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Correction: Distinguishing Body Lice from Head Lice by Multiplex Real-Time PCR Analysis of the Phum_PHUM540560 Gene. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0311640. [PMID: 39352894 PMCID: PMC11444400 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058088.].
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Thomas C, Castillo Valladares H, Berger TG, Chang AY. Scabies, Bedbug, and Body Lice Infestations: A Review. JAMA 2024:2823413. [PMID: 39250129 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2024.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Importance Scabies, bedbug, and body lice infestations are caused by organisms that live on or in the skin, on clothing, or in the environment and commonly cause pruritus and rash. In 2021, approximately 622 million incident cases of scabies occurred globally. Data on bedbug infestations are limited. Body lice prevalence ranges from 4.1% to 35% among persons experiencing homelessness worldwide. Observations Scabies is caused by mites (Sarcoptes scabiei) that burrow into the epidermis. Transmission primarily occurs from prolonged skin-to-skin contact with an individual who has an infestation. Common scabies is characterized by excoriated pruritic papules, plaques, and pathognomonic burrows on finger/toe web spaces, volar wrists, ankles, axillae, buttocks, male genitalia, and areolae. Permethrin cream and oral ivermectin are first-line treatments for adults, with similar clearance rates by week 2 (74% with permethrin vs 68% with ivermectin; relative risk, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.76-1.08). Treatment failure can occur with oral ivermectin (11.8%; 95% CI, 8.4%-15.4%) and topical permethrin (10.8%; 95% CI, 7.5%-14.5%). Bedbugs (Cimex lectularius, Cimex hemipterus) are insects that live on mattresses and furniture and feed on blood nocturnally, causing linear pruritic erythematous papules. New skin lesions on waking, cohabitants with similar symptoms, and recently residing in a high-occupancy setting should raise suspicion. Treatment requires eradication with pest management. Body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus) are insects found on clothing that travel to the skin for blood meals. Body lice bites cause pruritic excoriated macules/papules and hyperpigmentation in areas where clothing seams contact skin. Treatment and prevention require at least once-weekly bathing and laundering of clothing and bedding. Conclusions and Relevance Scabies, bedbug, and body lice infestations are common. Accurate diagnosis requires taking a history, including social drivers of health (eg, housing status, living environment), and physical examination. First-line treatments include scabicides for patients with common scabies and their close contacts. Scabies, bedbug, and body lice infestations should be treated with decontamination measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Herbert Castillo Valladares
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco
- Department of Dermatology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy G Berger
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco
| | - Aileen Y Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco
- Department of Dermatology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California
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Koutantou M, Drancourt M, Angelakis E. Prevalence of Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever Borrelia spp. in Vectors, Animals, and Humans within a One Health Approach in Mediterranean Countries. Pathogens 2024; 13:512. [PMID: 38921809 PMCID: PMC11206712 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Borrelia has been divided into Borreliella spp., which can cause Lyme Disease (LD), and Borrelia spp., which can cause Relapsing Fever (RF). The distribution of genus Borrelia has broadened due to factors such as climate change, alterations in land use, and enhanced human and animal mobility. Consequently, there is an increasing necessity for a One Health strategy to identify the key components in the Borrelia transmission cycle by monitoring the human-animal-environment interactions. The aim of this study is to summarize all accessible data to increase our understanding and provide a comprehensive overview of Borrelia distribution in the Mediterranean region. Databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google were searched to determine the presence of Borreliella and Borrelia spp. in vectors, animals, and humans in countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 3026 were identified and screened and after exclusion of papers that did not fulfill the including criteria, 429 were used. After examination of the available literature, it was revealed that various species associated with LD and RF are prevalent in vectors, animals, and humans in Mediterranean countries and should be monitored in order to effectively manage and prevent potential infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Koutantou
- Diagnostic Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Emmanouil Angelakis
