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Current and Emerging Treatment Options for Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli Urosepsis: A Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121821. [PMID: 36551478 PMCID: PMC9774639 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is a versatile commensal and pathogenic member of the human microflora. As the primary causative pathogen in urosepsis, E. coli places an immense burden on healthcare systems worldwide. To further exacerbate the issue, multi drug resistance (MDR) has spread rapidly through E. coli populations, making infections more troublesome and costlier to treat. This paper aimed to review the literature concerning the development of MDR in uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) and explore the existing evidence of current and emerging treatment strategies. While some MDR strains maybe treated with β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations as well as cephalosporins, cephamycin, temocillin and fosfomycin, current treatment strategies for many MDR UPEC strains are reliant on carbapenems. Carbapenem overreliance may contribute to the alarming dissemination of carbapenem-resistance amongst some UPEC communities, which has ushered in a new age of difficult to treat infections. Alternative treatment options for carbapenem resistant UPEC may include novel β-lactam-β-lactamase or carbapenemase inhibitor combinations, cefiderocol, polymyxins, tigecycline, aminoglycosides or fosfomycin. For metallo-β-lactamase producing strains (e.g., NDM, IMP-4), combinations of cefazidime-avibacam with aztreonam have been used. Additionally, the emergence of new antimicrobials brings new hope to the treatment of such infections. However, continued research is required to successfully bring these into the clinic for the treatment of MDR E. coli urosepsis.
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Rodríguez-Guerrero E, Callejas-Rodelas JC, Navarro-Marí JM, Gutiérrez-Fernández J. Systematic Review of Plasmid AmpC Type Resistances in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Preliminary Proposal of a Simplified Screening Method for ampC. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030611. [PMID: 35336186 PMCID: PMC8954824 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Beta-lactamase (BL) production is a major public health problem. Although not the most frequent AmpC type, AmpC-BL is increasingly isolated, especially plasmid AmpC-BL (pAmpC-BL). The objective of this study was to review information published to date on pAmpC-BL in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and on the epidemiology and detection methods used by clinical microbiology laboratories, by performing a systematic review using the MEDLINE PubMed database. The predictive capacity of a screening method to detect AmpC-BL using disks with cloxacillin (CLX) was also evaluated by studying 102 Enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates grown in CHROMID ESBL medium with the addition of cefepime (FEP), cefoxitin (FOX), ertapenem (ETP), CLX, and oxacillin with CLX. The review, which included 149 publications, suggests that certain risk factors (prolonged hospitalization and previous use of cephalosporins) are associated with infections by pAmpC-BL-producing microorganisms. The worldwide prevalence has increased over the past 10 years, with a positivity rate ranging between 0.1 and 40%, although AmpC was only detected when sought in a targeted manner. CMY-2 type has been the most prevalent pAmpC-BL-producing microorganism. The most frequently used phenotypic method has been the double-disk synergy test (using CLX disks or phenyl-boronic acid and cefotaxime [CTX] and ceftazidime) and the disk method combined with these inhibitors. In regard to screening methods, a 1-µg oxacillin disk with CLX showed 88.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV), 98.9% negative predictive value (NPV), and 98.9% validity index (VI). This predictive capacity is reduced with the addition of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, showing 62.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% PPV, 93.5% NPV, and 94.1% VI. In conclusion, there has been a worldwide increase in the number of isolates with pAmpC-BL, especially in Asia, with CMY-2 being the most frequently detected pAmpC-BL-producing type of microorganism. Reduction in its spread requires routine screening with a combination of phenotypic methods (with AmpC inhibitors) and genotypic methods (multiplex PCR). In conclusion, the proposed screening technique is an easy-to-apply and inexpensive test for the detection of AmpC-producing isolates in the routine screening of multidrug-resistant microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rodríguez-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital & ibs.Granada—Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain; (E.R.-G.); (J.M.N.-M.)
| | - Juan Carlos Callejas-Rodelas
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada & ibs.Granada—Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain;
| | - José María Navarro-Marí
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital & ibs.Granada—Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain; (E.R.-G.); (J.M.N.-M.)
| | - José Gutiérrez-Fernández
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Virgen de las Nieves University Hospital & ibs.Granada—Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain; (E.R.-G.); (J.M.N.-M.)
