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Role of the Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Virulence Plasmid in Pathogen-Phagocyte Interactions in Mesenteric Lymph Nodes. EcoSal Plus 2021; 9:eESP00142021. [PMID: 34910573 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0014-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an Enterobacteriaceae family member that is commonly transmitted by the fecal-oral route to cause infections. From the small intestine, Y. pseudotuberculosis can invade through Peyer's patches and lymph vessels to infect the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs). Infection of MLNs by Y. pseudotuberculosis results in the clinical presentation of mesenteric lymphadenitis. MLNs are important for immune responses to intestinal pathogens and microbiota in addition to their clinical relevance to Y. pseudotuberculosis infections. A characteristic of Y. pseudotuberculosis infection in MLNs is the formation of pyogranulomas. Pyogranulomas are composed of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and lymphocytes surrounding extracellular microcolonies of Y. pseudotuberculosis. Key elements of the complex pathogen-host interaction in MLNs have been identified using mouse infection models. Y. pseudotuberculosis requires the virulence plasmid pYV to induce the formation of pyogranulomas in MLNs. The YadA adhesin and the Ysc-Yop type III secretion system (T3SS) are encoded on pYV. YadA mediates bacterial binding to host receptors, which engages the T3SS to preferentially translocate seven Yop effectors into phagocytes. The effectors promote pathogenesis by blocking innate immune defenses such as superoxide production, degranulation, and inflammasome activation, resulting in survival and growth of Y. pseudotuberculosis. On the other hand, certain effectors can trigger immune defenses in phagocytes. For example, YopJ triggers activation of caspase-8 and an apoptotic cell death response in monocytes within pyogranulomas that limits dissemination of Y. pseudotuberculosis from MLNs to the bloodstream. YopE can be processed as an antigen by phagocytes in MLNs, resulting in T and B cell responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis. Immune responses to Y. pseudotuberculosis in MLNs can also be detrimental to the host in the form of chronic lymphadenopathy. This review focuses on interactions between Y. pseudotuberculosis and phagocytes mediated by pYV that concurrently promote pathogenesis and host defense in MLNs. We propose that MLN pyogranulomas are immunological arenas in which opposing pYV-driven forces determine the outcome of infection in favor of the pathogen or host.
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Extraintestinal Manifestation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Bacteremia as Acute Hepatitis: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101255. [PMID: 34684204 PMCID: PMC8539584 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a causative agent of foodborne zoonosis that usually causes self-limiting pseudoappendicitis. Y. pseudotuberculosis infection also causes systemic spread or extraintestinal manifestations in patients with predisposing conditions. Here, we present a case of acute hepatitis with Y. pseudotuberculosis bacteremia in a 30-year-old man. He was previously healthy without significant medical history other than obesity and current smoking. At the time of admission, he presented with high fever accompanied by chills, jaundice, abdominal pain, and watery diarrhea. Laboratory studies revealed leukocytosis and elevated liver function parameters. A stool culture showed no causative pathogens. Empiric antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone and metronidazole was administered. Y. pseudotuberculosis was later isolated from the initial blood culture performed on the day of admission using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Antibiotic treatment was continued based on the susceptibility testing results from MALDI-TOF MS and VITEk®2, as well as clinical and laboratory improvements. The patient was discharged on the tenth day of admission and remained healthy with no recurrence during the 12-month follow-up. Here, we review the literature on the systemic infection caused by Y. pseudotuberculosis, including extraintestinal manifestations. This case highlights that Y. pseudotuberculosis may be considered a differential causative organism in patients with acute colitis and hepatitis.
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Analysis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Isolates Recovered from Deceased Mammals of a German Zoo Animal Collection. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:JCM.03125-20. [PMID: 33789956 PMCID: PMC8315957 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03125-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is an important pathogen for both humans and animals. It can infect livestock, as well as pets and wild animals. During recent years, a number of reports have described the isolation of Y. pseudotuberculosis from zoo animals, mainly birds and mammals, for which the infection was mostly lethal. Between 2005 and 2019, there were at least 17 cases of deceased mammals, belonging to five different species, which suffered from a Y. pseudotuberculosis infection at the Zoo Wuppertal, Germany. Since only scarce information exists on the properties of Y. pseudotuberculosis from zoo animals, we characterized eight isolates, covering all infected species, in detail. All isolates were members of biotype 1, but belonged to five serotypes, five sequence types (STs), and seven core-genome multilocus sequence types (cgMLSTs). Using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), the seven isolates could be discriminated from each other. They differed significantly regarding their virulence genes and mobile genetic elements. While the virulence plasmid pYV existed in all serotypes (five isolates), a complete high-pathogenicity island (HPI) was detected only in the serotypes O:1a, O:1b, and O:13 (four isolates), but not in O:2a and O:2b. Similarly, the content of other plasmids and prophages varied greatly between the isolates. The data demonstrate that the deceased mammals were infected by seven individual isolates and not by a single type predominating in the zoo animals.
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Terminal Ileitis due to Yersinia Infection: An Underdiagnosed Situation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:1240626. [PMID: 32566652 PMCID: PMC7273408 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1240626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopy is currently the gold standard for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The presence of macroscopic lesions along with the microscopic detection of inflammatory infiltration in the terminal ileum often leads the gastroenterologist to the diagnosis of Crohn's disease (CD). However, some of these cases could be, in fact, an infection caused by Yersinia spp., accompanied or not with CD, which could be easily diagnosed with the identification of serum antibodies against Yersinia outer protein antigens (YOP antigens). Since Yersiniosis is considered to be an uncommon situation, food and water are not usually checked for the possibility of contamination by Yersinia. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the true prevalence of Yersinia infection in patients with terminal ileitis is probably underestimated. In this article, we review the most important data regarding the various aspects of Yersinia infection with special focus on its pathophysiology and diagnosis. We recommend testing for serum antibodies against YOP antigens in all patients with an endoscopic and histological image of terminal ileitis in order to identify Yersiniosis in conjunction or not with terminal ileum CD.