- Diagnostic Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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Heinrich F, Rauch J, Bertram F, Kempf VAJ, Besier S, Kuta P, Renné T, Ondruschka B, Püschel K, Tappe D. Seroprevalence of arthropod-borne bacterial infections in homeless individuals in Hamburg in 2020. Infection 2023; 51:1819-1822. [PMID: 37289422 PMCID: PMC10665224 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The number of homeless people in Germany is steadily increasing. Due to their often precarious living conditions, this specific population may be increasingly exposed to ectoparasites that can transmit various pathogens. To assess the prevalence and thus the risk of such infections, we analyzed the seropositivity of rickettsiosis, Q fever, tularemia and bartonellosis in homeless individuals. METHODS A total of 147 homeless adults from nine shelters in Hamburg, Germany, were included. The individuals underwent questionnaire-based interviewing, physical examination, and venous blood was drawn between May and June 2020. Blood samples were analyzed for antibodies against rickettsiae (Rickettsia typhi and R. conorii), Coxiella burnetii, Francisella tularensis and bartonellae. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION A very low seroprevalence of R. typhi and F. tularensis infection was found (0-1%), while antibodies against R. conorii and C. burnetii were more common (7% each), followed by a relatively high seroprevalence of 14% for bartonellosis. Q fever seroprevalence was associated with the country of origin, whereas bartonellosis seroprevalence was associated with the duration of homelessness. Preventive measures targeting ectoparasites, especially body lice, should be put in place continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Heinrich
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Rauch
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Franziska Bertram
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volkhard A J Kempf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control and German Consiliary Laboratory for Bartonella, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silke Besier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control and German Consiliary Laboratory for Bartonella, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Piotr Kuta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ondruschka
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Püschel
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine and National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Hamburg, Germany
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Gautret P. La Valentine disease: An outbreak of exanthematic typhus in Marseille, France, in 1810. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2023; 53:290-294. [PMID: 37936398 DOI: 10.1177/14782715231210333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exanthematic typhus was highly frequent in the early 19th century among military troops and prisoners and at hospitals. METHODS Based on old reports, we describe an outbreak in a village, in Southern France, in 1810. RESULTS Twenty-eight cases were identified, over a period of 10 days following the death of the index case, in a soldier. Symptoms included notably persistent constant fever, myalgia and headaches, gastro-intestinal symptoms, prostration and stupor. Three patients suffered delirium and nine died (31.0%). Overall, symptoms persisted for 13-14 days. A total of 16 cases were secondary to contacts with the index case, and 10 cases were in house-hold contacts of secondary cases. Five familial clusters were described. CONCLUSION This data suggest that exanthematic typhus outbreaks among civilian populations also occurred outside the context of hospitals, in link with introduction of the disease by prisoners or soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gautret
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Deng YP, Fu YT, Yao C, Shao R, Zhang XL, Duan DY, Liu GH. Emerging bacterial infectious diseases/pathogens vectored by human lice. Travel Med Infect Dis 2023; 55:102630. [PMID: 37567429 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Human lice have always been a major public health concern due to their vector capacity for louse-borne infectious diseases, like trench fever, louse-borne relapsing fever, and epidemic fever, which are caused by Bartonella quintana, Borrelia recurrentis, and Rickettsia prowazekii, respectively. Those diseases are currently re-emerging in the regions of poor hygiene, social poverty, or wars with life-threatening consequences. These louse-borne diseases have also caused outbreaks among populations in jails and refugee camps. In addition, antibodies and DNAs to those pathogens have been steadily detected in homeless populations. Importantly, more bacterial pathogens have been detected in human lice, and some have been transmitted by human lice in laboratories. Here, we provide a comprehensive review and update on louse-borne infectious diseases/bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi-Tian Fu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Department of Parasitology, Xiangya School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis.