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada & ibs.Granada—Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Avenida de la Investigación 11, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Burgess SA, Cookson AL, Brousse L, Ortolani E, Benschop J, Akhter R, Brightwell G, McDougall S. The epidemiology of AmpC-producing Escherichia coli isolated from dairy cattle faeces on pasture-fed farms. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70:001447. [PMID: 34672922 PMCID: PMC8604167 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Antibiotic use, particularly amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in dairy farming, has been associated with an increased incidence of AmpC-hyperproducing Escherichia coli.Gap statement. There is limited information on the incidence of AmpC-hyperproducing E. coli from seasonal pasture-fed dairy farms.Aim. We undertook a New Zealand wide cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of AmpC-producing E. coli carried by dairy cattle.Methodology. Paddock faeces were sampled from twenty-six dairy farms and were processed for the selective growth of both extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing E. coli. Whole genome sequence analysis was carried out on 35 AmpC-producing E. coli.Results. No ESBL- or plasmid mediated AmpC-producing E. coli were detected, but seven farms were positive for chromosomal mediated AmpC-hyperproducing E. coli. These seven farms were associated with a higher usage of injectable amoxicillin antibiotics. Whole genome sequence analysis of the AmpC-producing E. coli demonstrated that the same strain (<3 SNPs difference) of E. coli ST5729 was shared between cows on a single farm. Similarly, the same strain (≤15 SNPs difference) of E. coli ST8977 was shared across two farms (separated by approximately 425 km).Conclusion. These results infer that both cow-to-cow and farm-to-farm transmission of AmpC-producing E. coli has occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Burgess
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Adrian L. Cookson
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lisa Brousse
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Present address: Lisa Brousse, BioMerieux, Grenoble, France
| | - Enrico Ortolani
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Brazil
| | - Jackie Benschop
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rukhshana Akhter
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Gale Brightwell
- Food System Integrity, Hopkirk Research Institute, AgResearch Ltd, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Scott McDougall
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
- Cognosco Limited, Anexa Veterinary Services, Morrinsville, New Zealand
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Performance of ceftriaxone susceptibility testing on the Accelerate Pheno® system of ESBL-producing isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 98:115171. [PMID: 32927411 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2020.115171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The correlation of ceftriaxone nonsusceptibility and ESBL production was evaluated in 40 characterized isolates. Performance of ceftriaxone susceptibility testing on the Accelerate Pheno was evaluated and compared with reference broth microdilution in triplicate. The CLSI ESBL confirmatory test was also evaluated. Ceftriaxone categorical agreement of the Accelerate Pheno was 97.5% with 1 minor error. The ESBL confirmatory disk test resulted in 4 false-negatives and 1 false positive. The Accelerate Pheno provides an expedited and accurate method of ceftriaxone susceptibility testing allowing for optimization of antimicrobial regimens sooner. These data indicate that ESBL production has a high likelihood of ceftriaxone non-susceptibility.
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Park M, Park YJ, Yu J, Lee J, Ahn DR, Min SJ. Performance of a novel fluorogenic probe assay for the detection of extended-spectrum-β-lactamase or plasmid AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales directly from simulated blood culture bottles. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 175:105988. [PMID: 32598975 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to third generation cephalosporins is widely disseminated in Enterobacteriaceae mainly because of extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBL), plasmid AmpC β-lactamases (PABL), and hyper-production of chromosomal AmpC β-lactamases. Here, we evaluated the performance of rapid test using novel fluorogenic probe assay in simulated blood cultures and compared the results with the phenol red assay using a total of 172 characterized isolates (39 ESBL producers, 13 PABL producers, and 120 susceptible isolates). We prepared a pellet by centrifugation and washing, which can also be used for identification with MALDI-TOF directly from positive blood cultures. After that, we mixed the pellet with fluorogenic probe and measured the fluorescent signal using fluorometer. The fluorogenic probe assay showed higher sensitivity than the phenol red assay (96.2% vs. 71.2%, p < .0001) in 172 simulated blood culture bottles especially in detecting PABL (84.6% vs. 0%, p = .0026) and the turnaround time was 1.5 h. This fluorogenic probe assay, combined with the direct identification of pathogens, could be very useful for rapid identification of isolates and detecting cephalosporin resistance caused by ESBL and PABL directly from positive blood cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- MiJung Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Green Cross Laboratories, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Joon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinkyung Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Infectious Disease Team, Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Gwacheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Ro Ahn
- Department of Biological Chemistry, KIST campus, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Joon Min