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Tsokana CN, Sokos C, Giannakopoulos A, Birtsas P, Valiakos G, Spyrou V, Athanasiou LV, Rodi Burriel A, Billinis C. European Brown hare (Lepus europaeus) as a source of emerging and re-emerging pathogens of Public Health importance: A review. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:550-564. [PMID: 32088933 PMCID: PMC7397891 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
European brown hare (Lepus europaeus, EBH) is probably the most important game animal in Europe throughout its historical distribution. The decline in its populations across its geographic range in Europe have been attributed to factors such as reproductive rate and the ability for adaptation, climate, feed availability, predators, anthropogenic factors and diseases. Apart from common diseases of hares with a high impact on their mortality such as European Brown hare Syndrome, EBH has been involved in the epidemiology of pathogens with zoonotic potential. In this work, the role of EBH as a source of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Yersinia spp., Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis, Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania infantum is discussed. Hares may significantly contribute to the epidemiology of important emerging zoonotic pathogens through maintenance of high endemicity levels as in the case of CCHFV, as a reservoir of important pathogens such as Yersinia spp., B. suis, F. tularensis and L. infantum and as a potential source of T. gondii for other animals, especially for carnivores but also for humans. However, EBH may also be a host of minor importance as in the case of HEV. The continuous surveillance of hare populations will enable the collection of information on the population health status and the pathogens currently circulating in the area posing risk for wildlife, domestic animals and humans. The possible live animal translocations of infected hares, the fact that this species acts as a host of vectors (fleas, ticks, mosquitoes and sandflies) and the prey of carnivores and omnivores that travel in great distances getting into contact with domestic animals and humans, further highlights the need to be included in surveillance studies. Besides, the hunter‐harvested EBH population is an excellent indicator for recent pathogen transmission due to its short lifespan. The present review provides an overview of the role of European Brown Hare as a source of Crimean–Congo haemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Hepatitis E virus (HEV), Yersinia spp., Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis, Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania infantum aiming to highlight the contribution of this species to the epidemiology of important emerging zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina N Tsokana
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Christos Sokos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Alexios Giannakopoulos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Periklis Birtsas
- Research Division, Hunting Federation of Macedonia and Thrace, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Administration, Technological Institute of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - George Valiakos
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Department of Animal Production, Technological Education Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Labrini V Athanasiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
| | | | - Charalambos Billinis
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece
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Willcocks S, Huse KK, Stabler R, Oyston PCF, Scott A, Atkins HS, Wren BW. Genome-wide assessment of antimicrobial tolerance in Yersinia pseudotuberculosis under ciprofloxacin stress. Microb Genom 2019; 5. [PMID: 31580793 PMCID: PMC6927301 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-negative bacterium capable of causing gastrointestinal infection and is closely related to the highly virulent plague bacillus Yersinia pestis. Infections by both species are currently treatable with antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, a quinolone-class drug of major clinical importance in the treatment of many other infections. Our current understanding of the mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin is that it inhibits DNA replication by targeting DNA gyrase, and that resistance is primarily due to mutation of this target site, along with generic efflux and detoxification strategies. We utilized transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS or TnSeq) to identify the non-essential chromosomal genes in Y. pseudotuberculosis that are required to tolerate sub-lethal concentrations of ciprofloxacin in vitro. As well as highlighting recognized antibiotic resistance genes, we provide evidence that multiple genes involved in regulating DNA replication and repair are central in enabling Y. pseudotuberculosis to tolerate the antibiotic, including DksA (yptb0734), a regulator of RNA polymerase, and Hda (yptb2792), an inhibitor of DNA replication initiation. We furthermore demonstrate that even at sub-lethal concentrations, ciprofloxacin causes severe cell-wall stress, requiring lipopolysaccharide lipid A, O-antigen and core biosynthesis genes to resist the sub-lethal effects of the antibiotic. It is evident that coping with the consequence(s) of antibiotic-induced stress requires the contribution of scores of genes that are not exclusively engaged in drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Willcocks
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kristin K Huse
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Richard Stabler
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Petra C F Oyston
- Microbiology, CBR Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Andrew Scott
- Microbiology, CBR Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Helen S Atkins
- University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon EX4 4SB, UK.,Microbiology, CBR Division, DSTL Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, UK
| | - Brendan W Wren
- The London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel St., London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Chassang L, Zoller G, Loos P, Gomes E, Bismuth C, Briend-Marchal A, Nicolier A, Huynh M. Antemortem Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Splenitis Due to Yersinia Pseudotuberculosis Infection in a Pet Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Magistrali C, Cucco L, Pezzotti G, Farneti S, Cambiotti V, Catania S, Prati P, Fabbi M, Lollai S, Mangili P, Sebastiani C, Bano L, Dionisi A, Luzzi I. Characterisation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis isolated from animals with yersiniosis during 1996–2013 indicates the presence of pathogenic and Far Eastern strains in Italy. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia cause a well-characterized spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from asymptomatic carriage to hemorrhagic colitis and fatal typhoidal fever. These pathogens are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness in the United States each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. In the developing world, illness caused by these pathogens is not only more prevalent but also associated with a greater case-fatality rate. Classic methods for identification rely on selective media and serology, but newer methods based on mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction show great promise for routine clinical testing.
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