanied by a reduction of C. jejuni translocation into the colon and extraintestinal tissues and by attenuation of neutrophil migratory capacity. Furthermore, neutrophil depletion attenuated C. jejuni-induced crypt abscesses and intestinal inflammation. Our findings indicate that C. jejuni-induced PI3K-γ signaling mediates neutrophil recruitment and intestinal inflammation in Il10(-/-) mice. Selective pharmacological inhibition of PI3K-γ may represent a novel means to alleviate severe cases of campylobacteriosis, especially in antibiotic-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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Mohammadzadeh I, Yeganeh M, Khaledi M, Salehiomran M, Aghamohammadi A, Rezaei N. Debilitating progressive encephalitis in a patient with BTK deficiency. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung 2012; 59:335-42. [PMID: 22982637 DOI: 10.1556/amicr.59.2012.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), also known as Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) deficiency, is a primary antibody deficiency, characterized by low number of B cells, agammaglobulinemia and increased susceptibility to a variety of infections. Herein, we report a case of XLA with confirmed BTK mutation that developed neurological deficits. While we could not detect any responsible microorganism in spite of comprehensive workup, brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed moderate brain atrophy. The diagnosis of progressive encephalitis was made for this patient. Patients with XLA have a higher chance of encephalitis compared with other primary antibody deficiencies. Given the violent nature of encephalitis, it is a concern among XLA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraj Mohammadzadeh
- 1 Babol University of Medical Sciences Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center Babol Iran
| | - Mehdi Yeganeh
- 2 University of Sherbrooke, Centre de Recherche Clinique Etienne Le-Bel, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Sherbrooke QC J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Mojdeh Khaledi
- 3 Tehran University of Medical Sciences Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Salehiomran
- 1 Babol University of Medical Sciences Non-Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center Babol Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- 3 Tehran University of Medical Sciences Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center Tehran Iran
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Turvey SE, Leo SH, Boos A, Deans GD, Prendiville J, Crawford RI, Senger C, Conley ME, Tilley P, Junker A, Janz L, Azana R, Hoang L, Morton TL. Successful Approach to Treatment of Helicobacter bilis Infection in X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:1404-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Louwen R, van Baarlen P, van Vliet AHM, van Belkum A, Hays JP, Endtz HP. Campylobacter bacteremia: a rare and under-reported event? Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:76-87. [PMID: 24611124 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the species Campylobacter are the most common cause of bacterial diarrhoea in humans. The clinical phenotype associated with Campylobacter infections ranges from asymptomatic conditions to severe colitis and bacteremia. In susceptible patients, Campylobacter infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, with both host factors and bacterial factors being involved in the pathogenesis of bacteremia. In the host, age, gender and immune-compromising conditions may predispose for Campylobacter infections, whilst the most important bacterial determinants mentioned in the literature are cytotoxin production and flagellar motility. The role of sialylated lipo-oligosaccharide (LOS) and serum resistance in bacteremia is inconclusive at this time, and the clinical significance of Campylobacter bacteremia is not yet fully understood. More emphasis on the detection of Campylobacter species from blood cultures in susceptible patients at risk for Campylobacter infections will increase our understanding of the pathogenesis and the relevance of Campylobacter bacteremia.
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Conley ME, Dobbs AK, Quintana AM, Bosompem A, Wang YD, Coustan-Smith E, Smith AM, Perez EE, Murray PJ. Agammaglobulinemia and absent B lineage cells in a patient lacking the p85α subunit of PI3K. J Exp Med 2012; 209:463-70. [PMID: 22351933 PMCID: PMC3302225 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing was used to determine the causative gene in patients with B cell defects of unknown etiology. A homozygous premature stop codon in exon 6 of PIK3R1 was identified in a young woman with colitis and absent B cells. The mutation results in the absence of p85α but normal expression of the p50α and p55α regulatory subunits of PI3K. Bone marrow aspirates from the patient showed <0.1% CD19(+) B cells with normal percentages of TdT(+)VpreB(+)CD19(-) B cell precursors. This developmental block is earlier than that seen in patients with defects in the B cell receptor signaling pathway or in a strain of engineered mice with a similar defect in p85α. The number and function of the patient's T cells were normal. However, Western blot showed markedly decreased p110δ, as well as absent p85α, in patient T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. The patient had normal growth and development and normal fasting glucose and insulin. Mice with p85α deficiency have insulin hypersensitivity, defective platelet function, and abnormal mast cell development. In contrast, the absence of p85α in the patient results in an early and severe defect in B cell development but minimal findings in other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ellen Conley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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