- Department of Chemical & Molecular Engineering / Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Rizi KS, Mosavat A, Youssefi M, Jamehdar SA, Ghazvini K, Safdari H, Amini Y, Farsiani H. High prevalence of bla CMY AmpC beta-lactamase in ESBL co-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. clinical isolates in the northeast of Iran. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 22:477-482. [PMID: 32247080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The production of β-lactamase enzymes such as AmpC β-lactamases and extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) is among the main mechanisms for resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins. The present study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of plasmid-mediated AmpC beta (β)-lactamase in ESBL co-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella spp. (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca) clinical isolates in the northeast of Iran. METHODS A total of 602 E. coli and Klebsiella spp. clinical isolates were collected from three hospitals in Mashhad (northeast of Iran). A combination disk test (CDT) was performed for the phenotypic detection of ESBLs. Screening for the detection of AmpC β-lactamases was performed by a susceptibility test to a cefoxitin disc among ESBL producing isolates. A confirmatory test for AmpC β-lactamases was performed using the Mast® D68C test. Identification of plasmid-mediated AmpC cluster genes was done by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Among 336 ESBL-producing strains, 230 (68.4%) isolates were resistant to cefoxitin. Results of the Mast® D68C test showed that 30% (69/230) of cefoxitin-resistant isolates simultaneously exhibited ESBL and AmpC activity and 22% (51/230) of isolates probably showed multi-drug resistant (MDR) phenotype. Results of multiplex PCR among ESBL-positive isolates showed that, 16.7% (56/336) of isolates were positive for plasmid-borneampC cluster genes, and CMY (38%) was the most frequent genotype of plasmid mediated AmpC. CONCLUSION Findings of the study revealed that an increase in the prevalence of ESBL and AmpC co-producer in E. coli and Klebsiella spp. strains may become an important public health issue. Therefore, there is a vital need for surveillance of spread of these clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Salimiyan Rizi
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research, Mashhad, Razavi Khorasan, Iran
| | - Masoud Youssefi
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Safdari
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yousef Amini
- Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sepp E, Andreson R, Balode A, Bilozor A, Brauer A, Egorova S, Huik K, Ivanova M, Kaftyreva L, Kõljalg S, Kõressaar T, Makarova M, Miciuleviciene J, Pai K, Remm M, Rööp T, Naaber P. Phenotypic and Molecular Epidemiology of ESBL-, AmpC-, and Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli in Northern and Eastern Europe. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2465. [PMID: 31824436 PMCID: PMC6882919 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and AmpC producing-Escherichia coli have spread worldwide, but data about ESBL-producing-E. coli in the Northern and Eastern regions of Europe is scant. The aim of this study has been to describe the phenotypical and molecular epidemiology of different ESBL/AmpC/Carbapenemases genes in E. coli strains isolated from the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania), Norway and St. Petersburg (Russia), and to determine the predominant multilocus sequence type and single nucleotide polymorphisms diversity of E. coli isolates deduced by whole genome sequencing (WGS). A total of 10,780 clinical E. coli strains were screened for reduced sensitivity to third-generation cephalosporins. They were collected from 21 hospitals located in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway and St. Petersburg during a 5 month period in 2012. The overall prevalence of ESBL/AmpC strains was 4.7% by phenotypical test and 3.9% by sequencing. We found more strains with the ESBL/AmpC phenotype and genotype in St. Petersburg and Latvia than other countries. Of phenotypic E. coli strains, 85% contained confirmed ESBL genes (including blaCTX–M, blaTEM–29, blaTEM–71), AmpC genes (blaCMY–59, blaACT–12/–15/–20, blaESC–6, blaFEC–1, blaDHA–1), or carbapenemase genes (blaNDM–1). blaCTX–M–1, blaCTX–M–14 and blaCTX–M–15 were found in all countries, but blaCTX–M–15 prevalence was higher in Latvia than in St. Petersburg (Russia), Estonia, Norway and Lithuania. The dominating AmpC genes were blaCMY–59 in the Baltic States and Norway, and blaDHA–1 in St. Petersburg. E. coli strains belonged to 83 different sequence types, of which the most prevalent was ST131 (40%). In conclusion, we generally found low ESBL/AmpC/Carbapenemase prevalence in E. coli strains isolated in Northern/Eastern Europe. However, several inter-country differences in distribution of particular genes and multilocus sequence types were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Epp Sepp
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Reidar Andreson
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Arta Balode
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anastasia Bilozor
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Microbiology, Central Laboratory, East-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Age Brauer
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Svetlana Egorova
- Department of Enteric Infections, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kristi Huik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Marina Ivanova
- Department of Microbiology, Central Laboratory, East-Tallinn Central Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Lidia Kaftyreva
- Department of Enteric Infections, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Siiri Kõljalg
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Triinu Kõressaar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Makarova
- Department of Enteric Infections, St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Kristiine Pai
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maido Remm
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tiiu Rööp
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Paul Naaber
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,SYNLAB Eesti, Tallinn, Estonia
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8