| | - Renfu Shao
- Centre for Bioinnovation, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Xue-Ling Zhang
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - De-Yong Duan
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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Hasnaoui B, Bérenger JM, Delaunay P, Diarra AZ, Ndiaye EHI, M'madi SA, Masotti N, Sevestre J, Parola P. Survey of bed bug infestations in homeless shelters in southern France. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12557. [PMID: 37532686 PMCID: PMC10397270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38458-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bed bug has become a major public health pest worldwide. Infestation may result in numerous negative health effects. Homeless shelters are one of the most habitats that can be infested with bed bugs, a few studies have focused on bed bug infestations in these settings. We conducted a survey of infestations of bed bugs in a homeless shelter in southern France, using an innovative seven-level scale (0-6) to assess the degree of infestation, MALDI TOF-MS to identify bed bugs, and a biomolecular tool to detect bacteria. Bed bug infestations were documented in 13% (9/68) of investigated rooms. A total of 184 bed bugs were collected and morphologically identified as Cimex lectularius. MALDI TOF-MS analysis allowed us to obtain high-quality MS spectra for all 184 specimens, to correctly identify all specimens, and included 178/184 (97%) Log Score Values higher than 1.8. Among the bacteria tested, Wolbachia sp. DNA was found in 149/184 (81%) of the bed bugs, and one sample was positive for Coxiella burnetii, the agent of Q fever. Our study is the first of its kind that offers new perspectives for increasing public awareness of the conditions in homeless shelters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouthaina Hasnaoui
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Michel Bérenger
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- Laboratory of Parasitology Mycology, Nice University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Adama Zan Diarra
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - El Hadji Ibrahima Ndiaye
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Saidou Ahamada M'madi
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Noelle Masotti
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Sevestre
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.
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Dvořáková A, Klímová A, Alaverdyan J, Černý J. Postindustrial Landscapes Are Neglected Localities That May Play an Important Role in the Urban Ecology of Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases-A Pilot Study. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050648. [PMID: 37242319 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous recent studies have shown that ticks and tick-borne pathogens pose a considerable threat in urban areas, such as parks, playgrounds, zoos, cemeteries, etc. Abandoned postindustrial localities, and other types of vague terrain, are other examples of urban wilderness areas that have been absolutely neglected in respect to ticks and tick-borne pathogens thus far, even though they provide ideal biotopes for ticks. METHODS The abundance of ticks and prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato spirochetes were compared between a city park and an adjacent abandoned construction waste disposal site in Prague, Czechia from June to October 2021. RESULTS The results showed that ticks and borrelia spirochetes are present at the city park as well as at the abandoned construction waste disposal site, although in lower numbers. DISCUSSION According to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of ticks and tick-borne pathogens in an urban postindustrial landscape. More detailed studies are needed to uncover the role of these localities in the ecology of ticks and ecoepidemiology of tick-borne diseases in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dvořáková
- Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anita Klímová
- Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johana Alaverdyan
- Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Černý
- Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Qorbani A, Khalili M, Nourollahifard S, Mostafavi E, Farrokhnia M, Esmaeili S. An update on spotted fever group serology in Kerman Province, Iran. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2022; 88:101862. [PMID: 35878512 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2022.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rickettsia conorii is the causative agent of Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) and reports of its geographical distribution are spreading every day. Recently, some cases of the MSF have been reported from Iran. However, little information is available about the MSF epidemiology in Iran. The aim of the current study was to investigate anti-R. conorii IgG seroprevalence among farmers living in the rural regions of Kerman province (in southeastern Iran). In this study, 281 blood samples were collected from farmers in Zarand and Jiroft counties and tested for detection of anti-R. conorii IgG antibodies using the ELISA method. Among the 281 samples, 14 farmers (4.98%, CI 95%; 2.45-7.55%) had anti-R. conorii IgG antibodies. Seroprevalence of MSF in Zarand and Jiroft counties were 4.58% and 5.33%, respectively. The serological evidence of this study indicates the seroprevalence of R. conorii in rural areas of the Kerman province of Iran. So, it is recommended that the Iranian health care system pay attention to the MSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Qorbani
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khalili
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeidreza Nourollahifard
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Farrokhnia
- Department of internal Medicine, School of Medicine Research Center for Hydatid Disease Afzalipour Hospital Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q fever, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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