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Harris PNA, Ben Zakour NL, Roberts LW, Wailan AM, Zowawi HM, Tambyah PA, Lye DC, Jureen R, Lee TH, Yin M, Izharuddin E, Looke D, Runnegar N, Rogers B, Bhally H, Crowe A, Schembri MA, Beatson SA, Paterson DL. Whole genome analysis of cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from bloodstream infections in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore: high prevalence of CMY-2 producers and ST131 carrying blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-27. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:634-642. [PMID: 29253152 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To characterize MDR Escherichia coli from bloodstream infections (BSIs) in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore. Methods We collected third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GC-R) E. coli from blood cultures in patients enrolled in a randomized controlled trial from February 2014 to August 2015. WGS was used to characterize antibiotic resistance genes, MLST, plasmids and phylogenetic relationships. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using disc diffusion and Etest. Results A total of 70 3GC-R E. coli were included, of which the majority were ST131 (61.4%). BSI was most frequently from a urinary source (69.6%), community associated (62.9%) and in older patients (median age 71 years). The median Pitt score was 1 and ICU admission was infrequent (3.1%). ST131 possessed more acquired resistance genes than non-ST131 (P = 0.003). Clade C1/C2 ST131 predominated (30.2% and 53.5% of ST131, respectively) and these were all ciprofloxacin resistant. All clade A ST131 (n = 6) were community associated. The predominant ESBL types were blaCTX-M (80.0%) and were strongly associated with ST131 (95% carried blaCTX-M), with the majority blaCTX-M-15. Clade C1 was associated with blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-27, whereas blaCTX-M-15 predominated in clade C2. Plasmid-mediated AmpC genes (mainly blaCMY-2) were frequent (17.1%) but were more common in non-ST131 (P < 0.001) isolates from Singapore and Brisbane. Two strains carried both blaCMY-2 and blaCTX-M. The majority of plasmid replicon types were IncF. Conclusions In a prospective collection of 3GC-R E. coli causing BSI, community-associated Clade C1/C2 ST131 predominate in association with blaCTX-M ESBLs, although a significant proportion of non-ST131 strains carried blaCMY-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick N A Harris
- University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia.,Microbiology Department, Central Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nouri L Ben Zakour
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leah W Roberts
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander M Wailan
- University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia.,Infection Genomics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hosam M Zowawi
- University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia.,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Infection Prevention and Control, and GCC Centre for Infection Control, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul A Tambyah
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - David C Lye
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Communicable Disease Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Roland Jureen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Microbiology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Tau H Lee
- Communicable Disease Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Mo Yin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Ezlyn Izharuddin
- Communicable Disease Centre, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - David Looke
- Infection Management Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Naomi Runnegar
- Infection Management Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin Rogers
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Monash Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hasan Bhally
- Department of Medicine, North Shore Hospital, Milford, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Amy Crowe
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott A Beatson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David L Paterson
- University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia.,Wesley Medical Research, Wesley Hospital, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
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9
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Meini S, Tascini C, Cei M, Sozio E, Rossolini GM. AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales: what a clinician should know. Infection 2019; 47:363-375. [PMID: 30840201 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-019-01291-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterobacterales are among the most common causes of bacterial infections in the community and among hospitalized patients, and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains have emerged as a major threat to human health. Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins is typical of MDRs, being mainly due to the production of extended spectrum β-lactamases or AmpC-type β-lactamases. OBJECTIVE The objective of this paper is to review the epidemiological impact, diagnostic issues and treatment options with AmpC producers. FINDINGS AmpC enzymes encoded by resident chromosomal genes (cAmpCs) are produced by some species (e.g., Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens), while plasmid-encoded AmpCs (pAmpCs) can be encountered also in species that normally do not produce cAmpCs (e.g., Salmonella enterica, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca) or produce them at negligible levels (e.g., Escherichia coli). Production of AmpCs can be either inducible or constitutive, resulting in different resistance phenotypes. Strains producing cAmpCs in an inducible manner (e.g., Enterobacter spp.) usually appear susceptible to third-generation cephalosporins, which are poor inducers, but can easily yield mutants constitutively producing the enzyme which are resistant to these drugs (which are good substrates), resulting in treatment failures. pAmpCs are usually constitutively expressed. Production of pAmpCs is common in community-acquired infections, while cAmpC producers are mainly involved in healthcare-associated infections. CONCLUSIONS To date, there is no conclusive evidence about the most appropriate treatment for AmpC-producing Enterobacterales. Carbapenems are often the preferred option, especially for severe infections in which adequate source control is not achieved, but cefepime is also supported by substantial clinical evidences as an effective carbapenem-sparing option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Meini
- Internal Medicine Unit, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Carlo Tascini
- First Division of Infectious Diseases, Cotugno Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Cei
- Internal Medicine Unit, Cecina Hospital, Cecina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Sozio
- Emergency Department, North-West District Tuscany Health Care, Spedali Riuniti, Leghorn, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Rossolini
- Clinical Microbiology and Virology Unit, Florence Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Yang PS, Liu CP, Hsu YC, Chen CF, Lee CC, Cheng SP. A Novel Prediction Model for Bloodstream Infections in Hepatobiliary–Pancreatic Surgery Patients. World J Surg 2019; 43:1294-1302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00268-018-04903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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den Drijver E, Verweij JJ, Verhulst C, Oome S, Soer J, Willemsen I, Schrauwen EJA, Kluytmans—van den Bergh MFQ, Kluytmans JAJW. Decline in AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in a Dutch teaching hospital (2013-2016). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204864. [PMID: 30273375 PMCID: PMC6166941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of rectal carriage of plasmid- and chromosome-encoded AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in patients in a Dutch teaching hospital between 2013 and 2016. METHODS Between 2013 and 2016, hospital-wide yearly prevalence surveys were performed to determine the prevalence of AmpC β-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. rectal carriage. Rectal swabs were taken and cultured using an enrichment broth and selective agar plates. All E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates were screened for production of AmpC β-lactamase using phenotypic confirmation tests and for the presence of plasmid-encoded AmpC (pAmpC) genes. E. coli isolates were screened for chromosome-encoded AmpC (cAmpC) promoter/attenuator alterations. RESULTS Fifty (2.4%) of 2,126 evaluable patients were identified as rectal carrier of AmpC β-lactamase-producing E. coli. No carriage of AmpC β-lactamase producing Klebsiella spp. was found. Nineteen (0.9%) patients harboured isolates with pAmpC genes and 30 (1,4%) patients harboured isolates with cAmpC promoter/attenuator alterations associated with AmpC β-lactamase overproduction. For one isolate, no pAmpC genes or cAmpC promotor/attenuator alterations could be identified. During the study period, a statistically significant decline in the prevalence of rectal carriage with E. coli with cAmpC promotor/attenuator alterations was found (p = 0.012). The prevalence of pAmpC remained stable over the years. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of rectal carriage of AmpC-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. in patients in Dutch hospitals is low and a declining trend was observed for E. coli with cAmpC promotor/attenuator alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evert den Drijver
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jaco J. Verweij
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Verhulst
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn Oome
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Avans Academy for Technology of Health & Environment, AVANS University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Soer
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Avans Academy for Technology of Health & Environment, AVANS University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Ina Willemsen
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Eefje J. A. Schrauwen
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Avans Academy for Technology of Health & Environment, AVANS University of Applied Sciences, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein F. Q. Kluytmans—van den Bergh
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Amphia Academy Infectious Disease Foundation, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan A. J. W. Kluytmans
- Laboratory for Microbiology and Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Breda, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Chavada R, Tong D, Maley M. In-Hospital Surgery as a Risk Factor for Onset of AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Blood Stream Infections. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6030071. [PMID: 30071632 PMCID: PMC6164235 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a progressive rise in the incidence of blood stream infections (BSI) caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative organisms (MDR GN), which cause increased morbidity and mortality. For this reason, recent studies have focused on risk factors of acquisition of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producers. However, there is limited data on risk factors for BSI caused by AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae (AmpC EC), especially in low prevalence settings such as Australia. This study was performed to identify risk factors for acquisition of AmpC E. coli, using a retrospective matched case control design over a 3-year period. Patients with BSI caused by AmpC E. coli were matched with controls (third generation cephalosporin susceptible E. coli) by age and site of infection (n = 21). There was no significant difference in age, sex, clinical outcome, time to onset of BSI, recent antibiotic use (last 3 months), comorbidities (type 2 diabetes mellitus, renal failure) intensive care unit admission, underlying hematological condition, immunosuppressant use, APACHE II score, or any recent urological procedures (within last 3 months) between the two groups. On univariate analysis, the AmpC E. coli group were more likely to have had a surgical procedure in hospital and lived in a residential aged care facility. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, a recent surgical procedure was associated with the onset of AmpC E. coli BSI (Odd's Ratio (OR) 4.78, p = 0.034). We concluded that in a relatively low prevalence setting such as Australia, AmpC E. coli BSI is potentially associated with surgery performed in hospital due to previous antibiotic exposure and longer hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchir Chavada
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology -Central Coast, Gosford, NSW 2250, Australia.
| | - Deborah Tong
- Pharmacy Department, Central Coast Local Health District, Gosford, NSW 2250, Australia.
| | - Michael Maley
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, NSW Health Pathology-South West Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2170, Australia.
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